02a0343p.06

00-1708Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit2 de out. de 2002

Abrir fonte

Texto completo

7KH +RQRUDEOH *OHQ 0 :LOOLDPV 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW -XGJH IRU
WKH :HVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 9LUJLQLD VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
,QUH1$1 %(7+ $/7
'HEWRU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
1$1 %(7+ $/7
$SSHOODQW
Y
81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$
$SSHOOHH
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW*UDQG5DSLGV
1R²:HQGHOO$0LOHV'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG-XQH
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG2FWREHU
%HIRUH'$8*+75(<DQG&/$<&LUFXLW-XGJHV
:,//,$06'LVWULFW-XGJH

-- 1 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' $QLWD * 0F,QW\UH *URVVH 3RLQWH 3DUN
0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW0DULRQ(0(ULFNVRQ81,7('
67$7(6 '(3$570(17 2) -867,&( $33(//$7(
6(&7,217$;',9,6,21:DVKLQJWRQ'&IRU$SSHOOHH
21 %5,() $QLWD * 0F,QW\UH *URVVH 3RLQWH 3DUN
0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW 0DULRQ (0 (ULFNVRQ 'DYLG
(QJOLVK&DUPDFN81,7('67$7(6'(3$570(172)
-867,&( $33(//$7( 6(&7,21 7$; ',9,6,21
:DVKLQJWRQ'&IRU$SSHOOHH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0$57+$ &5$,* '$8*+75(< &LUFXLW -XGJH 7KH
GHEWRU1DQ%HWK$OWDSSHDOVIURPDQRUGHURIWKHGLVWULFW
FRXUW DIILUPLQJ WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW¶V GLVPLVVDO RI KHU
EDQNUXSWF\SHWLWLRQRQWKHJURXQGVWKDWVKHLVLQHOLJLEOHIRU
&KDSWHUUHOLHIEHFDXVHWKHDPRXQWRIKHUOLTXLGDWHGQRQ
FRQWLQJHQWXQVHFXUHGGHEWH[FHHGHGWKHVWDWXWRU\OLPLWDQG
EHFDXVHWKHUHFRUGVKRZHGWKDWKHUSHWLWLRQZDVQRWEURXJKW
LQ JRRG IDLWK 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW VXVWDLQHG WKH EDQNUXSWF\
FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ IRFXVLQJ SULQFLSDOO\ RQ WKH LVVXH RI JRRG
IDLWK$OWFKDOOHQJHVERWKDVSHFWVRIWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶V
UXOLQJ:HILQGQRHUURUDQGDIILUP
)$&78$/$1'352&('85$/%$&.*5281'
1DQ %HWK $OW LV D OLFHQVHG SV\FKLDWULVW SUDFWLFLQJ LQ
0LFKLJDQ)RUWKHSDVWVHYHUDO\HDUV$OWDQGPHPEHUVRIKHU
IDPLO\ KDYH KDG D YHU\ FRQWHQWLRXV UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH
,QWHUQDO5HYHQXH6HUYLFH,Q$OW¶VIDWKHU'U:LOOLDP
$OWDQGKHUVLVWHU.DUHQ$OWZHUHFRQYLFWHGE\DMXU\RI
YDULRXVIHGHUDOLQFRPHWD[RIIHQVHV2QGLUHFWDSSHDOWKLV
FRXUWUHYHUVHGWKHLUFRQYLFWLRQVEDVHGXSRQDQLPSURSHUMXU\
LQVWUXFWLRQDQGUHPDQGHGWKHFDVHIRUDQHZWULDO6HH8QLWHG

