03a0003p.06

00-2381Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit6 de jan. de 2003

Abrir fonte

Texto completo


5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$
3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH
Y
*(50$,1( +(/721
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW%D\&LW\
1R²9LFWRULD$5REHUWV'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG-XO\
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG-DQXDU\
%HIRUH6,/(5&2/(DQG&/$<&LUFXLW-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' :LOOLDP 7 6WUHHW ./,0$6=(:6.,
675((7 6DJLQDZ 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW 0LFKDHO
+OXFKDQLXN$66,67$1781,7('67$7(6$77251(<
%D\&LW\0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH21%5,():LOOLDP7
6WUHHW./,0$6=(:6., 675((76DJLQDZ0LFKLJDQ
IRU$SSHOODQW0LFKDHO+OXFKDQLXN$66,67$1781,7('
67$7(6$77251(<%D\&LW\0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH

-- 1 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
&2/( - GHOLYHUHG WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH FRXUW LQ ZKLFK
&/$<-MRLQHG6,/(5- SS GHOLYHUHGDVHSDUDWH
GLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5*8<&2/(-5&LUFXLW-XGJH'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
*HUPDLQH +HOWRQ SOHDGHG JXLOW\ XQGHU D FRQGLWLRQDO SOHD
DJUHHPHQWWRRQHFRXQWRISRVVHVVLRQRIFUDFNFRFDLQHZLWK
WKHLQWHQWWRGLVWULEXWHLQYLRODWLRQRI86&† D
DQGRQHFRXQWRISRVVHVVLRQRIILUHDUPVLQIXUWKHUDQFHRID
GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ FULPH LQ YLRODWLRQ RI 86& † F
+HOWRQ QRZ H[HUFLVHV D ULJKW KH UHVHUYHG XQGHU WKH
FRQGLWLRQDOSOHDDJUHHPHQWE\DSSHDOLQJWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶V
GHQLDORIKLVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVFRFDLQHEDVHDQGILUHDUPV
ZKLFK ZHUH VHL]HG SXUVXDQW WR D VHDUFK ZDUUDQW ,Q KLV
DSSHDO +HOWRQ DGYDQFHV WKUHH DUJXPHQWV WKH VHDUFK
ZDUUDQW YLRODWHG WKH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW EHFDXVH LW ODFNHG
SUREDEOHFDXVHDQGEHFDXVHWKHJRRGIDLWKUXOHDUWLFXODWHGLQ
8QLWHG6WDWHVY/HRQ86 GRHVQRWDSSO\
KHUH KH ZDV HQWLWOHG WR D KHDULQJ XQGHU )UDQNV Y
'HODZDUH86 WRDVFHUWDLQZKHWKHUWKHIDOVH
VWDWHPHQWV LQ WKH VHDUFK ZDUUDQW DIILGDYLW ZHUH PDGH ZLWK
UHFNOHVVGLVUHJDUGIRUWKHWUXWKDQG WKHDOOHJDWLRQVLQWKH
VHDUFKZDUUDQWDIILGDYLWZHUHVWDOHDQGIRUWKDWUHDVRQFRXOG
QRWYDOLGO\IRUPWKHEDVLVIRUDVHDUFKZDUUDQW%HFDXVHWKHUH
ZDVQRSUREDEOHFDXVHIRUWKHVHDUFKDQGEHFDXVHWKH/HRQ
JRRGIDLWK UXOH GRHV QRW DSSO\ KHUH ZH 5(9(56( WKH
GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V GHQLDO RI +HOWRQ¶V VXSSUHVVLRQ PRWLRQ DQG
5(0$1' WKLV FDVH IRU SURFHHGLQJV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKLV
RSLQLRQ
,
2Q 'HFHPEHU D PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH DXWKRUL]HG D
ZDUUDQW IRU WKH VHDUFK RI VHYHUDO UHVLGHQFHV LQ 6DJLQDZ
0LFKLJDQ VXVSHFWHG RI KDYLQJ HYLGHQFH RI LOOHJDO GUXJ
DFWLYLW\7KHJRDORIWKHVHDUFKZDVWRJDWKHUHYLGHQFHWR

-- 2 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
DIILGDYLWLVMXGJHGRQWKHDGHTXDF\RIZKDWLWGRHVFRQWDLQ
QRWZKDWLWODFNVRUZKDWDFULWLFPLJKWVD\VKRXOGKDYHEHHQ
DGGHG´,GDW7KHUHIRUHDOWKRXJKZHFDQILQGLQVWDQFHV
ZLWKLQWKHDIILGDYLWLQWKLVFDVHZKHUHPRUHGHWDLOFRXOGKDYH
EHHQVXSSOLHGZHVKRXOGORRNDWWKHDIILGDYLWDQGWKHZDUUDQW
LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK/HRQ86DW
7KHGHIHQGDQWFODLPVWKDW/HRQLVQRWDSSOLFDEOHEHFDXVH
WKH EHOLHI E\ WKH RIILFHU WKDW SUREDEOH FDXVH H[LVWHG LV
FRPSOHWHO\XQUHDVRQDEOH$VLQ/HRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQIRUWKH
ZDUUDQW KHUH ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ PXFK PRUH WKDQ D ³EDUH
ERQHV´DIILGDYLW,WZDVFHUWDLQO\UHDVRQDEOHHQRXJKIRUWKH
PDJLVWUDWHMXGJHWRILQGWKDWWKHUHZDVSUREDEOHFDXVHDQGLW
ZDVUHDVRQDEOHHQRXJKIRUWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWWRILQGWKDWWKH
RIILFHUVGLGQRWDFWXQUHDVRQDEO\LQUHO\LQJXSRQ LW LQWKLV
FDVH,Q8QLWHG6WDWHVY&]XSU\QVNL)G WK
&LU HQ EDQF ZH KHOG WKDW WKH /HRQ JRRGIDLWK
H[FHSWLRQDSSOLHGWRXSKROGWKDWZDUUDQW$OWKRXJKWKHIDFWV
LQ&]XSU\QVNLDUHQRWWKHVDPHDVWKRVHLQWKHSUHVHQWFDVH,
ZRXOG VWLOO ILQG WKDW WKHUH LV D JRRGIDLWK H[FHSWLRQ XQGHU
/HRQJLYHQWKHWRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQGDIILUPWKH
GHFLVLRQRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
, ZRXOG DOVR DIILUP WKH GHFLVLRQ RI WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW LQ
GHQ\LQJDKHDULQJXQGHU)UDQNVY'HODZDUH86
DV WKH GHIHQGDQW GLG QRW PDNH D VXIILFLHQW
VKRZLQJIRUVXFKDKHDULQJ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
H[WLUSDWHWKHGUXJWUDIILFNLQJVFKHPHRUFKHVWUDWHGE\'HUULFN
³'LQR´3HWHUVRQ9LFWRULD6ZDLQDQG5XE\³5XG\´/LGGHOO
$V SDUW RI LWV FRPSUHKHQVLYHQHVV WKH ZDUUDQW DXWKRUL]HG
VHDUFKRIWKHUHVLGHQFHDW1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWLQ6DJLQDZ
0LFKLJDQ ZKHUH +HOWRQ OLYHG ZLWK KLV JLUOIULHQG -LPPLD
*UHHQ,QD'HFHPEHUVHDUFKRIWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHW
UHVLGHQFHRIILFHUVVHL]HG³LQFDVKVXVSHFWHGFUDFN
FRFDLQHVXVSHFWHGFRFDLQHVXVSHFWHGPDULMXDQDZHDSRQV
DPPXQLWLRQFHOOXODUSKRQHVFDVVHWWHWDSHVSKRWRJUDSKVD
WHOHSKRQH ELOO DQG D FKHFN SD\DEOH WR *HUPDLQH +HOWRQ´
+HOWRQVRXJKWWRVXSSUHVVWKDWHYLGHQFHEXWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
GHQLHGKLVUHTXHVW
8VLQJWKDWHYLGHQFHWKHJRYHUQPHQWLQGLFWHG +HOWRQRQ
IRXUFRXQWV SRVVHVVLRQZLWKLQWHQWWRGLVWULEXWHFRFDLQH
EDVHLQYLRODWLRQRI86&† D SRVVHVVLRQRI
PDULMXDQDLQYLRODWLRQRI86&† D SRVVHVVLRQ
RI ILUHDUPV LQ IXUWKHUDQFH RI D GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ FULPH LQ
YLRODWLRQ RI 86& † F DQG SRVVHVVLRQ RI
ILUHDUPVDVDIHORQLQYLRODWLRQRI86&†† J
D DQG H $VSDUWRIDSOHDDJUHHPHQW+HOWRQ
SOHDGHGJXLOW\WRFRXQWV DQG DQGWKHRWKHUWZRFRXQWV
ZHUHGLVPLVVHG7KHSOHDDJUHHPHQWDOVRSUHVHUYHG+HOWRQ¶V
ULJKWWRDSSHDOWKHGHQLDORIKLVVXSSUHVVLRQPRWLRQ+HOWRQ
H[HUFLVHGWKDWULJKWWRDSSHDODQGZHQRZFRQVLGHUKLVDSSHDO
7KH%DVLVIRUWKH6HDUFK:DUUDQW
$WZHQW\VHYHQSDJHVL[W\IRXUSDUDJUDSKDIILGDYLWE\)%,
6SHFLDO $JHQW 5REHUW +RZDUG IRUPHG WKH EDVLV RI WKH
'HFHPEHUVHDUFKZDUUDQW+RZDUG¶VDIILGDYLWUHOLHGKHDYLO\
RQLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGGLUHFWO\E\DFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQW
UHIHUUHG WR DV )%, ZKRVH WUDFN UHFRUG RI SURYLGLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQKDVSUHYLRXVO\UHVXOWHGLQDWOHDVWWKUHHVHDUFK
ZDUUDQWVDQGVL[WHHQDUUHVWV+RZDUG¶VDIILGDYLWDOVRUHOLHG
RQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW )%, UHFHLYHG IURP DQ DQRQ\PRXV
WLSVWHU)%,$ZKRZHQWLQVLGHWKHKRXVHDW1+DUULVRQ
6WUHHWDQGVSRNHZLWK-LPPLD*UHHQ
,QDOOVL[DOOHJDWLRQVLQ+RZDUG¶VDIILGDYLWVHUYHGDVWKH
EDVLVIRUWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQW7KHILUVWILYHDOOHJDWLRQVUHODWH

