Tonin Shkreli v. ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney General

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0191n.06
Filed: March 12, 2007
No. 05-4633
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
TONIN SHKRELI,
Petitioner,
v.
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney General,
Respondent.
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
OF AN ORDER OF THE
BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
APPEALS
O P I N I O N
BEFORE: COLE, CLAY, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.
R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. Tonin Shkreli petitions this Court for review of a final
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), affirming an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ’s”)
decision to deny Shkreli’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). For the reasons set forth below, we DENY
Shkreli’s petition for review.
I. BACKGROUND
Tonin Shkreli is a native and citizen of Albania, who entered the United States on October
11, 2000 at Brownsville, Texas.
Shkreli was born in 1980 in the small village of Bzhete, located in northern Albania. Shkreli
seeks asylum on the grounds that his family has endured fifty years of persecution in Albania owing

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to their anti-communist activism and, more recently, their involvement with Albania’s Democratic
Party, which rivals the country’s Socialist Party. Less centrally, Shkreli also asserts that his family
has been persecuted in connection with the practice of their Catholic faith. All four of Shkreli’s
siblings now reside in the United States, and his sister, Albana Dokaj, has been granted asylum here.
Shkreli’s parents remain in Albania.
According to Shkreli’s asylum application, his family’s history of opposing Albania’s
communist dictatorship began with his grandfather and great uncle. Both were imprisoned and
tortured for their political activities, and Shkreli’s great uncle was tortured to death in jail. Shkreli’s
father continued the legacy of anti-communist advocacy, and suffered persecution as a result,
including a five-year incarceration at a prison labor camp where he was regularly beaten. This
detention prevented Shkreli’s father from meeting one of his daughters, Shkreli’s sister, until she was
almost six years old. Shkreli’s brothers and sisters also participated in Albania’s pro-democracy
movement and worked on behalf of Albania’s Democratic Party in the wake of communism’s
collapse. Shkreli’s father and sister Albana were detained and beaten in connection with their
participation in a demonstration following the 1997 electoral victory of the Socialist Party.
Shkreli accompanied Albana to political events that she attended, but due to a cognitive
disability, he has never been a political activist. Shkreli’s disability was brought about by an illness
he suffered as a baby, apparently in connection with an immunization that was administered to him.
His parents sought medical assistance, but were turned away, allegedly as retaliation for their anti-
communist sympathies. Ismail Sendi, a U.S. physician who examined Shkreli, opined in an unsworn
letter to the IJ that Shkreli falls within the “moderate range of Mental Retardation” due to a “post

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encephalitic condition, an illness he may have experienced during the first three years of
development.”
When he reached school age, Shkreli’s father tried to get him admitted to a school that
handles special-needs children, but Shkreli was rejected because his father was considered an
“enem[y] of [the] government.” His father then enrolled Shkreli in the regular school, but Shkreli
left after just four years because the teachers professed their inability to educate him.
The IJ held a merits hearing on Shkreli’s asylum application on August 30, 2004. Shkreli
called only one witness to testify on his behalf, his sister Albana.
Albana confirmed the history of political persecution that her family had suffered in Albania
due to their political activities. She also testified about her parents’ inability to obtain medical
treatment for Shkreli when he fell ill as a baby and her father’s unsuccessful efforts to enroll Shkreli
in a special-needs school. Albana testified that admittance to such schools required the assistance
of the government and given her family’s anti-communist background, they were precluded from
receiving such help.
Albana also elaborated upon a December 1998 episode, described by Shkreli in his asylum
application, that prompted Shkreli’s father to send Shkreli and Albana out of Bzhete for their safety.
Albana testified that she and Shkreli were driving home from church one evening when they were
stopped by five individuals. One of the five was a man named Ramadan, an “investigator,”
according to Albana, who spied on the villagers of Bzhete and reported on their activities. The group
beat Albana and Shkreli and pushed Shkreli onto the ground, dislocating his arm. They warned
Albana and Shkreli to quit speaking out on behalf of democracy and the Catholic Church. Then they