-- 2 of 10 --

1R ,QUH$OW
$OW WHVWLILHG DW GHSRVLWLRQ WKDW VKH GLG QRW ³UHDOO\ UHFDOO´ ZKHWKHU VKH
ILOHG D IHGHUDO LQFRPH WD[ UHWXUQ IRU
6WDWHVY$OW)G WK&LU 8SRQUHPDQG
:LOOLDP $OW SOHDGHG JXLOW\ WR D PLVGHPHDQRU DQG ZDV
VHQWHQFHGWRWLPHVHUYHG6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY$OW)G
WK&LU 'XULQJWKHSHQGHQF\RIWKHDSSHDO
WKHJRYHUQPHQWVXHG:LOOLDP$OWDQGRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKH
$OWIDPLO\LQDFLYLODFWLRQWRFROOHFWEDFNWD[HVDULVLQJIURP
WKURXJKDORQJZLWKLQWHUHVWDQGSHQDOWLHV7KH
GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V MXGJPHQW UHTXLULQJ :LOOLDP $OW WR SD\
ZDVDIILUPHGE\WKLVFRXUWRQDSSHDO$OW
)GDW
7KH ,56 DVVHUWV WKDW 1DQ %HWK $OW IDLOHG WR ILOH IHGHUDO
LQFRPHWD[UHWXUQVIRUWKH\HDUVDQG0RUHRYHU
,56 DXGLWV IRU WKH \HDUV DQG UHVXOWHG LQ D
FRPELQHGWD[GHILFLHQF\IRU$OWLQWKHDPRXQWRI
7KH,56DOVRDXGLWHG$OWIRUWKH\HDUVWKURXJK
,QLWLDOO\WKHDXGLWVIRUWKHVH\HDUVZHUHDVVLJQHGWRWKH,56¶V
FULPLQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQGLYLVLRQIRUFULPLQDOIUDXGEXWWKH\
ZHUHODWHUUHWXUQHGWRWKHGLYLVLRQIRUFLYLOIUDXG
,Q0D\$OWDVVLJQHGKHUDFFRXQWDQW(DUO*HPPHQ
WR UHSUHVHQW KHU EHIRUH WKH ,56 ZLWK UHVSHFW WR KHU WD[
OLDELOLWLHV IRU WKH \HDUV WKURXJK ,Q -XO\
*HPPHQ VHQW D OHWWHU WR WKH ORFDO ,56 RIILFH VHHNLQJ
³DVVLVWDQFHLQFRPSLOLQJWRWDOVIRUWKHWD[OLDELOLW\´RI1DQ$OW
DQG $OW¶V SHUVRQDO VHUYLFHV FRUSRUDWLRQ 6SHFLILFDOO\
*HPPHQZDQWHGWRNQRZ³DVTXLFNO\DVSRVVLEOH´WKHDPRXQW
RI$OW¶V³HQWLUHOLDELOLW\´2QHZHHNODWHUDQ,56UHYHQXH
DJHQW VHQW *HPPHQ FRSLHV RI UHSRUWV UHODWLQJ WR $OW¶V
OLDELOLW\QRWLQFOXGLQJLQWHUHVWWKDWWKH,56UHSUHVHQWHGZRXOG
JLYH*HPPHQ³DUHDVRQDEOHILJXUHWRZRUNZLWK´*HPPHQ
IROORZHGXSRQWKH,56¶V OHWWHUE\DVNLQJIRU³WKHLQWHUHVW
FDOFXODWLRQV´RUDWOHDVW³WKHHIIHFWLYHLQWHUHVWUDWHV´
,Q -XQH WKH ,56 VHQW $OW D VWDWXWRU\ QRWLFH RI
GHILFLHQF\ LQ WKH DPRXQW RI IRU WKH \HDUV
WKURXJK 6HYHUDO PRQWKV EHIRUH WKH LVVXDQFH RI WKDW