-- 3 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
WR *UHHQ DQGRU WKH UHVLGHQFH DW 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW
EDVHG RQ +RZDUG¶V LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WKLUW\RQH WHOHSKRQH
FDOOV ZHUH PDGH IURP -DQXDU\ WR 2FWREHU EHWZHHQ
3HWHUVRQ 6ZDLQ DQG /LGGHOO DQG WKH WHOHSKRQH DW 1
+DUULVRQ6WUHHW DFFRUGLQJWR)%,$WKHUHZHUH³VWDFNV´
RI PRQH\ LQVLGH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW LQ 2FWREHU
DFFRUGLQJ WR )%,$ *UHHQ UHSRUWHG VWRULQJ PRQH\ IRU
3HWHUVRQ DOVRDFFRUGLQJWR)%,$*UHHQH[SODLQHGWKDW
3HWHUVRQZDQWHGKHUWRKROGWKHPRQH\EHFDXVHVKHKDGQR
FULPLQDOKLVWRU\DQG DFFRUGLQJWR)%,WKHKRXVHDW
1 +DUULVRQ ZDV D \HOORZ GXSOH[ QHDU WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ RI
+DUULVRQ DQG 0LOOHU 6WUHHWV 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH DIILGDYLW LQ
VXSSRUWRIWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQWDOOHJHGWKRVHILYHIDFWVWKURXJK
WKHIROORZLQJSDUDJUDSKV
7HOHSKRQHUHFRUGVLQGLFDWHWKDWEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\
DQG2FWREHU>@FDOOVZHUHPDGH
IURPWHOHSKRQHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK3HWHUVRQ6ZDLQDQG
7KDWWHOHSKRQHLVORFDWHGDW1
+DUULVRQ 6DJLQDZ DQG LV OLVWHG WR -LPPLD *UHHQ
%HWZHHQ2FWREHUDQG1RYHPEHU>@
FDOOV ZHUH SODFHG WR WKH WHOHSKRQH DW 1
+DUULVRQ IURP WKH UHVLGHQFH WHOHSKRQH RI 5XG\
/LGGHOO
,Q HDUO\ 2FWREHU >@ )%, DGYLVHG PH WKDW
ZLWKLQ WKH SULRU IHZ GD\V )%, KDG WDONHG WR D
SHUVRQ > )%,$@ ZKR ZDV SHUVRQDOO\ DFTXDLQWHG
ZLWK-LPPLD*UHHQ7KDWSHUVRQKDGWROG)%,WKDW
KHVKHKDGEHHQWR1+DUULVRQUHFHQWO\DQGKDG
VHHQ³VWDFNV´RIPRQH\LQWKHKRXVH-LPPLD*UHHQ
KDGWROGWKHSHUVRQ>)%,$@WKHPRQH\ZDV'LQR
3HWHUVRQ¶VDQG*UHHQVDLG'LQRVWRUHGWKHPRQH\
WKHUHEHFDXVHVKHKDGQRFULPLQDOUHFRUGDQGZRXOG
QRWEHVXVSHFWHGWREHLQYROYHGLQVXFKDFWLYLW\
%DVHGRQWKHDERYH,VXEPLWWKDWWKHUHLVSUREDEOH
FDXVHWREHOLHYHWKDW-LPPLD*UHHQLVWUDIILFNLQJLQ
FRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHV,QP\H[SHULHQFH>@SHRSOH
ZKR WUDIILF LQ LOOHJDO GUXJV QRUPDOO\ NHHS FHUWDLQ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
',66(17
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6,/(5&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQW
)RUSXUSRVHVRIWKLVGLVVHQW,DVVXPHZLWKRXWGHFLGLQJWKDW
WKH DIILGDYLW IRU WKH VHDUFK ZDUUDQW ZDV QRW VXSSRUWHG E\
SUREDEOHFDXVHDVWKHPDMRULW\KDVGHFODUHG7KDWZDVDOVR
WKHFRQFOXVLRQRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW+RZHYHU,ZRXOGDIILUP
WKHFRQFOXVLRQE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDQGWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJH
WKDWWKHJRRGIDLWKUXOHIURP8QLWHG6WDWHVY/HRQ86
UHTXLUHVWKDWWKHVHDUFKRIWKHSUHPLVHVDW1
+DUULVRQ6WUHHWLQ6DJLQDZ0LFKLJDQEHXSKHOG
$VUHFLWHGE\WKHPDMRULW\WKHDIILGDYLWILOHGE\)%,6SHFLDO
$JHQW 5REHUW +RZDUG ZDV YHU\ H[WHQVLYH FRQVLVWLQJ RI
WZHQW\VHYHQSDJHVDQGVL[W\IRXUSDUDJUDSKV$GPLWWHGO\
VRPHRIWKHGHWDLOGLGQRWDGGPXFK+RZHYHUWKHUHZDVD
VLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWHOHSKRQHFDOOVDQG
WKHLQIRUPDQW¶VKDYLQJVHHQ³VWDFNV´RIPRQH\LQWKHKRXVH
LQ2FWREHUWZRPRQWKVSULRUWRWKHVHDUFK7KDWLQIRUPDQW
DOVRKDGEHHQWROGE\-LPPLD*UHHQWKDWWKHPRQH\EHORQJHG
WR'LQR3HWHUVRQDQGWKDW*UHHQZDVVWRULQJLWIRU3HWHUVRQ
EHFDXVHVKHKDGQRFULPLQDOUHFRUG7KHPDMRULW\ILQGVIDXOW
ZLWK WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH LQIRUPDQW OLVWHG DV )%,$
EHFDXVHWKHUHZDVQREDFNJURXQGGDWDDERXWWKDWLQIRUPDQW
7KHPDMRULW\DOVRILQGVIDXOWZLWKWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH
³VWDFNV´RIPRQH\EHFDXVHWKHLQIRUPDQWGLGQRWVD\LQZKDW
URRPVWKHVWDFNVZHUHORFDWHGQRUWKHDPRXQWRIVWDFNVQRU
ZKHWKHU WKH VWDFNV ZHUH RQ WKH IORRU RU LQ WKH FORVHW
+RZHYHUIURP,OOLQRLVY*DWHV86 ZH
NQRZ WKDW ³OLQHE\OLQH VFUXWLQ\ >LV@ LQDSSURSULDWH LQ
UHYLHZLQJ>D@PDJLVWUDWH¶VGHFLVLRQV´,GDWQ:H
DUHQRWWRKDYHD³JUXGJLQJRUQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUG
ZDUUDQWV´ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 9HQWUHVFD 86
$VZHPRUHUHFHQWO\VWDWHGLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY$OOHQ
)G WK &LU HQ EDQF ³7KH &RXUW
VWUHVVHGWKDWDK\SHUWHFKQLFDOFULWLTXHRIZDUUDQWVZRXOGRQO\
LQWKHHQGHQFRXUDJHZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKHV´7KXV³>W@KH

