United States of America v. Emmanuel B. Chenault

*The Honorable Curtis L. Collier, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0432n.06
Filed: May 23, 2005
No. 04-5192
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
EMMANUEL B. CHENAULT,
Defendant-Appellant.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
O P I N I O N
BEFORE: NELSON and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges; COLLIER, District Judge.*
CURTIS L. COLLIER, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Emmanuel B. Chenault
(“Chenault”) appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress a firearm and narcotics
found on his person pursuant to a warrantless search. Because we conclude the district court did
not err, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Chenault’s motion to suppress.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On June 7, 2003, the Lexington, Kentucky Police Department received a call reporting a
robbery at the Sportsman Liquor Store. The caller gave a name but no confirming information,
and indicated a two-toned black and silver or blue and silver sports utility vehicle (“SUV”)
containing three black males was involved in the robbery. A police dispatcher advised Officer

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Robert Terry, who was on patrol in the area in a marked police cruiser, the suspects had pulled
into the combination McDonald’s restaurant and British Petroleum (“BP”) gas station parking lot
nearby. The dispatcher simultaneously dispatched officers to the Sportsman Liquor Store to
investigate the robbery.
Officer Terry pulled into the McDonald’s/BP parking lot and saw an SUV matching the
description given by the caller in the parking lot. Officer Terry parked approximately 40 feet
behind the SUV and observed it for a short time without turning on his siren or lights. Officer
Terry testified the parking lot was “very well lit.” He saw a black male (who he later learned
was Norman Haddix, Chenault’s codefendant) get out of the back passenger side door of the
SUV, reach in his waistband while looking back at Officer Terry, and walk away from Officer
Terry’s car, towards the front of the SUV.
Officer Terry, believing the suspects in the vehicle to be armed from the recent armed
robbery he believed they had committed, thought Haddix was reaching for a weapon, so Officer
Terry exited his police cruiser and ordered Haddix to put his hands up. Haddix refused and
walked around the SUV back towards the passenger side.
At this same time, without either Officer Terry or Haddix seeing him, Sergeant Robert
Cottone, who also had been on patrol in the area, responded to the same dispatcher’s call and
pulled into the parking lot. The front parking lot was full, so Cottone parked in the back and
came around the side of the building towards the front of the parked SUV. After hearing Officer
Terry repeatedly ask Haddix to put his hands up with no compliance by Haddix, Cottone then
saw Haddix reach down towards his right leg. Cottone saw Haddix retrieve a bag of a white
substance from his sock and throw it on the ground not far away from where he was standing.

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Presuming that bag contained cocaine, Cottone ran to Haddix, restrained him, and put him under
arrest for possession of cocaine. Cottone retrieved the bag which did in fact contain crack
cocaine.
Officer Terry heard Cottone arrest Haddix and tell him he was under arrest for possession
of crack cocaine. Officer Terry then proceeded to ask Chenault (who was in the driver’s seat of
the SUV) and the other passenger to exit the SUV so he could search it. Officer Terry patted
Chenault down for weapons and felt a .38 caliber snub nose revolver in the waistband of his
pants. Terry then arrested Chenault for possession of a concealed weapon. Officer Terry also
found $880, approximately 13.3 grams of crack cocaine, and 13 Xanax pills on Chenault’s
person. The third passenger in the vehicle was not arrested.
After Haddix and Chenault had been placed under arrest, the policemen learned the
Sportsman liquor store had not, in fact, been robbed.
Chenault was charged with possession of drugs with intent to distribute and possession of
a firearm during and in relation to drug trafficking. Chenault filed a motion to suppress the
evidence seized from him, which the district court denied after a hearing. The district court
found the search of Chenault’s person was reasonable and based on probable cause because (a)
the police had the right to search the vehicle for evidence of a crime since Haddix exited it with
narcotics on his person, and (b) because Chenault was an occupant of that vehicle, the police had
the right to search him, based on New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 460, 101 S. Ct. 2860, 2864,
69 L. Ed. 2d 768, 775 (1981).
Chenault subsequently entered a conditional guilty plea to possession with intent to
distribute five grams or more of cocaine base and possession of a firearm during and in relation

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to drug trafficking, reserving the right to appeal the district court's order denying his motion to
suppress. The district court sentenced Chenault to 120 months imprisonment. Chenault now
appeals the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence seized from him on June 7, 2003.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the district court’s factual findings regarding a motion to suppress for clear
error, but the district court’s conclusions of law, including the reasonableness of the search, are
reviewed de novo. United States v. Herndon, 393 F.3d 665, 667 (6th Cir. 2005). When the
district court denies a motion to suppress, the court of appeals reviews all evidence in the light
most favorable to the Government. Id.
III. ANALYSIS
The Fourth Amendment protects “the right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. . . and no Warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause . . . ” U.S. CONST . amend. IV. During a lawful arrest, however, a
police officer may conduct a contemporaneous search without a warrant. Chimel v. California,
395 U.S. 752, 763, 89 S. Ct. 2034, 23 L. Ed. 2d 685 (1969). This search is limited to the person
arrested and the area within his immediate control, and the purpose is to remove weapons the
arrestee might use to resist arrest or effect an escape, and prevent the concealment or destruction
of evidence. Id. When a lawful arrest of the occupant of an automobile has occurred, this search
may extend to the passenger compartment of that automobile. Belton, 453 U.S. at 460, 101 S.
Ct. at 2864. The rationales underlying this limited search incident to arrest exception, officer
safety and preservation of evidence, justify the infringement of any privacy interest the arrestee
may have had in the contents of the automobile. Id., 453 U.S. at 461.