-- 3 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
QRWLFH RI GHILFLHQF\ $OW KDG ILOHG KHU LQLWLDO SHWLWLRQ IRU
&KDSWHU UHOLHI LQ EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW +RZHYHU WKH
EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWGLVPLVVHGWKDWSHWLWLRQZKHQ$OW¶VODZ\HU
IDLOHGWRDSSHDUDWWKHVFKHGXOHGFRQILUPDWLRQKHDULQJDQGWKH
SHWLWLRQ KDG WR EH UHILOHG DIWHU WKH GHILFLHQF\ QRWLFH ZDV
LVVXHG,QOLVWLQJFUHGLWRUVKROGLQJXQVHFXUHGQRQSULRULW\
FODLPVLQWKHVHFRQGSHWLWLRQ$OWLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH,56KDG
D FODLP DULVLQJ IURP D WD[ DVVHVVPHQW LQ WKH DPRXQW RI
$OWGLGQRWLQGLFDWHWKHWD[DEOH\HDURU\HDUVWR
ZKLFKWKLVDVVHVVPHQWUHODWHG6KHDOVROLVWHGWZRGLIIHUHQW
ODZ ILUPV DV KROGLQJ XQVHFXUHG QRQSULRULW\ FODLPV IRU
DWWRUQH\VIHHVLQWKHWRWDODPRXQWRIDQGDWD[
GHEWWRWKH6WDWHRI0LFKLJDQ$OWOLVWHGQRRWKHUFUHGLWRUV
,Q1RYHPEHUWKH,56ILOHGDSURRIRIFODLPLQ$OW¶V
EDQNUXSWF\FDVHOLVWLQJDVHFXUHGFODLPIRUDQ
XQVHFXUHGSULRULW\FODLPRIDQGDQXQVHFXUHGJHQHUDO
FODLPIRU7KH,56¶VFODLPFRYHUHGFLYLOSHQDOWLHVIURP
DQGDVZHOODVLQFRPHWD[OLDELOLW\IRUDQG
,WGLGQRWLQFOXGHWD[OLDELOLWLHVDULVLQJIURPWKH\HDUV
WKURXJKHYHQWKRXJKLWKDGOHVVWKDQILYHPRQWKV
EHIRUHLVVXHGDQRWLFHRIGHILFLHQF\IRUDPRXQWVGXHIURP
WKRVH\HDUV
,Q 0DUFK WKH JRYHUQPHQW WRRN $OW¶V GHSRVLWLRQ
SXUVXDQW WR )HGHUDO 5XOH RI %DQNUXSWF\ 3URFHGXUH
$OW¶VSHUIRUPDQFHLQWKHGHSRVLWLRQZDVUHPDUNDEOHEH\RQG
SURYLGLQJKHUIXOOQDPHDWWKHRXWVHWRIWKHGHSRVLWLRQVKH
ZDVHLWKHUXQDEOHRUXQZLOOLQJWREHUHVSRQVLYHWRWKHPRVW
EDVLFTXHVWLRQVSRVHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW)RUH[DPSOH$OW
VWDWHGWKDWVKHZDVXQDZDUHRIKHUVWUHHWDGGUHVVDQGFRXOG
QRW UHPHPEHU ZKHQ VKH PRYHG WR KHU FXUUHQW UHVLGHQFH
:KHQDVNHGIRUKHUWHOHSKRQHQXPEHU$OWVWDWHG³,FDQ¶WWHOO
\RXWKDWRQHWKDWHLWKHU,GRQ¶WUHFHLYHDQ\FDOOVWKHUHDV
DUXOH´
)XUWKHUHYHQWKRXJK$OWKDGOHVVWKDQRQH\HDUEHIRUH
WKH GHSRVLWLRQ VLJQHG DV SUHVLGHQW WKH FRUSRUDWH
LQFRPHWD[UHWXUQRI&OLQLFDO3V\FKLDWULF0HGLFLQH3&KHU
GHSRVLWLRQ WHVWLPRQ\ GHPRQVWUDWHG DQ LQFUHGLEOH ODFN RI
1R ,QUH$OW
RXW &KDSWHU UHOLHI LV UHVHUYHG IRU WKH ³KRQHVW EXW
XQIRUWXQDWH GHEWRU´ 7KH FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW $OW¶V
FRQGXFWGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWVKHGLGQRWTXDOLI\DVDQ³KRQHVW
IRUWKFRPLQJWUXWKIXODQGIUDQN´GHEWRULVVXSSRUWHGE\WKH
UHFRUG DQG LV VXEMHFW WR JUHDW GHIHUHQFH RQ RXU SDUW
$FFRUGLQJO\ZH$)),50WKDWFRXUW¶VRUGHUGLVPLVVLQJ$OW¶V
SHWLWLRQDVODFNLQJLQJRRGIDLWK,WWKXVEHFRPHVXQQHFHVVDU\
IRUXVWRGHDODWOHQJWKZLWKWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶VDGGLWLRQDO
UXOLQJWKDW $OW GLGQRWPHHWWKHHOLJLELOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVRI
† H LQWKLVFDVH