-- 4 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
UHVLGHQFHVKRXOGKDYHEHHQVXSSUHVVHGPDNHLWXQQHFHVVDU\
WRFRQVLGHUWKH)UDQNVLVVXH
9
,QVKRUWZHDJUHHZLWKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWWKDWWKH+RZDUG
DIILGDYLW GLG QRW HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH FDXVH KHUH +RZHYHU
XQOLNHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWZHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH/HRQJRRGIDLWK
UXOH GRHV QRW DSSO\ WR WKLV VLWXDWLRQ $V D UHVXOW ZH
5(9(56(WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHQLDORI+HOWRQ¶VVXSSUHVVLRQ
PRWLRQDQG5(0$1'WKLVFDVHIRUSURFHHGLQJVFRQVLVWHQW
ZLWKWKLVRSLQLRQ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
LWHPV LQ WKHLU UHVLGHQFH LQFOXGLQJ >X@QNQRZQ
TXDQWLWLHVRIFRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHVGRFXPHQWV>WKDW@
UHODWHWRTXDQWLWLHVRIGUXJVSRVVHVVHGDQGVROGRU
SD\PHQWVUHFHLYHGIRUGUXJVVROGSURFHHGVLQFDVK
RU RWKHU IRUPV FROOHFWHG IURP WKH VDOH RI GUXJV
FXVWRPHU OLVWV QDPHV DGGUHVVHV DQG WHOHSKRQH
QXPEHU>V@RIRWKHUFRFRQVSLUDWRUVSKRWRJUDSKVRI
FRFRQVSLUDWRUVUHVLGHQFHRURZQHUVKLSGRFXPHQWV
GRFXPHQWV >WKDW@ UHODWH WR H[SHQGLWXUHV WUDYHO RU
EDQNLQJSDJHUVRUFHOOXODUSKRQHVDQGUHFRUGV>WKDW@
UHODWHWRWKHLUXVHILUHDUPVDPPXQLWLRQDQGLWHPV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHGLVWULEXWLRQPDQXIDFWXUHRUXVH
RIGUXJVLQFOXGLQJVFDOHVSDFNDJLQJPDWHULDOGUXJ
SDUDSKHUQDOLD DQG VXEVWDQFHV XVHG WR GLOXWH RU
SURFHVVFRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHV
,DPDZDUHWKDWWKHDSSHDUDQFHRI1+DUULVRQ
6DJLQDZ0LFKLJDQLVIXUWKHUGHVFULEHGDVDGXSOH[
KRXVH\HOORZLQFRORUORFDWHGQHDUWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQ
RI+DUULVRQDQG0LOOHU6WUHHWV(QWUDQFHGRRUVIRU
ERWK XQLWV DUH ORFDWHG RQ WKH VRXWK VLGH RI WKH
UHVLGHQFHIDFLQJWKHGULYHZD\7KHHQWUDQFHGRRU
IRULVWKHZHVWPRVWGRRUORFDWHGWKHIXUWKHVW
IURP +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW 7KH QXPHUDOV ³´ DUH
FOHDUO\ PDUNHG RQ WKH IURQW RI WKH XQLW LQ EODFN
QXPEHUV
7KHUHIRUH>@ , VXEPLW WKHUH LV SUREDEOH FDXVH WR
EHOLHYH WKDW WKHUH LV FXUUHQWO\ ORFDWHG RQ WKH
SUHPLVHVRI1+DUULVRQ6DJLQDZ0LFKLJDQ
HYLGHQFH RI D YLRODWLRQ RI 7LWOH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV
&RGHVHFWLRQV D DQG
7KH VL[WK DOOHJDWLRQ UHODWHV WR 3HWHUVRQ¶V GUXJ GHDOLQJ
RSHUDWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWR)%,ZKHQ3HWHUVRQGHDOWGUXJVLQ
6DJLQDZKHVWRUHGVRPHRIWKHGUXJWUDIILFNLQJSURFHHGVLQ
6DJLQDZZLWKKLVEURWKHUDQGKLVEURWKHU¶VJLUOIULHQG
,Q $XJXVW RI >@ )%, IXUWKHU DGYLVHG WKDW
3HWHUVRQFRPHVWRWKH6DJLQDZDUHDSHULRGLFDOO\DQG
GLVWULEXWHVFRFDLQHWRYDULRXVLQGLYLGXDOV0RQH\

-- 5 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
+HOWRQ¶V FRXQVHO DOVR RUDOO\ DUJXHG WKDW WKH ZDUUDQW ZDV RYHUEURDG
E\ FRQWHQGLQJ WKDW WKH PRVW WKDW FRXOG KDYH EHHQ UHDVRQDEO\ H[SHFWHG DW
WKH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW UHVLGHQFH ZDV PRQH\ DWWULEXWDEOH WR 3HWHUVRQ
7KH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH UHMHFWHG WKLV DUJXPHQW LQ OLJKW RI WKH ODUJH VFDOH RI
WKH GUXJ GLVWULEXWLRQ FRQVSLUDF\ DW LVVXH 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DFFHSWHG WKH
WKDW LV FROOHFWHG IURP WKH VDOHV RI WKDW FRFDLQH LV
JLYHQWR3HWHUVRQ¶VEURWKHU0LFKDHO3HWHUVRQZKR
VWRUHVWKHPRQH\DWWKHUHVLGHQFHRIRQHRI0LFKDHO
3HWHUVRQ¶VJLUOIULHQGV&RQQLH/RUNRZVNLZKROLYHV
DW 7UDGHZLQGV (VVH[YLOOH 0LFKLJDQ
2FFDVLRQDOO\FRFDLQHLVDOVRVWRUHGDWWKH/RUNRZVNL
UHVLGHQFH/RUNRZVNLREWDLQVFRFDLQHIURP0LNH
3HWHUVRQDQGWKHQVKHVHOOVWKHFRFDLQHDW+RRWHUV
5HVWDXUDQWLQ%D\&LW\ZKHUHVKHZRUNV/RUNRZVNL
KLGHVFRFDLQHLQWKHWRLOHWWDQNDWKHUUHVLGHQFH
&RQVSLFXRXVO\DEVHQWIURPSDUDJUDSKLVDQ\PHQWLRQWKDW
3HWHUVRQVWRUHGPRQH\ZLWKSHUVRQVRWKHUWKDQKLVEURWKHURU
KLVEURWKHU¶VJLUOIULHQGVXFKDV*UHHQRU+HOWRQ,QVKRUW
EDVHG RQ WKRVH VL[ DOOHJDWLRQV DQG ZLWKRXW IXUWKHU
FRUURERUDWLRQDPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHDXWKRUL]HGWKHVHDUFKRIWKH
1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH
7KH'LVWULFW&RXUW¶V7UHDWPHQWRI+HOWRQ¶V6XSSUHVVLRQ
0RWLRQ
$WWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWOHYHO+HOWRQUDLVHGWKUHHFKDOOHQJHVWR
WKHVHDUFKRIKLVUHVLGHQFH)LUVWKHDUJXHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRW
SUREDEOHFDXVHIRUWKHVHDUFKEHFDXVHWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHU
)%,$ZDVQRWDSURYHQUHOLDEOHRUFUHGLEOHVRXUFH6HFRQG
+HOWRQ VXEPLWWHG DQ DIILGDYLW E\ -LPPLD *UHHQ ZKLFK
DWWDFNHGWKHYHUDFLW\RISDUDJUDSKRIWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLW
,QKHUDIILGDYLW*UHHQGHQLHGKDYLQJ³VWDFNV´RIPRQH\DW
1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW EXW DGPLWWHG WR KDYLQJ D FULPLQDO
UHFRUG%DVHGRQWKRVHDYHUPHQWVZKLFKFDOOHGSRUWLRQVRI
SDUDJUDSKLQWRTXHVWLRQ+HOWRQVRXJKWD)UDQNVKHDULQJ
WRVWULNHSRUWLRQVRIWKDWSDUDJUDSK7KLUGLQRUDODUJXPHQW
EHIRUHWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJH+HOWRQ¶VFRXQVHOUDLVHGVWDOHQHVV
FRQFHUQV+HDUJXHGWKDWWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLW¶VDOOHJDWLRQV
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
RQH RFFDVLRQ UHIXVHG WR DSSO\ WKH /HRQ UXOH ZKHUH ³D
UHDVRQDEO\ SUXGHQW RIILFHU ZRXOG KDYH VRXJKW JUHDWHU
FRUURERUDWLRQWRVKRZSUREDEOHFDXVH´:HDYHU)GDW
,QVKRUWQRUHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUZRXOGKDYHDWWDFKHG
PXFKLIDQ\VLJQLILFDQFHWR)%,$¶VVWDWHPHQWV
6HFRQGNQRZLQJWKDW)%,$¶VVWDWHPHQWVVKRXOGEHKHDYLO\
GLVFRXQWHG QR UHDVRQDEOH RIILFHU ZRXOG EHOLHYH WKDW WKH
+RZDUGDIILGDYLWHVWDEOLVKHGSUREDEOHFDXVHWRVHDUFKWKH
1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH$VGLVFXVVHGDERYHZLWK)%,
$¶VVWDWHPHQWVUHFHLYLQJOLWWOHZHLJKWWKHRWKHUDOOHJDWLRQVLQ
WKH +RZDUG DIILGDYLW GR QRW VXIILFH WR HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH
FDXVH$UHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUNQRZVWKDWHYLGHQFHRIWKUHHFDOOV
DPRQWKWRNQRZQGUXJGHDOHUVIURPDKRXVHDGHVFULSWLRQRI
WKDWKRXVHDQGDQDOOHJDWLRQWKDWDGUXJGHDOHUVWRUHVGUXJ
SURFHHGVZLWKKLVEURWKHUDQGKLVEURWKHU¶VJLUOIULHQG QHLWKHU
RIZKRPOLYHDWRUDUHNQRZQWRYLVLWWKDWKRXVH IDOOVZHOO
VKRUWRIHVWDEOLVKLQJSUREDEOHFDXVHWKDWWKHKRXVHFRQWDLQV
HYLGHQFHRIDFULPH0RUHRYHUEHFDXVH)%,$¶VVWDWHPHQWV
DUHKHDYLO\GLVFRXQWHGGXHWRWKHLUPLQLPDOWUXVWZRUWKLQHVV
DQG UHOLDELOLW\ WKH\ DGG OLWWOH WR WKH SUREDEOH FDXVH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ7KXVDUHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUZRXOGUHFRJQL]H
WKDWZLWKRXWPRUHFRUURERUDWLRQWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLWFDPH
ZHOOVKRUWRIHVWDEOLVKLQJSUREDEOHFDXVH)RUWKDWUHDVRQWKH
WKLUG H[FHSWLRQ WR WKH /HRQ UXOH DSSOLHV DQG WKH HYLGHQFH
REWDLQHG IURP WKH VHDUFK RI WKH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW
UHVLGHQFHVKRXOGKDYHEHHQVXSSUHVVHG
,9
,Q KLV ILQDO DUJXPHQW +HOWRQ FRQWHQGV WKDW WKH VHDUFK
ZDUUDQW DIILGDYLW FRQWDLQHG IDOVH VWDWHPHQWV PDGH ZLWK
UHFNOHVVGLVUHJDUGIRUWKHWUXWKDQGDVDUHVXOWKHLVHQWLWOHG
WRD)UDQNVKHDULQJWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUDSUHSRQGHUDQFHRI
WKHHYLGHQFHVXSSRUWVVWULNLQJWKRVHSRUWLRQVRIWKHDIILGDYLW
6HH)UDQNVY'HODZDUH86 8QLWHG
6WDWHVY*LDFDORQH)G WK&LU
2XUFRQFOXVLRQWKDWSUREDEOHFDXVHZDVODFNLQJHYHQZLWKRXW
VWULNLQJDQ\SDUWRIWKHDIILGDYLWDVZHOODVRXUKROGLQJWKDW
HYLGHQFH IURP WKH VHDUFK RI WKH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW