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stole the car, forcing Albana and Shkreli to walk the rest of the way home. The entire encounter
lasted ten to twenty minutes.
After the attack, Shkreli’s father complained to the Democratic Party and the Catholic Church
and the family began receiving death threats as well as kidnapping threats directed at Shkreli’s
younger sister, Liza. A few weeks later, at the end of December, Shkreli’s father took Albana and
Shkreli to live with their aunt in Lezhe City, about a two-hour drive from Bzhete. Shkreli remained
there until he left for the United States in October 2000.
The IJ denied Shkreli’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under
the CAT in an oral decision announced on August 30, 2004. The BIA affirmed in a summary
opinion on November 29, 2005. Shkreli timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
Where the BIA adopts the IJ’s reasoning in a summary disposition, we review the IJ’s
decision to determine if the BIA’s affirmance should be upheld. Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717, 723
(6th Cir. 2003). We review the IJ’s determination under a substantial-evidence standard such that
we will not disturb the IJ’s findings provided they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and
probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481
(1992) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4)) ; Namo v. Gonzales, 401 F.3d 453, 456 (6th Cir. 2005). We
will reverse only if we find “that the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed
compels it.” Rreshpja v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 551, 554 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Klawitter v. INS, 970
F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir. 1992)); Ouda v. INS, 324 F.3d 445, 451 (6th Cir. 2003) (stating that an

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asylum applicant must show “that the evidence presented was so compelling that no reasonable
factfinder could fail to find the requisite persecution or fear of persecution”).
B. Asylum Claims Based on Political Persecution
Asylum applications are reviewed under a two-part test. First, the IJ must determine whether
the petitioner qualifies as a “refugee” within the meaning of the Immigration and Nationality Act
(“INA”). 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A); Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615, 620 (6th Cir. 1994). Second, the
IJ asks whether the petitioner merits a favorable exercise of discretion by the Attorney General. Id.
The petitioner bears the burden of proof at both stages. Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 950 (6th
Cir. 2004) (citing Klawitter, 970 F.2d at 151).
The INA defines a “refugee” as any person who is unable or unwilling to return to his home
country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42)(A). “In order to demonstrate that he qualifies as a refugee, an alien must establish either
that he has suffered actual past persecution or that he has a well-founded fear of future persecution.”
Pilica, 388 F.3d at 950 (citations omitted); see also Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 283 (6th Cir.
2005).
1. Past Persecution
Shkreli contends that he has presented sufficient evidence showing that he was persecuted
in Albania on account of his family’s political activism, and that the IJ erred in concluding otherwise.
In support, Shkreli points to evidence of harassment, imprisonment, and torture that some of his
family members have endured as a result of their long-time pro-democracy advocacy. Shkreli also

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cites the denial of medical treatment that left him mentally disabled, the government’s refusal to
place him in a special-needs school, and the December 1998 incident in which he and his sister were
attacked by a group of people on their way home from church. Shkreli argues that the IJ failed to
consider this evidence in the aggregate, and instead improperly concluded that Shkreli had presented
sufficient evidence of only a single instance of persecution—the December 1998 attack—which the
IJ deemed insufficient to give rise to a finding of past persecution.
We find no error in the IJ’s interpretation of the evidence. As an initial matter, the IJ
acknowledged that Shkreli’s description about the persecution his family suffered under Albania’s
communist regime is “consistent with the known country conditions and the Court would have no
reason to doubt this.” However, Shkreli “cannot rely solely on the persecution of his family
members to qualify for asylum.” Akhtar v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 406 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting
Ciorba v. Ashcroft, 323 F.3d 539, 545 (7th Cir. 2003)) (holding that petitioner, who was not
politically active, could not establish a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of the politically
motivated murder of his father). In the absence of evidence showing “a pattern of persecution tied
to [Shkreli] himself,” we decline to conclude that the acts of persecution suffered by Shkreli’s family
can be imputed to him. Id. (quoting Gebremaria v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 734, 739 (8th Cir. 2004); see
also Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743 (6th Cir. 2006) (affirming judgment that the petitioner
had not established past persecution in connection with her family’s political involvement where her
father was jailed six times, her siblings were shot, and other relatives were killed).
On the same note, Shkreli may not obtain asylum just because Albana’s application for
asylum was granted. Favorable adjudications on the asylum applications of even immediate family