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The district court based its decision to deny Chenault’s motion to suppress the gun and
narcotics primarily on Belton. The facts of this case differ in one significant respect from Belton,
which involved the reasonableness of searches of the passenger compartment of a vehicle after
the arrest of an occupant; here, the Court is faced with the reasonableness of the removal and
search of the driver of a vehicle after the arrest of another passenger of that vehicle. See id. The
proper analytical framework for the reasonableness of this search is that laid out by the Supreme
Court in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
In Terry, the Supreme Court held where a police officer reasonably concludes “criminal
activity may be afoot” and suspects may be armed and dangerous, the officer “. . . is entitled for
the protection of himself and others in the area to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer
clothing of such persons in an attempt to discover weapons which might be used to assault him.”
392 U.S. at 30, 88 S. Ct. at 1884-85. The standard for a warrantless “stop and frisk” search
under Terry is whether the officer could “point to specific and articulable facts which, taken
together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Id., 392
U.S. at 21-22, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. The Supreme Court has further outlined the requirements for a
stop and frisk, in United States v. Cortez:
An investigatory stop must be justified by some objective manifestation that the
person stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity. . . the totality of
the circumstances– the whole picture– must be taken into account. Based upon
that whole picture the detaining officers must have a particularized and objective
basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity.
449 U.S. 411, 417-418, 101 S. Ct. 690, 695, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621 (1981) (internal citations omitted).
The totality of specific and articulable facts to which Officer Terry could point in this
case made this search entirely reasonable, thus the district court did not err in so holding.

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Officer Terry responded to a dispatch call to investigate suspects involved a reported robbery,
which he presumed to be an armed robbery, and came upon a vehicle matching the description of
the vehicle involved in the reported robbery. Officer Terry then saw a passenger of that vehicle,
Haddix, exit the vehicle, reach for his waistband, and refuse to put his hands up when Officer
Terry requested him to do so. Finally, Officer Terry heard Cottone place Haddix under arrest for
possession of crack cocaine.
Officer Terry had a “particularized and objective basis” to believe criminal activity
involving narcotics had taken place inside the vehicle Chenault was driving after he heard
Cottone arrest Haddix for possession of crack cocaine. See Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-418, 101 S.
Ct. at 695. The Supreme Court has approved the inference by a police officer that a passenger in
a vehicle “will often be engaged in a common enterprise with the driver, and have the same
interest in concealing the fruits or evidence of their wrongdoing.” Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S.
366, 373, 124 S. Ct. 795, 801, 157 L. Ed. 2d 769 (2003); see also Wyoming v. Houghton, 526
U.S. 295, 304-05, 119 S. Ct. 1297,143 L. Ed. 2d 408 (1999). Haddix and Chenault were in the
same vehicle before Haddix exited and discarded narcotics from his person, narcotics that
necessarily must have been in the vehicle with Chenault. Officer Terry’s inference of a common
enterprise of criminal narcotics activity between Haddix and Chenault certainly provides
“particularized” suspicion of criminal activity as to Chenault, justifying a limited search of his
person for Officer Terry’s safety. Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-418, 101 S. Ct. at 695.
The Court would note it considered but is not convinced by Chenault’s argument the
police had no reasonable suspicion individualized to him because he was doing nothing
suspicious in the vehicle at the time Haddix exited it. See Chandler v. Miller, 520 U.S. 305, 313,

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117 S. Ct. 1295, 1301, 137 L. Ed. 2d 513 (1997) (“To be reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, a search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of wrongdoing”).
Even assuming Chenault’s actions inside the vehicle were not suspicious, it is incontrovertible
Chenault was driving a car in which narcotics had been present, and that Officer Terry knew this
fact before he removed Chenault from the car and searched him. Officer Terry had reasonable
suspicion Chenault was involved in criminal activity that justified the search of his person
regardless of Chenault’s actions, suspicious or not. Chenault’s arguments about the unreliability
of the anonymous and ultimately false tip about the liquor store robbery, based on Florida v.
J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 120 S. Ct. 1375, 146 L. Ed. 2d 254 (1990), also are unavailing here since the
officers saw actual criminal activity take place before Chenault was searched, and did not solely
base the search of his person on the anonymous tip.
Because Officer Terry had good reasons to believe Chenault was involved in criminal
activity inside the vehicle with Haddix, whom he knew was involved in criminal narcotics
activity, Officer Terry’s warrantless stop and frisk search of Chenault did not violate the Fourth
Amendment, and the district court properly denied Chenault’s motion to suppress the evidence
found in that search.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court AFFIRMS the District Court’s denial of
Chenault’s motion to suppress.

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