-- 4 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
SHWLWLRQLQEDGIDLWK+RZHYHUWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWQRWHG
DIWHU FRPPHQWLQJ XSRQ $OW¶V GHSRVLWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH WKDW
³EDQNUXSWF\LVQRWDKDYHQIRUWD[SURWHVWRUV´,QGHHGPDQ\
SXEOLVKHGFDVHVUHJDUGLQJGLVPLVVDORI&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQV
IRUEDGIDLWKLQYROYHWD[SURWHVWRUV6HHHJ,QUH%XUUHOO
%5 %DQNU (' 7HQQ GLVPLVVLQJ
&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQDVKDYLQJEHHQILOHGLQEDGIDLWKLQDQ
HIIRUW WR IXUWKHU GHEWRU¶V WD[ SURWHVW VHH DOVR /XQGLQ
VXSUDDW†
$OWYLJRURXVO\GLVSXWHVWKHFRXUW¶VFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIKHU
DVDWD[SURWHVWRU5DWKHUVKHFRQWHQGVVKHLVDYLFWLPERWK
RI,56KDUDVVPHQWDQGLQQRFHQWJRRGIDLWKUHOLDQFHXSRQKHU
³PHQWDOO\LOO´VLVWHU)XUWKHULQKHUEULHI$OWH[SODLQVKHU
GHSRVLWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHXSRQKHULQH[SHULHQFHDVDZLWQHVV
FODLPLQJ VKH EHFDPH ³FRQIXVHG DQG IOXVWHUHG´ E\ KHU
³KRVWLOH´ LQWHUURJDWRU ZKR ZDV DSSDUHQWO\ WKH VDPH
³SURVHFXWRU ZKR KDG VHQW KHU IDWKHU DQG VLVWHU WR SULVRQ´
7KLV H[SODQDWLRQ KRZHYHU LV QHLWKHU VXSSRUWHG E\ DQ
DIILGDYLWIURP$OWQRUZDVLWRIIHUHGWRWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW
LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHPRWLRQWRGLVPLVV$OWKRXJK$OWPD\
QRWEHD³WD[SURWHVWRU´DVWKDWSKUDVHLVQRUPDOO\XQGHUVWRRG
WKDWGRHVQRWRYHUFRPHWKHVWURQJLQIHUHQFHRIEDGIDLWKDQG
DEXVH RI WKH EDQNUXSWF\ SURFHVV UDLVHG E\ KHU GHSRVLWLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFHDQGIDLOXUHWRVFKHGXOHKHUWD[GHEW
$ ORZHU FRXUW¶V ILQGLQJ RI IDFW ³ZLOO RQO\ EH FOHDUO\
HUURQHRXV ZKHQ DOWKRXJK WKHUH PD\ EH VRPH HYLGHQFH WR
VXSSRUW WKH ILQGLQJ μWKH UHYLHZLQJ FRXUW RQ WKH HQWLUH
HYLGHQFHLVOHIWZLWKWKHGHILQLWHDQGILUPFRQYLFWLRQWKDWD
PLVWDNHKDVEHHQFRPPLWWHG¶´8QLWHG6WDWHVY/DWRXI
)G WK&LU TXRWLQJ$QGHUVRQY&LW\RI
%HVVHPHU86 8SRQUHYLHZRIWKH
WRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQWKLVUHFRUGZHVLPSO\FDQQRW
VD\ WKDW WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW¶V ILQGLQJ RI EDG IDLWK ZDV
FOHDUO\HUURQHRXV
&21&/86,21
:HUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHGLVPLVVDORID&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQLV