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members, however, is not dispositive of any petitioner’s application. Almuhtaseb, 453 F.3d at 745
(affirming decision denying withholding of removal even where the petitioner’s siblings had been
granted asylum); Akhtar, 406 F.3d at 402 (affirming denial of asylum even where the petitioner’s
mother had been granted asylum).
Second, a reasonable factfinder would not be compelled to make a finding of persecution
based on the inability of Shkreli’s parents to obtain necessary medical attention for him when he fell
ill as a baby, or their inability to arrange suitable schooling for him. The IJ properly concluded that
Shkreli failed to adduce sufficient evidence documenting these events and showing that they
occurred because of his family’s political activism.
Based on his observations of Shkreli, Albana’s testimony, and the letter from Dr. Sendi
opining that Shkreli is moderately mentally retarded, the IJ had no trouble concluding that Shkreli
suffers from a cognitive impairment. The IJ also credited Shkreli’s assertion that he “had an
immunization that went bad,” which led to his disability. (Id.) However, the IJ found that the only
evidence suggesting that Shkreli was denied medical treatment came from Albana, who did not
testify that her brother was turned away from the hospital due to her parents’ political opinions. The
IJ also found Albana’s testimony that the government blocked her father’s efforts to enroll Shkreli
in a special-needs school insufficient to establish that this constituted persecution. As to both the
medical and educational issues, the IJ reasoned that Albana’s testimony was inconclusive because,
since she is only two years older than Shkreli, she would have been too young at the time the relevant
events occurred to have observed them first-hand; her testimony, therefore, was hearsay. (Id.)
The IJ did not err in concluding that the lack of corroborating documents is fatal to Shkreli’s

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claim of past persecution based on the deprivation of medical treatment and educational opportunity.
Although corroborating documents are not necessary if an asylum petitioner is deemed credible, their
absence may give rise to a finding that the petitioner has failed to carry his burden if the documents
are “the type that would normally be created or available in the particular country and [are]
accessible” to the petitioner. Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 379, 383 (6th Cir. 2004). The IJ properly
reasoned that Shkreli should have obtained supporting affidavits from his parents, who presumably
could have substantiated his allegations and linked the harm that befell Shkreli to the family’s
political views. Shkreli does not argue that he was reasonably foreclosed from obtaining
corroborative testimony from his parents and, in any event, the record would likely belie any such
contention: Albana testified that she was last in contact with her parents just two or three months
prior to Shkreli’s asylum hearing and that she had visited them in Montenegro in 2002 or 2003.
Thus, there is no reason to think that Shkreli’s parents were out of his reach for purposes of
compiling his asylum record.
Finally, what remains of Shkreli’s claim of past persecution is the December 1998 attack
upon Shkreli and Albana as they drove home from church. The IJ concluded that this was the only
incident supported by adequate evidence, but that it did not rise to the level of persecution. We
agree.
“[P]ersecution” within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) “requires more than a few
isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, unaccompanied by any physical punishment,
infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty.” Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 390
(6th Cir. 1998). “Mikhailevitch has not been interpreted as ‘suggesting that physical punishment is

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in all cases sufficient for finding persecution.’” Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 284 (quoting Gjokic v. Ashcroft,
104 Fed. Appx. 501, 505 (6th Cir. 2004). Here, Shkreli’s attackers beat him, dislocated his arm, and
stole the car that he and Albana were driving in. Although odious, this single instance of violence
does not compel a finding that Shkreli was persecuted. Indeed, our cases have required a far more
substantial pattern of inhumane treatment to show past persecution. In Gilaj, for example, this Court
reversed the BIA’s determination that the Albanian petitioner had not established past persecution
where she credibly testified that she was beaten by police and threatened with suffocation and death
during two forcible searches of her home; police deprived her of nourishment during a two-day
detention; she was the victim of a sexual assault or attempted sexual assault; and she and her family
were subjected to numerous death threats, as recently as a month prior to fleeing Albania. 408 F.3d
at 279-81. Similarly, in Ouda, we held that the evidence compelled a finding of past persecution
where the Palestinian petitioner credibly testified that in Kuwait her family was denied basic
necessities, such as the right to buy food and water; her father was prohibited from working; she and
her family could not leave their home because armed bands of men roamed the streets abusing
Palestinians; and she and her family were ordered to leave Kuwait. 324 F.3d at 448-49.
Shkreli’s claim rests on far less severe circumstances than those presented in Gilaj and Ouda.
The evidence does not compel a conclusion contrary to that reached by the IJ.
2. Future Persecution
We now turn to the question of whether Shkreli has established a well-founded fear of future
persecution. If an asylum applicant establishes past persecution, it is presumed that he has a well-
founded fear of future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). The Government may rebut that