-- 6 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
LWLQTXLUHV³ZKHWKHUDUHDVRQDEO\ZHOOWUDLQHGRIILFHUZRXOG
KDYH NQRZQ WKDW WKH VHDUFK ZDV LOOHJDO GHVSLWH WKH
PDJLVWUDWH¶VGHFLVLRQ´/HRQ86DWQVHHDOVR
$OOHQ)G *LOPDQ-FRQFXUULQJ
%6WDQGDUGRI5HYLHZ
7KH/HRQGHWHUPLQDWLRQLVUHYLHZHGXQGHUWKHVDPHGXDO
VWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZDVWKHSUREDEOHFDXVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ²
FOHDUHUURUUHYLHZIRUILQGLQJVRIIDFWDQGGHQRYRUHYLHZIRU
OHJDO FRQFOXVLRQV /HDNH )G DW $V D OHJDO
FRQFOXVLRQ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V XOWLPDWH GHFLVLRQ RQ WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH/HRQUXOHLVUHYLHZHGGHQRYR,G
&$QDO\VLVRIWKH/HRQ5XOH
7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHWKLUG/HRQH[FHSWLRQLVJRYHUQHGE\
ZKHWKHUWKHLQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHUV¶FRQGXFWZDVREMHFWLYHO\
UHDVRQDEOH +HUH ZKHUH WKH DIILGDYLW GLG QRW HVWDEOLVK
SUREDEOHFDXVHWKHWKLUG/HRQH[FHSWLRQWXUQVRQZKHWKHUD
UHDVRQDEOH RIILFHU ZRXOG NQRZ WKDW WKH DIILGDYLW IDLOHG WR
HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH FDXVH ,Q OLJKW RI WKH SDUWLFXODU
GHILFLHQFLHVZLWKWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLWZHPDNHWZRLQTXLUHV
KHUH ZKHWKHUDUHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUZRXOGEHOLHYHWKDWWKH
DQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHU¶VVWDWHPHQWVZLWKRXWPRUHFRUURERUDWLRQ
ZHUHWUXVWZRUWK\DQGUHOLDEOHDQG ZKHWKHUDUHDVRQDEOH
RIILFHUZRXOGEHOLHYHWKDWWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLWHVWDEOLVKHG
SUREDEOHFDXVHWRVHDUFKWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH
8OWLPDWHO\ ZH FRQFOXGH WKDW QR UHDVRQDEOH RIILFHU ZRXOG
EHOLHYHHLWKHULQTXLU\
)LUVWQRUHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUZRXOGDIIRUGPXFKZHLJKWWR
WKHDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHU¶VVWDWHPHQWV$VGLVFXVVHGDERYH)%,
$¶VVWDWHPHQWVRULJLQDWHGIURPDQXQNQRZQXQWHVWHGVRXUFH
WKH\ZHUHWKHSURGXFWRIPXOWLSOHOD\HUVRIKHDUVD\WKH\ZHUH
VSDUVHLQUHOHYDQWGHWDLODQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\WKH\ZHUHQRW
FRUURERUDWHG LQ DQ\ PHDQLQJIXO PDQQHU ,Q OLJKW RI WKRVH
VKRUWFRPLQJVQRUHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUZRXOGSODFHPXFKLIDQ\
ZHLJKW LQ )%,$¶V UHSRUW 0RUHRYHU DW D PLQLPXP D
UHDVRQDEOHRIILFHUZRXOGKDYHVRXJKWWRFRUURERUDWH)%,$¶V
VWDWHPHQWVIXUWKHUHVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKLV&RXUWKDVRQDWOHDVW
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH¶V UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ RQ WKDW SRLQW
%HIRUH FRQVLGHULQJ WKH PHULWV RI WKH DUJXPHQWV WKH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH
VXD VSRQWH LQTXLUHG LQWR ZKHWKHU KH VKRXOG UHFXVH KLPVHOI XQGHU
86& † EHFDXVH KH KDG LVVXHG WKH VHDUFK ZDUUDQW 8OWLPDWHO\ KH
GHFOLQHG WR UHFXVH KLPVHOI
ZHUHVWDOHEHFDXVHWKHUHIHUHQFHWR³VWDFNV´RIPRQH\ZDV
EDVHGRQDQREVHUYDWLRQLQ2FWREHUDSSUR[LPDWHO\WZR
PRQWKVEHIRUHWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLWZDVILOHG
7KH JRYHUQPHQW FRXQWHUHG HDFK RI +HOWRQ¶V FKDOOHQJHV
)LUVWWKHJRYHUQPHQWUHVSRQGHGWKDWWKHUHZDVSUREDEOHFDXVH
WR VHDUFK 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW 1H[W WKH JRYHUQPHQW
DUJXHG WKDW WKH /HRQ JRRGIDLWK UXOH FXUHG DQ\ DEVHQFH RI
SUREDEOH FDXVH EHFDXVH WKH RIILFHUV ZKR REWDLQHG DQG
H[HFXWHG WKH ZDUUDQW DFWHG REMHFWLYHO\ UHDVRQDEO\ DQG LQ
JRRGIDLWK 7KH JRYHUQPHQW DOVR DUJXHG DJDLQVW D )UDQNV
KHDULQJEHFDXVH+RZDUGZDVQRWNQRZLQJO\RUGHOLEHUDWHO\
GLVUHJDUGLQJ WKH WUXWKIXOQHVV RI PDWWHUV LQ WKH DIILGDYLW
)LQDOO\ DW RUDO DUJXPHQW EHIRUH WKH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH WKH
JRYHUQPHQWUHVSRQGHGWRWKHVWDOHQHVVGHIHQVHE\FRQWHQGLQJ
WKDWVWDOHQHVVZDVSDUWRIWKHSUREDEOHFDXVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
DQGWKDWSUREDEOHFDXVHVWLOOH[LVWHGRQWKHGDWHRIWKHVHDUFK
EHFDXVH*UHHQVWRUHGPRQH\IRU3HWHUVRQRYHUDQH[WHQGHG
SHULRGRIWLPH
7KH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH HYDOXDWHG WKRVH DUJXPHQWV DQG
UHFRPPHQGHG GHQ\LQJ +HOWRQ¶V VXSSUHVVLRQ PRWLRQ 7KH
PDJLVWUDWHMXGJHGHWHUPLQHGWKDWSUREDEOHFDXVHH[LVWHGIRU
WKHVHDUFKRIWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH$VSDUW
RIKLVDQDO\VLVKHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLWZDV
QRWVWDOH1H[WWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHUHFRPPHQGHGDJDLQVW
KROGLQJD)UDQNVKHDULQJEHFDXVH³LILPSURSULHW\WRRNSODFH
LWZDVPRUHLQWKHQDWXUHRIQHJOLJHQFHRULQQRFHQWPLVWDNH
UDWKHUWKDQUHFNOHVVQHVVRQWKHSDUWRIWKHDIILDQW´'HVSLWH
KLVILQGLQJRISUREDEOHFDXVHWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHDGGUHVVHG
WKH/HRQJRRGIDLWKUXOH7KHUHKHUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKH
/HRQ JRRGIDLWK UXOH FXUH DQ\ GHIHFW LQ SUREDEOH FDXVH
EHFDXVH WKH ZDUUDQW ZDV QRW ³VR ODFNLQJ LQ WKH LQGLFLD RI