DKDUVKPHDVXUH+RZHYHUDVWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWSRLQWHG
1R ,QUH$OW
NQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHFRPSDQ\$OWWHVWLILHGWKDWVKH³G>LG@
QRWNQRZKRZPDQ\HPSOR\HHV´WKHFRPSDQ\KDGEXWWKDW
VKH³EHOLHYH>G@´WKDWIRXUSHRSOHZRUNHGWKHUH$OW¶VVLVWHU
*UHWFKHQ EURWKHULQODZ PRWKHU DQG $OW KHUVHOI :KHQ
DVNHGZKDWVHUYLFHV*UHWFKHQSHUIRUPHGIRUWKHFRPSDQ\$OW
UHVSRQGHG³2K,FRXOGQ¶WWHOO\RX´$OWFODLPHGQRWWRNQRZ
ZKRRZQHGWKHVWRFNRIWKHFRUSRUDWLRQRUZKHWKHUVKHKDG
DQ\ RZQHUVKLS LQWHUHVW LQ LW %RWK $OW¶V DWWRUQH\ DQG KHU
DFFRXQWDQWZHUHSUHVHQWGXULQJKHUGHSRVLWLRQWHVWLPRQ\
:LWKLQ D IHZ ZHHNV RI WKH GHSRVLWLRQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW
PRYHGWRGLVPLVV$OW¶V&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQDWWDFKLQJDPRQJ
RWKHU H[KLELWV WKH WUDQVFULSW RI $OW¶V GHSRVLWLRQ 7KH
JRYHUQPHQWDUJXHGWKDW$OWGLGQRWTXDOLI\IRU&KDSWHU
UHOLHI XQGHU 86& † H EHFDXVH VKH ODFNHG
³UHJXODULQFRPH´DQG DVRIWKHGDWHVKHILOHGKHUSHWLWLRQ
VKHRZHGWRWKH,56³QRQFRQWLQJHQWOLTXLGDWHGXQVHFXUHG
GHEWV´JUHDWHUWKDQ7KHJRYHUQPHQWDUJXHGWKDW
LWZDVLPSRVVLEOHWRYHULI\ZKHWKHU$OWKDGUHJXODULQFRPH
EHFDXVH RI KHU VWRQHZDOOLQJ GXULQJ WKH GHSRVLWLRQ :LWK
UHVSHFWWRWKHQRQFRQWLQJHQWOLTXLGDWHGXQVHFXUHG
GHEWFHLOLQJWKHJRYHUQPHQWUHSUHVHQWHGWKDWLWKDGPDLOHG
$OW D QRWLFH RI GHILFLHQF\ IRU WKH \HDUV LQ WKH
DPRXQWRIRQ-XQH7KLVWD[GHEWZDVQRW
UHIOHFWHGLQ$OW¶VVHFRQGSHWLWLRQ)LQDOO\WKHJRYHUQPHQW
UHTXHVWHGWKDW³>L@QVRIDUDVWKHGHEWRU¶VSHWLWLRQZDVQRWLQ
JRRG IDLWK´ LW VKRXOG ³EH GLVPLVVHG RXWULJKW ZLWKRXW DQ\
RSWLRQIRUFRQYHUVLRQ´WRD&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQ
,QKHUVKRUWZULWWHQUHVSRQVH$OWDVNHGWKHFRXUWWRGHQ\
WKHPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVRQWKHJURXQGVWKDWWKH,56KDGILOHGD
SURRI RI FODLP LQ WKH PXFK VPDOOHU WRWDO DPRXQW RI
DQGWKDWWKHGHDGOLQHWRILOHFODLPVLQKHUFDVH
KDGORQJSDVVHG$FFRUGLQJWR$OWWKH,56VKRXOGEH³EDUUHG
IURP DOOHJLQJ LWV FODLP LV QRW DV ILOHG´ $OWHUQDWLYHO\ $OW
DUJXHGWKDWVKRXOGWKHFRXUWILQGKHULQHOLJLEOHXQGHU&KDSWHU
VKHEHDOORZHGWRFRQYHUWKHUSHWLWLRQWR&KDSWHU
$WDODWHUKHDULQJRQWKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VPRWLRQWRGLVPLVV
$OW¶VDWWRUQH\WROGWKHEDQNUXSWF\MXGJHWKDWDWWKHWLPH$OW