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presumption, however, by showing by a preponderance of the evidence either (1) that there has been
a fundamental change in country conditions such that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear
of being persecuted, or (2) that the applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating to another
part of the applicant’s home country. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i).
A petitioner may still be able to show a well-founded fear of future persecution even if he
has failed to establish past persecution. To do so, the petitioner must show that (1) he fears
persecution in his home country on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion; (2) there is a reasonable possibility of suffering such persecution
if he returned to that country; and (3) he is unable or unwilling to return because of such fear. 8
C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2). “A well-founded fear of persecution thus has both a subjective and an
objective component: an alien must actually fear that he will be persecuted upon return to his
country, and he must present evidence establishing an objective situation under which his fear can
be deemed reasonable.” Pilica, 388 F.3d at 950 (internal quotation marks omitted).
As an initial matter, Shkreli predicated his future-persecution claim before the BIA, and now
before this Court, exclusively on the proposition that he established past persecution and therefore
is entitled to a presumption of having a well-founded fear of future persecution. Consequently, even
if Shkreli did press before this Court a future-persecution claim untethered to a finding of past
persecution, we would be jurisdictionally barred from considering it. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (“A
court may review a final order of removal only if . . . the alien has exhausted all administrative
remedies available to the alien as of right . . . .”); Liti v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 631, 641 (6th Cir. 2005).
As described above, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that Shkreli has not

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established past persecution. We therefore cannot presume that Shkreli has a well-founded fear of
future persecution. Even if such a presumption were warranted, however, the IJ did not err in
holding that the Government has successfully rebutted it.
First, the Government submitted State Department country reports which explain that
modern-day Albania does not exhibit signs of political and religious persecution. Sterkaj v.
Gonzales, 439 F.3d 273, 276 (6th Cir. 2006) (relying on State Department country reports for
Albania in denying the asylum applicant’s petition for review); Mullai v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 635, 639
(6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Kokaj v. Ashcroft, 100 Fed. App’x 506, 508 (6th Cir. 2004)) (characterizing
State Department reports as “generally the best source of information on conditions in foreign
nations”).
The State Department’s 2004 “Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions”
acknowledges that during much of the twentieth century, Albanians suffered under an “exceptionally
repressive and idiosyncratic Communist regime.” However, the report goes on to state that Albania
has made steady progress toward institutionalizing democratic norms since the collapse of
communism beginning in 1990. Albania experienced a tumultuous and violent period in 1997-1998
provoked by an economic collapse, but has rebounded both politically and economically since then.
The report states that “the available evidence suggests that neither the Government nor the major
political parties engage in policies of abuse or coercion against their political opponents . . . [and]
there are no indications of systemic political persecution in Albania at the present time.” Indeed, this
Court has expressly held that circumstances in Albania do not support asylum-seekers’ claims that
they will be persecuted if forced to return. Macotaj v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 464, 465 (6th Cir. 2005)