-- 7 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
SUREDEOHFDXVHDVWRFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHWRSROLFHDXWKRULWLHVWKDW
WKLVZDUUDQWVKRXOGQRWEHH[HFXWHG´
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWLQLWLDOO\GHFOLQHGWRDFFHSWWKHPDJLVWUDWH
MXGJH¶V UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 5DWKHU LW FKRVH WR VFKHGXOH D
)UDQNVKHDULQJDQGDKHDULQJRQWKHSUREDEOHFDXVHDQG/HRQ
LVVXHV7KHJRYHUQPHQWILOHGDPRWLRQIRUUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
DUJXLQJ WKDW L D )UDQNV KHDULQJ ZDV QRW DSSURSULDWH
LL SUREDEOHFDXVHH[LVWHGDQG LLL WKH/HRQJRRGIDLWKUXOH
FXUHG DQ\ DEVHQFH RI SUREDEOH FDXVH 7KDW PRWLRQ ZDV
JUDQWHG
$IWHUUHFRQVLGHULQJWKRVHLVVXHVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHDFKHG
DGLIIHUHQWUHVXOW)LUVWLWGHFOLQHGWRKROGD)UDQNVKHDULQJ
EHFDXVH WKHUH ZDV ³QR EDVLV WR EHOLHYH WKDW WKH DIILDQW
> +RZDUG@ DFWHG ZLWK UHFNOHVV LQGLIIHUHQFH WR WKH WUXWK´
1H[W WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW UHMHFWHG WKH VWDOHQHVV DUJXPHQW
1HYHUWKHOHVVLWUHIXVHGWRILQGWKDWSUREDEOHFDXVHH[LVWHG
IRU WKH VHDUFK ZDUUDQW 7KDW ILQGLQJ ZDV RI OLWWOH
FRQVHTXHQFHKRZHYHUEHFDXVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHWHUPLQHG
WKDW WKH /HRQ JRRGIDLWK UXOH DSSOLHG &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH
GLVWULFW FRXUW XSKHOG WKH VHDUFK RQ WKDW JURXQG %DVHG RQ
WKRVH FRQFOXVLRQV WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG +HOWRQ¶V
VXSSUHVVLRQPRWLRQ
+HOWRQDSSHDOHGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VUXOLQJ2QDSSHDOKH
UDLVHVWKUHHDUJXPHQWV)LUVWKHGLVSXWHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI
WKH /HRQJRRGIDLWKUXOHKHUH6HFRQGKHVHHNVD )UDQNV
KHDULQJEDVHGRQ+RZDUG¶VUHFNOHVVGLVUHJDUGIRUWKHWUXWKRI
DYHUPHQWVLQSDUDJUDSKRIWKHDIILGDYLW7KLUGKHDUJXHV
WKDW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ SURYLGHG E\ WKH DQRQ\PRXV WLSVWHU
)%,$ ZDV VWDOH 7KH JRYHUQPHQW FRQWHVWV HDFK RI WKRVH
DUJXPHQWVDQGIXUWKHUDVVHUWVWKDWWKHUHZDVSUREDEOHFDXVHWR
VHDUFKWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH7KLV&RXUWQRZ
FRQVLGHUVWKRVHDUJXPHQWV
,,
8QGHUO\LQJWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKLVFDVHLVWKHSUREDEOHFDXVH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ,IWKHUHZDVQRWSUREDEOHFDXVHIRUVHDUFKLQJ
WKHUHVLGHQFHDW1+DUULVRQ6WUHHW DVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
,,,
(YHQZLWKRXWSUREDEOHFDXVHIUXLWVRIDVHDUFKPD\VWLOO
VXUYLYHWKHH[FOXVLRQDU\UXOHXQGHUWKH/HRQJRRGIDLWKUXOH
%XWWKH/HRQUXOHGRHVQRWDSSO\KHUH
$7KH/HRQ*RRG)DLWK5XOH
,Q8QLWHG6WDWHVY/HRQ86 WKH6XSUHPH
&RXUW KHOG WKDW WKH H[FOXVLRQDU\ UXOH ZKLFK VXSSUHVVHV
LOOHJDOO\ REWDLQHG HYLGHQFH GRHV QRW DSSO\ ZKHUH WKH
HYLGHQFHZDVGLVFRYHUHG SXUVXDQWWRDVHDUFKZDUUDQWWKDW
ZDVLVVXHGLQJRRGIDLWK,GDW FRQFOXGLQJWKDW³WKH
PDUJLQDO RU QRQH[LVWHQW EHQHILWV SURGXFHG E\ VXSSUHVVLQJ
HYLGHQFH REWDLQHG LQ REMHFWLYHO\ UHDVRQDEOH UHOLDQFH RQ D
VXEVHTXHQWO\ LQYDOLGDWHG VHDUFK ZDUUDQW FDQQRW MXVWLI\ WKH
VXEVWDQWLDOFRVWVRIH[FOXVLRQ´ ,QUHDFKLQJWKDWKROGLQJWKH
6XSUHPH&RXUWDFNQRZOHGJHGIRXUH[FHSWLRQVWRWKHJRRG
IDLWKUXOH
WKH VXSSRUWLQJ DIILGDYLW FRQWDLQV LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH
DIILDQW NQHZ RU VKRXOG KDYH NQRZQ LV IDOVH WKH
LVVXLQJ PDJLVWUDWH ODFNHG QHXWUDOLW\ DQG GHWDFKPHQW
WKH DIILGDYLW LV GHYRLG RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG
VXSSRUW D SUREDEOH FDXVH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ PDNLQJ DQ\
EHOLHI WKDW SUREDEOH FDXVH H[LVWV FRPSOHWHO\
XQUHDVRQDEOHRU WKHZDUUDQWLVIDFLDOO\GHILFLHQW
&]XSU\QVNL)GDWVHHDOVR/HRQ86DW
:HDYHU)GDW/HDNH
)G DW 7KXV LQ HDFK RI WKRVH VLWXDWLRQV LOOHJDOO\
REWDLQHGHYLGHQFHZLOOEHVXEMHFWWRVXSSUHVVLRQHYHQWKRXJK
DVHDUFKZDUUDQWZDVLVVXHG
+HUH+HOWRQDUJXHVWKDWWKHDIILGDYLWIDLOHGXQGHUWKHWKLUG
H[FHSWLRQ WR WKH /HRQ UXOH 7R ILW WKDW H[FHSWLRQ WKH
H[HFXWLQJ RIILFHU PXVW KDYH ³QR UHDVRQDEOH JURXQGV IRU
EHOLHYLQJWKDWWKHZDUUDQWZDVSURSHUO\LVVXHG´/HRQ
86DWVHHDOVR/HDNH)GDW0RUHRYHUWKH
REMHFWLYHUHDVRQDEOHQHVVGHWHUPLQDWLRQGRHVQRWH[DPLQHWKH
VXEMHFWLYHVWDWHVRIPLQGRIODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVUDWKHU

-- 8 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
DVDQRIILFHUGLGLQ/HDNH/HDNH)GDW1RUGLG
WKHLQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHUVDWWHPSWDQ\RWKHUPHWKRGRIGLUHFWO\
FRUURERUDWLQJDOOHJDWLRQV G DQG H 7KHJRYHUQPHQWDUJXHV
WKDWWKRVHWZRDOOHJDWLRQVDUHFRQILUPHGE\DOOHJDWLRQV D DQG
F ²WKHSKRQHORJDQG3HWHUVRQ¶VVWRUDJHRIGUXJPRQH\
ZLWKRWKHUV&HUWDLQO\WKHIDFWWKDWDOOHJDWLRQV D DQG F GR
QRWFRQWUDGLFWDOOHJDWLRQV G DQG H LQFUHDVHVWKHOLNHOLKRRG
WKDWDOOHJDWLRQV G DQG H DUHWUXH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKLVODFNRI
LQFRQVLVWHQF\DGGVOLWWOHWRWKHRYHUDOOEHOLHYDELOLW\RI)%,
$¶VUHSRUW
$OOHJDWLRQ I WKHDVVHUWLRQWKDW*UHHQVWRUHGGUXJPRQH\
IRU 3HWHUVRQ EHFDXVH VKH KDG QR FULPLQDO UHFRUG ZDV QRW
FRUURERUDWHG 7KDW DOOHJDWLRQ ZDV DUJXDEO\ WKH HDVLHVW WR
FRQILUPEXWWKHLQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHUVGRQRWUHSRUWPDNLQJ
DQ\ HIIRUW WR YHULI\ *UHHQ¶V FULPLQDO UHFRUG 1RU GR WKH
RIILFHUVUHSRUWH[DPLQLQJWKHFULPLQDOUHFRUGVRIWKHRWKHU
WZR SHRSOH ZLWK ZKRP 3HWHUVRQ DOOHJHGO\ VWRUHG GUXJ
SURFHHGVKLVEURWKHUDQGKLVEURWKHU¶VJLUOIULHQGDVDPHDQV
RI FRUURERUDWLQJ WKDW 3HWHUVRQ XVHG WKH ODFN RI D FULPLQDO
UHFRUGDVDFULWHULRQIRUGHFLGLQJWKHSHUVRQVZLWKZKRPKH
VWRUHGGUXJSURFHHGV7KXVZLWKRXWFRUURERUDWLRQZHGRQRW
LQFUHDVHWKHZHLJKWDIIRUGHGWRDOOHJDWLRQ I
,Q VXP DOOHJDWLRQV G WKURXJK I KDYH QRW EHHQ
PHDQLQJIXOO\FRUURERUDWHG$VDUHVXOWWKHLULPSDFWGRHVQRW
ULVHPXFKEH\RQGWKHLUPLQLPDOO\SHUVXDVLYHLQKHUHQWYDOXHV
&RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH\ DGG OLWWOH WR WKH SUREDEOH FDXVH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ
3UREDEOH&DXVHLQ/LJKWRIWKH7RWDOLW\RIWKH
&LUFXPVWDQFHV
:HQRZFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUWKHWRWDOLW\RIDOOVL[DOOHJDWLRQV
VXIILFHV WR HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH FDXVH $V VWDWHG DERYH
DOOHJDWLRQV D WKURXJK F IDOO ZHOO VKRUW RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ
SUREDEOHFDXVHWRVHDUFKWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH
$OVRIURPDERYHDOOHJDWLRQV G WKURXJK I KDYHPLQLPDO
SHUVXDVLYHYDOXH&RQVHTXHQWO\HYHQZKHQDOOVL[DOOHJDWLRQV
DUHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHDJJUHJDWHWKH\IDLOWRHVWDEOLVKSUREDEOH
FDXVHE\DVLJQLILFDQWPDUJLQ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
FRQFOXGHG WKHQWKHRQO\ZD\ WKDWWKHIUXLWVRIWKHVHDUFK
ZRXOG VXUYLYH VXSSUHVVLRQ LV WKURXJK WKH JRRGIDLWK UXOH
DUWLFXODWHGLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY/HRQ86
$/HJDO3ULQFLSOHV5HJDUGLQJ3UREDEOH&DXVH
$EDVLFSULQFLSOHRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWLVWKDWWKHUH
PXVWEHSUREDEOHFDXVHIRUDVHDUFKZDUUDQWWRLVVXH86
&2167 DPHQG ,9 ³>1@R :DUUDQWV VKDOO LVVXH EXW XSRQ
SUREDEOH FDXVH VXSSRUWHG E\ 2DWK RU DIILUPDWLRQ DQG
SDUWLFXODUO\ GHVFULELQJ WKH SODFH WR EH VHDUFKHG DQG WKH
SHUVRQVRUWKLQJVWREHVHL]HG´ VHHDOVR8QLWHG6WDWHVY
$OOHQ)G WK&LU HQEDQF &OD\-
GLVVHQWLQJ ³>7@KHUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWDZDUUDQWEHVXSSRUWHG
E\VSHFLILFHYLGHQFHRIFULPLQDODFWLYLW\EHIRUHEHLQJLVVXHG
LVGHHSO\URRWHGLQRXUKLVWRU\´ 8QLWHG6WDWHVY:HDYHU
)G WK &LU HODERUDWLQJ WKDW ³WKH
DIILGDYLW SUHVHQWHG PXVW FRQWDLQ DGHTXDWH VXSSRUWLQJ IDFWV
DERXW WKH XQGHUO\LQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV WR VKRZ WKDW SUREDEOH
FDXVHH[LVWVIRUWKHLVVXDQFHRIWKHZDUUDQW´ 7KLV&RXUWKDV
H[SODLQHGWKDW³>S@UREDEOHFDXVHH[LVWVZKHQWKHUHLVDμIDLU
SUREDELOLW\¶ JLYHQ WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKDW
FRQWUDEDQG RU HYLGHQFH RI D FULPH ZLOO EH IRXQG LQ D
SDUWLFXODUSODFH´8QLWHG6WDWHVY'DYLGVRQ)G
WK&LU TXRWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY/RJJLQV
)G WK&LU SHUFXULDP 0RUHRYHUZKHUH
DQDIILGDYLWLVWKHEDVLVIRUDSUREDEOHFDXVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
WKDWDIILGDYLW³PXVWSURYLGHWKHPDJLVWUDWHZLWKDVXEVWDQWLDO
EDVLV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI SUREDEOH FDXVH´
,OOLQRLVY*DWHV86
,QHYDOXDWLQJZKHWKHUSUREDEOHFDXVHH[LVWVIRULVVXLQJD
VHDUFK ZDUUDQW D MXGLFLDO RIILFHU PD\ UHO\ RQ KHDUVD\
HYLGHQFH8QLWHG6WDWHVY6PLWK)G WK&LU
:HDYHU)GDWVHHJHQHUDOO\-RQHVY8QLWHG
6WDWHV 86 ³,Q WHVWLQJ WKH
VXIILFLHQF\ RI SUREDEOH FDXVH IRU DQ RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQ HYHQ
ZLWKRXW D ZDUUDQW ZH KDYH KHOG WKDW KH PD\ UHO\ XSRQ
LQIRUPDWLRQUHFHLYHGWKURXJKDQLQIRUPDQWUDWKHUWKDQXSRQ
KLVGLUHFWREVHUYDWLRQVVRORQJDVWKHLQIRUPDQW¶VVWDWHPHQW

-- 9 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
LV UHDVRQDEO\ FRUURERUDWHG E\ RWKHU PDWWHUV ZLWKLQ WKH
RIILFHU¶VNQRZOHGJH´ RYHUUXOHGRQRWKHUJURXQGVE\8QLWHG
6WDWHVY6DOYXFFL86 :KHQFRQIURQWHGZLWK
KHDUVD\ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP D FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDQW RU DQ
DQRQ\PRXV WLSVWHU D FRXUW PXVW FRQVLGHU WKH YHUDFLW\
UHOLDELOLW\DQGWKHEDVLVRINQRZOHGJHIRUWKDWLQIRUPDWLRQDV
SDUW RI WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV IRU HYDOXDWLQJ WKH
LPSDFWRIWKDWLQIRUPDWLRQ
7KHWDVNRIWKHLVVXLQJPDJLVWUDWHLVVLPSO\WRPDNHD
SUDFWLFDOFRPPRQVHQVHGHFLVLRQZKHWKHUJLYHQDOOWKH
FLUFXPVWDQFHV VHW IRUWK LQ WKH DIILGDYLW EHIRUH KLP
LQFOXGLQJ WKH ³YHUDFLW\´ DQG ³EDVLV RI NQRZOHGJH´ RI
SHUVRQVVXSSO\LQJWKHKHDUVD\LQIRUPDWLRQWKHUHLVDIDLU
SUREDELOLW\WKDWFRQWUDEDQGRUHYLGHQFHRIDFULPHZLOOEH
IRXQGLQDSDUWLFXODUSODFH
*DWHV86DWVHHDOVR$ODEDPDY:KLWH86
6PLWK )G DW 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y
*UHHQH)G WK&LU 0D\VY&LW\RI
'D\WRQ)G WK&LU 8QLWHG6WDWHVY
&DQDQ)G WK&LU
:LWKLQ WKDW IUDPHZRUN SUHFHGHQW SURYLGHV DGGLWLRQDO
GLUHFWLRQIRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRIKHDUVD\LQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGE\
FRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQWVDQGDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHUV)RUKHDUVD\
HYLGHQFHIURPDFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQWWKLV&RXUWKDVKHOG
WKDW ³LI WKH SULRU WUDFN UHFRUG RI DQ LQIRUPDQW DGHTXDWHO\
VXEVWDQWLDWHVKLVFUHGLELOLW\RWKHULQGLFLDRIUHOLDELOLW\DUHQRW
QHFHVVDULO\UHTXLUHG´6PLWK)GDW$QRQ\PRXV
WLSV KRZHYHU GHPDQG PRUH VWULQJHQW VFUXWLQ\ RI WKHLU
YHUDFLW\UHOLDELOLW\DQGEDVLVRINQRZOHGJHWKDQUHSRUWVIURP
FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDQWV *UHHQH )G DW )RU
LQVWDQFHLQ)ORULGDY-/WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWH[SODLQHGWKDW
LQWKHLQYHVWLJDWRU\VWRSFRQWH[W³μDQDQRQ\PRXVWLSDORQH
VHOGRPGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHLQIRUPDQW¶VEDVLVRINQRZOHGJHRU
YHUDFLW\¶´86 TXRWLQJ$ODEDPDY
:KLWH 86 &HQWUDO WR WKH &RXUW¶V
KROGLQJZDVWKHQRWLRQWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHU
SURYLGHG DFFXUDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH ORFDWLRQ DQG
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
WLPH LV RI OHVV VLJQLILFDQFH¶´ TXRWLQJ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y
+HQVRQ)G WK&LU 1HYHUWKHOHVV
ZLWKHDFKGD\WKDWSDVVHGWKHOLNHOLKRRGWKDWWKH³VWDFNV´RI
PRQH\ UHPDLQHG DW 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW GHFUHDVHG ,Q
VKRUW UHOLDELOLW\ FRQFHUQV GHWUDFW DOEHLW OHVV VR WKDQ WKH
YHUDFLW\ FRQFHUQV IURP WKH SHUVXDVLYHQHVV RI )%,$¶V
DQRQ\PRXVWLS
)LQDOO\WKHUHLVOLWWOHUHDVRQIRUFRQFOXGLQJWKDW)%,$KDG
D VRXQG EDVLV IRU NQRZOHGJH IRU WKH WLS 7KH ³EDVLV IRU
NQRZOHGJH´IDFWRUXVHVWKHGHJUHHRIGHWDLOLQDWLSWRLQIHU
ZKHWKHU WKH WLSVWHU ³KDG D UHOLDEOH EDVLV IRU PDNLQJ KLV
VWDWHPHQWV´6PLWK)GDW+HUH)%,$FODLPVWR
KDYH YLVLWHG WKH LQVLGH RI WKH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW
UHVLGHQFH\HW)%,$SURYLGHVDOPRVWQRGHWDLOVRIWKHYLVLW
)%,$GLGQRWGHVFULEHZKLFKURRPVKHRUVKHYLVLWHGZKHUH
KHRUVKHVDZWKHVWDFNVRIPRQH\KRZKLJKWKHVWDFNVRI
PRQH\ZHUHRUKRZWKHVWDFNVZHUHVWRUHGHJRQDWDEOH
RQ WKH IORRU LQ D FORVHW +RZHYHU WKH IDFW WKDW )%,$
UHSRUWHG RQO\ ³VWDFNV´ RI PRQH\ DQG QR IXUWKHU FULPLQDO
DFWLYLW\OHQGVVRPHFUHGLELOLW\WR)%,$¶VUHSRUWEHFDXVHLW
VXJJHVWV WKDW )%,$ GLG QRW H[DJJHUDWH KLV RU KHU DOOHJHG
SHUFHSWLRQV,QLWVWRWDOLW\KRZHYHU)%,$¶VDQRQ\PRXVWLS
ZDVVSDUVHLQUHOHYDQWGHWDLODQGIRUWKDWUHDVRQLWDJDLQORVHV
SHUVXDVLYHYDOXH6HH$OOHQ)GDW
3XWWLQJ WKH YHUDFLW\ UHOLDELOLW\ DQG EDVLV RI NQRZOHGJH
IDFWRUVWRJHWKHUZHDIIRUGPLQLPDOZHLJKWWRWKH LQKHUHQW
YDOXHRI)%,$¶VVWDWHPHQWV'HVSLWHWKHPLQLPDOSUREDWLYH
YDOXHRI)%,$¶VWLSVWDQGLQJE\LWVHOIWKHWLSFRXOGWDNHRQ
DQLQFUHDVHGOHYHORIVLJQLILFDQFHLILWZHUHFRUURERUDWHGHYHQ
LQSDUWE\ODWHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ6HH/HDNH)GDW
XQGHUVFRULQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRILQYHVWLJDWLQJDQDQRQ\PRXV
WLSEHIRUHDZDUUDQWLVUHTXHVWHG +HUHKRZHYHUWKHODZ
HQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVGLGQRWFRUURERUDWH)%,$¶VDOOHJDWLRQV
)RULQVWDQFHDOWKRXJKDOOHJDWLRQV G DQG H VXJJHVWWKDW
HYLGHQFHRIFULPLQDODFWLYLW\²VWRULQJVWDFNVRI3HWHUVRQ¶V
GUXJ PRQH\ ² H[LVWHG DW 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW WKH
LQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHUVGLGQRWPRQLWRUWKHVXVSLFLRXVUHVLGHQFH