-- 5 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
ILOHGKHUSHWLWLRQ³>:@H±DQG,EHOLHYHGLQJRRGIDLWKWKDW
WKHDPRXQWRIWKH,56GHEWZDVZLWKLQWKHMXULVGLFWLRQDOOLPLWV
RI&KDSWHUDQGLQIDFWWKH,56ILOHGDFODLPLQWKHDPRXQW
RI ´ ,Q VXSSRUW RI KLV DVVHUWLRQ WKDW $OW ZDV
SURFHHGLQJLQJRRGIDLWKWKHODZ\HUUHSUHVHQWHGWKDW$OWKDG
EHHQ PDNLQJ KHU SD\PHQWV FRQVLVWHQWO\ WR WKH WUXVWHH
)XUWKHUKHVDLGWKDWKH³G>LG@QRWEHOLHYHKH>HYHU@VDZ´WKH
-XQHQRWLFHRIGHILFLHQF\VHQWWR$OW
7KH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW QRWHG WKDW LW KDG UHYLHZHG $OW¶V
GHSRVLWLRQDQG³ZDVVKRFNHG´&RXQVHOIRUWKHEDQNUXSWF\
WUXVWHH DJUHHG ZLWK WKH FRXUW¶V DVVHVVPHQW RI $OW¶V
SHUIRUPDQFH DQG QRWHG IXUWKHU WKDW WKH TXHVWLRQV DVNHG DW
GHSRVLWLRQ KDG VWLOO QRW EHHQ DQVZHUHG VDWLVIDFWRULO\ 7KH
EDQNUXSWF\ MXGJH GHFLGHG LQ RSHQ FRXUW WKDW $OW¶V SHWLWLRQ
VKRXOGEHGLVPLVVHG
&DVHGLVPLVVHG:KDWWKHFRXUWKDVVHHQLQWKLVFDVHLV
VKRFNLQJ+HUHLVDQHGXFDWHGSHUVRQZKRDSSDUHQWO\IRU
VRPHUHDVRQFKRVHWRVHHNEDQNUXSWF\FRXQVHOZLWKRXW
EULQJLQJWRKLVDWWHQWLRQWKHIDFWWKDWDOHWWHUKDGEHHQ
UHFHLYHGIURPWKH,56VHWWLQJIRUWKWKHDPRXQWRIWD[HV
ZKLFK ZHUH RZHG ZKLFK ZHUH FOHDUO\ RYHU WKH
MXULVGLFWLRQDOOLPLWDWWKHWLPH7KHQFRPLQJLQWRWKH
EDQNUXSWF\WKHGHEWRUWDNHVDVXEPLWVWRDGHSRVLWLRQ
LQZKLFKWKHDQVZHUVDUHODXJKDEOHDWEHVWIUDXGXOHQW
DQGFULPLQDODWZRUVWLQGLFDWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWLVQRW
DYDLODEOH WR KHU 6KH GRHVQ¶W NQRZ KHU DGGUHVV KHU
SKRQH QXPEHU ZKHUH VKH OLYHV KDV QHYHU VHHQ DQ\
FKHFNVEHLQJZULWWHQ7KLVLVVKRFNLQJDQG\RXPD\
XVHP\ZRUGVVKRFNLQJ7KLVLVQRWZKDWEDQNUXSWF\
LVDOODERXW
,IWKHGHEWRUKDVDGLVSXWHZLWKWKH,56WKHQWKHGLVSXWH
KDVWREHPHWKHDGRQKRQHVWO\DQGIDLUO\:HGRQRW
EDQNUXSWF\LVQRWDKDYHQIRUWD[SURWHVWRUVLWLVIRUWKH
KRQHVW EXW XQIRUWXQDWH GHEWRU >(@YHU\WKLQJ WKLV
FRXUWKDVVHHQLQFOXGLQJWKHVHDGMRXUQPHQWVWRDWWHPSW
WRUHVROYHWKLVMXVWDUHXQIRUWXQDWH
1R ,QUH$OW
4:KHUHGR\RXZKHUHDUHWKHFKHFNVNHSW"
$,QWKHFKHFNERRN,PHDQ,GRQ¶W
4:KHUHLVWKHFKHFNERRNNHSW"
$,GRQ¶WNQRZH[DFWO\ZKHUHLWLVNHSWDFWXDOO\
4'R\RXKDYHPRUHWKDQRQHFKHFNERRN"
$1RWWRWKHEHVWRIP\NQRZOHGJHQR
4,VLWNHSWDQ\ZKHUHZLWKLQ\RXUUHVLGHQFH"
$,GRQ¶WNQRZZKHUHLWLVNHSWQR
$VWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWQRWHGLQGLVPLVVLQJ$OW¶VFDVH
&KDSWHUUHTXLUHVWKHGHEWRU³WREHKRQHVWIRUWKFRPLQJ
WUXWKIXO DQG IUDQN´ :KHWKHU WKH GHEWRU KDV EHHQ
IRUWKFRPLQJZLWKWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWDQGWKHFUHGLWRUVLV
SURSHUO\FRQVLGHUHGLQGHFLGLQJZKHWKHUGLVPLVVDOIRUODFNRI
JRRGIDLWKLVDSSURSULDWH6HH/RYH)GDW+HUH
WKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWIRXQG$OW¶VGHSRVLWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHWR
EH³ODXJKDEOHDWEHVWIUDXGXOHQWDQGFULPLQDODWZRUVW´
2EYLRXVO\$OW¶VIDLOXUHWRVFKHGXOHWKHWD[GHEWVHWIRUWKLQ
WKH-XQHQRWLFHRIGHILFLHQF\EROVWHUVWKHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUW¶VILQGLQJRIEDGIDLWK7KHFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDW$OWZDV
DZDUH RI WKLV WD[ GHEW ZKLFK SXW KHU ³FOHDUO\ RYHU WKH
MXULVGLFWLRQDOOLPLWDWWKHWLPH´XQGHU86&† H DQG
VLPSO\FKRVHWRLJQRUHLWZKHQFRPSOHWLQJKHUVFKHGXOHV$W
WKHKHDULQJ FRXQVHOIRUWKHWUXVWHHH[SUHVVHGFRQFHUQWKDW
$OW¶VSODQLQFOXGLQJWKHRPLWWHGFODLPZRXOG³IDUH[FHHG
PRQWKV´DQGZDV³QRWFRQILUPDEOH´XQGHU† H
$QRWKHU IDFWRU EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUWV PD\ FRQVLGHU LQ WKLV
FRQWH[WLV³KRZWKHGHEWDURVH´6HH/RYH)GDW
6HH DOVR %DUUHWW )G DW OLVWLQJ ³FLUFXPVWDQFHV
XQGHUZKLFKWKHGHEWZDVLQFXUUHG´DVDIDFWRU +HUHWKH
GHEWDWLVVXHLVDQHQRUPRXVIHGHUDOLQFRPHWD[GHILFLHQF\
&HUWDLQO\QRWHYHU\GHEWRUZLWKVXEVWDQWLDOWD[GHEWEULQJVKLV