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(stating that “despite whatever political repression [petitioner] and his family may have suffered in
the past, conditions in Albania have changed to such an extent that [petitioner] no longer has reason
to fear persecution upon return to his homeland”). Furthermore, Shkreli’s parents have continued
to reside in Albania and Shkreli has not introduced any evidence indicating that they have been
subjected to ongoing harassment or abuse due to their political opinions. These facts undermine
Shkreli’s claim for asylum. Gumbol v. INS, 815 F.2d 406, 413 (6th Cir. 1987) (noting, as support
for the conclusion that petitioner had not established future persecution, that petitioner’s family
continued to live in Iraq, “apparently unharmed”).
Second, the Government also has rebutted the presumption of future persecution by pointing
to evidence that shows that Shkreli could avoid any problems by residing in a different part of
Albania from where he grew up. Following the December 1998 attack on Shkreli and his sister,
Shkreli’s father took the two to live with their aunt in Lezhe City, located about a two-hour drive
from Bzhete. Shkreli lived there for more than a year-and-a-half before coming to the United States.
There is no record evidence showing that he experienced any difficulties while living in Lezhe City.
Shkreli challenges this reasoning by arguing that it is improper to conclude that he could live safely
elsewhere in Albania because there is equally no evidence showing that he did not suffer persecution
in Lezhe City. This argument is meritless. Shkreli bore the burden of establishing his eligibility for
asylum. The IJ properly based his conclusion on what the evidence demonstrated, not, as Shkreli
would have it, on what it did not demonstrate.
C. Asylum Claims Based on Religious Persecution
As a subsidiary issue, Shkreli asserts in his asylum application that his family also suffered

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persecution on account of their Catholic faith. Religious exercise was prohibited under the
Communist regime, but Shkreli’s father worked to open Catholic churches. In 1990, Shkreli’s
father, uncle, and brother were arrested and tortured after bringing a priest to their village to celebrate
mass. Albana testified that the December 1998 attack upon her and Shkreli occurred as they were
coming home from church and that their attackers instructed them “not to speak out” about religion.
She also vaguely testified that her family experienced “problems” due to their “religious activity.”
For the same reasons that Shkreli has failed to establish past persecution and future
persecution in connection with his family’s political activism, he has failed to establish persecution
in connection with their religion. He has not adequately corroborated his allegations with affidavits
from his parents or other siblings; other than the December 1998 encounter, which is insufficiently
severe to give rise to a finding of persecution, he has not shown a pattern of harassing or abusive
incidents targeted at him; and he has not contradicted the State Department’s conclusion that Albania
is a religiously tolerant country. We are therefore not compelled to reverse the findings of the IJ.
D. Humanitarian Asylum
Finally, Shkreli contends that even if he has not satisfied the standard test for asylum
eligibility, he nonetheless should be granted asylum on humanitarian grounds. A petitioner may
qualify for humanitarian asylum by showing (1) compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable
to return to his home country arising out of the severity of the past persecution, or (2) that there is
a reasonable possibility that he may suffer other serious harm upon removal to that country. 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A) & (B).
Shkreli cannot avail himself of these provisions because this Court has held that to qualify

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for asylum on humanitarian grounds, the petitioner must show past persecution. Rreshpja, 420 F.3d
at 556. Although 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B) makes no mention of past persecution, as does
subpart (A), the Justice Department has explained that subpart (B) also is contingent upon a showing
of past persecution. See Liti, 411 F.3d at 642 (commenting that the Justice Department has described
the purpose of subpart (B) as authorizing the grant of asylum relief to petitioners “who have suffered
persecution in the past and who are at risk of future harm that is not related to a protected ground”)
(emphasis added). For the reasons described above, Shkreli has not established past persecution and
therefore his claim for humanitarian asylum also fails.
E. Withholding of Removal and Protection Under the CAT
The IJ also denied Shkreli’s claims for withholding of removal and protection under the
CAT. Shkreli, however, has not challenged these portions of the IJ’s decision before the BIA or this
Court. We therefore lack jurisdiction to consider whether the IJ erred as to either issue since Shkreli
did not exhaust his administrative remedies by presenting them to the BIA. See 8 U.S.C. §
1252(d)(1); Liti, 411 F.3d at 641. Further, even if they were not jurisdictionally barred, Shkreli’s
failure to raise them before this Court constitutes a waiver. United States v. Layne, 192 F.3d 556,
566-67 (6th Cir. 1999) (holding that arguments that are not raised or that are not accompanied by
factual and legal support are deemed waived).
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Shkreli’s petition for review of the BIA’s decision.

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