-- 10 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
$OOHJDWLRQ G ZDV WZR RUGHUV UHPRYHG LW RULJLQDWHG ZLWK )%,$
DQG ZDV WUDQVPLWWHG WKURXJK )%, DQG +RZDUG $OOHJDWLRQV H DQG I
ZHUH WKUHH RUGHUV UHPRYHG WKH\ RULJLQDWHG ZLWK *UHHQ DQG ZHUH
WUDQVPLWWHG WKURXJK )%,$ )%, DQG +RZDUG
$OWKRXJK +HOWRQ SUHVHQWV WKH VWDOHQHVV GHIHQVH DV D FRPSOHWHO\
LQGHSHQGHQW EDVLV IRU LQYDOLGDWLQJ WKH VHDUFK WKDW PDQQHU RI SUHVHQWDWLRQ
LV PLVOHDGLQJ +HOWRQ¶V VWDOHQHVV GHIHQVH LV QRWKLQJ PRUH WKDQ D FKDOOHQJH
WR SUREDEOH FDXVH WKDW LV VXEMHFW WR WKH /HRQ JRRGIDLWK UXOH 6HH *UHHQH
)G DW
)LUVW +RZDUG¶V DIILGDYLW GRHV QRW SURYLGH D EDVLV IRU
WUXVWLQJWKHYHUDFLW\RI)%,$¶VDOOHJDWLRQV7KLV&RXUWKDV
SUHYLRXVO\H[SODLQHGWKDW³>D@QDIILGDYLWPXVWFRQWDLQD
VWDWHPHQW DERXW VRPH RI WKH XQGHUO\LQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV
LQGLFDWLQJWKHLQIRUPDQWZDVFUHGLEOHRUWKDWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ
ZDVUHOLDEOH´6PLWK)GDWVHHDOVR*DWHV
86DW'HVSLWHWKDWH[KRUWDWLRQWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLW
IDLOV WR SURYLGH DQ\ EDFNJURXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW )%,$
7KHDIILGDYLWOLNHZLVHIDLOVWRRIIHUDQ\EDVLVIRUEHOLHYLQJ
WKDW)%,$ZRXOGEHWHOOLQJWKHWUXWK7KHVHRPLVVLRQVDUH
H[DFHUEDWHGEHFDXVH)%,$KDVQRWUDFNUHFRUGRISURYLGLQJ
DFFXUDWHWLSV)RUWKRVHUHDVRQVZHPXVWXQGHU6PLWKSODFH
OLWWOHZHLJKWLQWKHYHUDFLW\RI)%,$¶VUHSRUW
)%,$¶VDQRQ\PRXVWLSDOVRKDVUHOLDELOLW\SUREOHPV)RU
VWDUWHUV WKH VWDWHPHQWV FDPH IURP SHUVRQV WZR DQG WKUHH
GHJUHHV UHPRYHG IURP WKH DIILDQW VR WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ LV TXHVWLRQDEOH IURP WKH RXWVHW ,Q DGGLWLRQ
)%,$¶V UHSRUW RI VHHLQJ WKH ³VWDFNV´ RI PRQH\ ZDV WZR
PRQWKVROG*HQHUDOO\DFRXUWFRQVLGHUVWKHIROORZLQJIRXU
IDFWRUVLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDSUREDEOHFDXVHILQGLQJLV
VWDOH ³WKH GHIHQGDQW¶V FRXUVH RI FRQGXFW WKH QDWXUH DQG
GXUDWLRQRIWKHFULPHWKHQDWXUHRIWKHUHOHYDQWHYLGHQFHDQG
DQ\FRUURERUDWLRQRIWKHROGHUDQGPRUHUHFHQWLQIRUPDWLRQ´
8QLWHG6WDWHVY&]XSU\QVNL)G WK&LU
HQEDQF %HFDXVHWKHHYLGHQFHRIFULPLQDODFWLYLW\KHUHLV
WKHVWRUDJHRIGUXJPRQH\WKHOLNHO\GXUDWLRQRIWKLVHYLGHQFH
LVUHODWLYHO\ORQJ6HH&DQDQ)GDW ³μ,IDQDIILGDYLW
UHFLWHVDFWLYLW\LQGLFDWLQJSURWUDFWHGRUFRQWLQXRXVFRQGXFW
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
DSSHDUDQFHRIFRQFHDOHGFULPLQDODFWLYLW\ DMXYHQLOHZLWKD
ILUHDUP WKH WLS KDG WR ³EH UHOLDEOH LQ LWV DVVHUWLRQ RI
LOOHJDOLW\QRWMXVWLQLWVWHQGHQF\WRLGHQWLI\DGHWHUPLQDWLYH
SHUVRQ´,GDW%DVHGRQWKDWSULQFLSOHWKH6XSUHPH
&RXUWDIILUPHGWKHVXSSUHVVLRQRIHYLGHQFHREWDLQHGIURPDQ
LQYHVWLJDWRU\VWRSZKHUHWKHFULPLQDODFWLYLW\FRPSRQHQWRI
WKH DQRQ\PRXV WLS ZDV QRW FRUURERUDWHG ,G 7KLV &RXUW
UHDFKHGDVLPLODUUHVXOWLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY/HDNH)G
WK&LU ZKHUHLWFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHSHUVXDVLYH
YDOXH RI DQ DQRQ\PRXV WLS VSDUVH LQ UHOHYDQW GHWDLO DQG
ZKROO\ XQFRUURERUDWHG ZDV WRR ORZ WR HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH
FDXVH,GDWVHHDOVR$OOHQ)GDW DSSURYLQJ
RIWKH/HDNHKROGLQJ
%6WDQGDUGRI5HYLHZ
$QDSSHOODWHFRXUWUHYLHZVDGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
RI SUREDEOH FDXVH DW D VXSSUHVVLRQ KHDULQJ XQGHU WZR
³FRPSOHPHQWDU\´VWDQGDUGV/HDNH)GDW7KH
IDFWXDOILQGLQJVDUHXSKHOGXQOHVVWKH\DUHFOHDUO\HUURQHRXV
DQGWKHOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQVDUHUHYLHZHGGHQRYR6PLWK
)GDW/HDNH)GDW0RUHRYHUWKLV&RXUW
DIIRUGV³JUHDWGHIHUHQFH´WRWKHLVVXLQJMXGJH¶VILQGLQJVLQ
VXSSRUWRIDVHDUFKZDUUDQWDQGZLOOQRWVHWWKHPDVLGHXQOHVV
WKH\ZHUHDUELWUDU\*UHHQH)GDW$OOHQ)G
DW 0D\V )G DW :HDYHU )G DW
/HDNH)GDW
&3UREDEOH&DXVH$QDO\VLV
$VVHWIRUWKDERYHVL[DOOHJDWLRQVLQWKH+RZDUGDIILGDYLW
UHODWH WR ZKHWKHU WKH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW UHVLGHQFH
FRQWDLQHGHYLGHQFHRIGUXJWUDIILFNLQJ7KHTXHVWLRQKHUHLV
ZKHWKHU WKRVH VL[ DOOHJDWLRQV ZKHQ FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKHLU
WRWDOLW\SURYLGHSUREDEOHFDXVHIRUWKHVHDUFK
%HFDXVHWKHYHUDFLW\UHOLDELOLW\DQGEDVLVIRUNQRZOHGJH
IRUKHDUVD\HYLGHQFHDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVSDUWRIWKHSUREDEOH
FDXVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQVHH*DWHV86DWLWLVKHOSIXO
WRJURXSWKHVL[DOOHJDWLRQVE\WKHLUVRXUFH2QHDOOHJDWLRQ
ZDVLQGHSHQGHQWO\FRQILUPHGE\DIILDQW+RZDUG D WKLUW\