-- 6 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R

4'R\RXHYHUJRWRWKHEDQNDQGFDVKDFKHFN"
$1R
4'R\RXHYHUJRWRDPRQH\PDFKLQHDQGZLWKGUDZ
IXQGV"
$1R
4+RZLVLWWKDW\RXJHWWKHFDVKWKDW\RXKDYHRQ\RXU
SHUVRQDWDQ\WLPH"
$,GRQ¶WKDYHDQ\FDVKRQP\SHUVRQ
4'R\RXHYHUKDYHDQ\FDVKRQ\RXUSHUVRQ"
$8QKXK QHJDWLYH
4:KDWGR\RXXVHWRSXUFKDVHIRRG"
$&KHFN
4$QGLVWKDWDFKHFNWKDW\RXWKHQZULWH"
$6RPHWLPHV\HV
4 6R GR \RX KDYH D FKHFNERRN LQ \RXU ZLWK \RX
WRGD\"
$1R
4'R\RXXVHFUHGLWFDUGV"
$1R
46RWKHRQO\IRUPRIFXUUHQF\WKDW\RXXVHLVDFKHFN"
$ 1RGGLQJKHDGLQDIILUPDWLYH

1R ,QUH$OW
1RZ WKH FRXUW LV DZDUH WKDW WKH GHEWRU KDV PDGH
SD\PHQWV WR WKH WUXVWHH EXW PDNLQJ SD\PHQWV WR WKH
WUXVWHHXQGHU&KDSWHULVRQO\RQHRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV
7KHRWKHUUHTXLUHPHQWLVWKDWWKHGHEWRUKDVWRVXEPLW
KDVWRDQVZHUTXHVWLRQVKDVWREHKRQHVWIRUWKFRPLQJ
WUXWKIXODQGIUDQN$QGWKDWKDVQRWKDSSHQHGLQWKLV
FDVH ,W LV QRW WR EH WROHUDWHG :H DUH QRW WR VHW DQ
H[DPSOHE\DOORZLQJWKLV
)ROORZLQJ WKH KHDULQJ WKH FRXUW HQWHUHG D ZULWWHQ RUGHU
VWDWLQJ WKDW ³IRU JRRG FDXVH VKRZQ WKH GHEWRU¶V SHWLWLRQ
XQGHU &KDSWHU LV GLVPLVVHG IRU EDG IDLWK DQG ODFN RI
MXULVGLFWLRQXQGHU86&† H ´
$IWHUJHWWLQJDQHZODZ\HU$OWDSSHDOHGWKHGLVPLVVDORUGHU
WRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDVVHUWLQJWKDWVKHZDVDYLFWLPRI,56
KDUDVVPHQWDQGEODPLQJKHUWD[SUREOHPVRQKHU³PHQWDOO\
LOO´VLVWHU.DUHQ$OWZLWKZKRPVKHVDLGVKHKDGHQWUXVWHG
KHUILQDQFHV6KHDUJXHGWKDWWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWKDGHUUHG
LQGLVPLVVLQJKHUSHWLWLRQEHFDXVHLWKDGEHHQILOHGLQJRRG
IDLWK,QPDNLQJWKLVDUJXPHQW$OWFODLPHGWKDWQHLWKHUVKH
QRUKHUODZ\HUUHPHPEHUHGVHHLQJWKH,56¶V-XQHQRWLFH
RIGHILFLHQF\SULRUWRILOLQJKHUSHWLWLRQ$OWIXUWKHUDUJXHG
WKDWDVDOHJDOPDWWHUWKHGHEWVHWIRUWKLQWKDWGHILFLHQF\
VKRXOGQRWEHLQFOXGHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJKHUHOLJLELOLW\
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWDIILUPHGWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWILQGLQJ
WKDW LQ YLHZ RI $OW¶V ³VKDPHIXO SHUIRUPDQFH DW KHU
GHSRVLWLRQLWZDVQRWFOHDUO\HUURQHRXVIRUWKHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUWWRILQGWKDW$OW¶VSHWLWLRQVKRXOGEHGLVPLVVHGEDVHGRQ
EDGIDLWK´7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWDOVRUHMHFWHG$OW¶VDUJXPHQWWKDW
WKHWD[GHILFLHQF\VKRXOGQRWEHFRXQWHGWRZDUG
WKH &KDSWHU GHEW FHLOLQJ $PRQJ RWKHU UHDVRQV IRU LWV
FRQFOXVLRQ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW IRXQG WKDW HYHQ LI $OW QHYHU
UHFHLYHG WKH -XQH QRWLFH RI GHILFLHQF\ WKH UHFRUG
VKRZHGWKDWVKH³KDGJRRGUHDVRQWREHOLHYHDWOHDVWD\HDU
EHIRUHWKH>Q@RWLFHRI>G@HILFLHQF\ZDVLVVXHGWKDW>VKH@ZDV
IDFLQJ DGGLWLRQDO WD[ OLDELOLW\ IRU WKH \HDUV WKURXJK
´