-- 11 of 12 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ 1R
RQHWHOHSKRQHFDOOVZHUHPDGHIURP-DQXDU\WR2FWREHU
EHWZHHQ3HWHUVRQ6ZDLQDQG/LGGHOODQGWKHWHOHSKRQHDW
1+DUULVRQ6WUHHW7ZRDOOHJDWLRQVFDPHWR+RZDUG
IURPDFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQW)%, E WKH1+DUULVRQ
6WUHHW KRXVH ZDV D \HOORZ GXSOH[ QHDU WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ RI
+DUULVRQ DQG 0LOOHU 6WUHHWV DQG F 3HWHUVRQ VWRUHG GUXJ
PRQH\ZLWKKLVEURWKHUDQGKLVEURWKHU¶VJLUOIULHQG7KUHH
DOOHJDWLRQVRULJLQDWHIURP)%,$DQDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHUDQG
ZHUH UHOD\HG WR DIILDQW +RZDUG E\ )%, G WKHUH ZHUH
³VWDFNV´RIPRQH\LQVLGH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWLQ2FWREHU
H *UHHQDGPLWWHGWKDWVKHKHOGPRQH\IRU3HWHUVRQ
DQG I *UHHQDGPLWWHGWKDWWKHUHDVRQ3HWHUVRQZDQWHGKHUWR
VWRUHWKHPRQH\ZDVEHFDXVHVKHKDGQRFULPLQDOKLVWRU\:H
QRZ HYDOXDWH ZKHWKHU WKHVH DOOHJDWLRQV HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH
FDXVH
7KH$IILDQW¶V$OOHJDWLRQ
%\LWVHOIDOOHJDWLRQ D WKHUHFRUGRIWKLUW\RQHSKRQHFDOOV
EHWZHHQ1+DUULVRQDQG3HWHUVRQ6ZDLQDQG/LGGHOO
GRHV QRW HVWDEOLVK SUREDEOH FDXVH 6XUHO\ WKH IDFW WKDW D
SHUVRQDYHUDJHVWKUHHSKRQHFDOOVDPRQWKWRDGUXJGHDOHU
GRHVQRWFUHDWHDSUREDELOLW\WKDWWKHSHUVRQKDVFRQWUDEDQGLQ
WKHLU KRXVH 0RUHRYHU LI LW GLG WKHQ DQ\ SHUVRQ ZKR
DYHUDJHG WKUHH SKRQH FDOOV D PRQWK ZLWK D VXVSHFWHG GUXJ
WUDIILFNHUZRXOGH[SRVHWKHPVHOYHVWRDVHDUFK7KDWUHVXOW
UHDFKHVWRRIDUWREHFRUUHFW
7KH&RQILGHQWLDO,QIRUPDQW¶V$OOHJDWLRQV
(YHQ DIWHU WKH VWDWHPHQWV RI WKH FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDQW
)%,DUHDGGHGWRWKHPL[WKHUHLVVWLOOQRWSUREDEOHFDXVH
IRUWKHVHDUFKRIWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH)%, V
VWDWHPHQWVPD\EHWUHDWHGDVWUXVWZRUWK\DQGUHOLDEOHHYHQ
ZLWKRXWIXUWKHUFRUURERUDWLRQEDVHGRQ)%, VWUDFNUHFRUG
%HFDXVH)%,KDGSUHYLRXVO\SURYLGHGLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKUHH
VHDUFKHV DQG VL[WHHQ DUUHVWV FLUFXLW SUHFHGHQW DIIRUGV KLV
VWDWHPHQWVDKLJKGHJUHHRIWUXVWZRUWKLQHVVDQGUHOLDELOLW\
6HH 6PLWK )G DW H[SODLQLQJ WKDW ³LQIRUPDWLRQ
VXSSOLHG E\ DQ LQIRUPDQW RI SURYHQ UHOLDELOLW\ PD\ EH
VXIILFLHQWVWDQGLQJDORQHWRGHPRQVWUDWHSUREDEOHFDXVH´
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY+HOWRQ
VHH DOVR $OOHQ )G DW &OD\ - GLVVHQWLQJ
H[SODLQLQJZLWKGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQWKDW³>D@VDUHVXOWRIWRGD\¶V
KROGLQJDQ\WLSSURYLGHGE\DQLQIRUPDQWZKRKDVSURYLGHG
UHOLDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHSROLFHLQWKHSDVWLVVXIILFLHQWWR
FRQVWLWXWHSUREDEOHFDXVHIRUWKHZDUUDQWWRLVVXHLUUHVSHFWLYH
RIWKHEDUHJHQHUDOL]HGQDWXUHRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHG
DQGZLWKRXWDQ\FRUURERUDWLRQE\WKHSROLFH´ *UHHQH
)GDW ³6L[WK&LUFXLWSUHFHGHQWFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHVWKDW
WKHDIILDQWQHHGRQO\VSHFLI\WKDWWKHFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQW
KDV JLYHQ DFFXUDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW WR TXDOLI\ DV
UHOLDEOH´
'HVSLWH WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW DOOHJDWLRQV E DQG F DUH
DFFXUDWHWKH\DGGOLWWOHWRWKHSUREDEOHFDXVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
:LWKUHVSHFWWRDOOHJDWLRQ E WKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHKRXVHDW
1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWGRHVDOPRVWQRWKLQJWRLQFUHDVHWKH
OLNHOLKRRGWKDWWKHIUXLWVRIFULPLQDODFWLYLW\ZRXOGEHIRXQG
WKHUH6LPLODUO\DOOHJDWLRQ F WKHDVVHUWLRQWKDW3HWHUVRQ
VWRUHV PRQH\ ZLWK KLV EURWKHU DQG KLV EURWKHU¶V JLUOIULHQG
VXJJHVWVDWPRVWWKDW3HWHUVRQVWRUHGGUXJSURFHHGVZLWKRWKHU
SHUVRQV,WGRHVQRWOLQN3HWHUVRQ¶VGUXJVWRUDJHSUDFWLFHWR
WKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFHLQDQ\ZD\7KXVWKH
LPSDFW RI DOOHJDWLRQ F RQ WKH SUREDEOH FDXVH DQDO\VLV LV
PHUHO\WKDWLWOHDYHVRSHQWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDW3HWHUVRQVWRUHG
GUXJSURFHHGVDWWKH1+DUULVRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFH7KDW
VOLJKW SRVVLELOLW\ ZKHQ DGGHG WR WKH RWKHU PLQLPDOO\
SUREDWLYHHYLGHQFH²WKHSKRQHORJDQGWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH
1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW UHVLGHQFH ² KDUGO\ FUHDWHV D
SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WKH 1 +DUULVRQ 6WUHHW UHVLGHQFH
FRQWDLQHGGUXJSURFHHGV
7KH$QRQ\PRXV7LSVWHU¶V$OOHJDWLRQV
$OOHJDWLRQV G WKURXJK I VXSSOLHGE\)%,$GRQRWPHULW
PXFKZHLJKWLQWKHSUREDEOHFDXVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ$VPDGH
FOHDUE\)ORULGDY-/DQG,OOLQRLVY*DWHVWRUHFHLYHDKLJK
OHYHORIFRQVLGHUDWLRQDOOHJDWLRQVIURPDQDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHU
PXVWGHPRQVWUDWHYHUDFLW\UHOLDELOLW\DQGDVRXQGEDVLVIRU
NQRZOHGJH-/86DW*DWHV86DW

-- 12 of 12 --

Continue sua pesquisa no ChatGPT ou Claude

Conecte o Omnilex para pesquisar o corpus jurídico pelo seu assistente de IA.