-- 7 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
$OWDSSHDOVUDLVLQJEHIRUHWKLVFRXUWVXEVWDQWLDOO\WKHVDPH
DUJXPHQWVVKHPDGHEHIRUHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
',6&866,21
2QDSSHDOZHUHYLHZWKHGHFLVLRQRIWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW
GLUHFWO\6HH%DUORZY0-:DWHUPDQ $VVRF,QF ,QUH
0-:DWHUPDQ $VVRF,QF )G WK&LU
7KH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQV RI ODZ DUH
UHYLHZHGGHQRYRDQGLWVIDFWXDOILQGLQJVDUHUHYLHZHGIRU
FOHDUHUURU6HHLG
7KHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶VRUGHUGLVPLVVLQJ$OW¶VSHWLWLRQUHVWV
RQ WZR LQGHSHQGHQW JURXQGV WKDW $OW ZDV LQHOLJLEOH IRU
&KDSWHU UHOLHI XQGHU 86& † H DQG WKDW KHU
SHWLWLRQZDVILOHGLQEDGIDLWK$OWFKDOOHQJHVERWKJURXQGV
RQ DSSHDO :H ILQG QR UHDVRQ WR GLVWXUE WKH EDQNUXSWF\
FRXUW¶VRUGHURQHLWKHUEDVLV6SHFLILFDOO\ZHFRQFOXGHWKDW
WKHEDQNUXSWF\MXGJH¶VOHJDODQDO\VLVZDVVRXQGEXWHYHQLI
WKHRUGHURIGLVPLVVDOFRXOGQRWEHVXVWDLQHGRQWKHEDVLVRI
LWVOHJDODQDO\VLVZHZRXOGVWLOOILQGLWQHFHVVDU\WRDIILUPWKH
EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWRQWKHILQGLQJWKDW$OW¶VSHWLWLRQZDVILOHG
LQEDGIDLWK
'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHDUHQRVXFKUHSRUWHGGHFLVLRQVLQ
WKLVFLUFXLWWKHUHLVDEXQGDQWDXWKRULW\IRUWKHQRWLRQWKDWD
EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW KDV WKH SRZHU WR GLVPLVV D &KDSWHU
SHWLWLRQXSRQDILQGLQJWKDWWKHGHEWRUGLGQRWEULQJLWLQJRRG
IDLWK 6HH HJ ,Q UH %DQNV )G WK &LU
,QUH/LOOH\)G G&LU (LVHQY
&XUU\ ,Q UH (LVHQ )G WK &LU *LHU Y
)DUPHUV6WDWH%DQNRI/XFDV ,QUH*LHU )G
WK&LU ,QUH/RYH)G WK&LU
0RVWFRXUWVDVFULEHWKHEDVLVIRUVXFKDGLVPLVVDOWR
86&† F ZKLFKDOWKRXJKLWGRHVQRWH[SUHVVO\
DGGUHVVJRRGIDLWKSHUPLWVDEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWWRGLVPLVVD
1R ,QUH$OW
$,GRQRWUHFDOO

4:KDWSHUVRQDOSURSHUW\GR\RXKDYH":KDWFDVKGR
\RXKDYHSUHVHQWO\"
$1RQH
4<RXKDYHQRFDVKSUHVHQWO\"
$ 6KDNLQJKHDGQHJDWLYHO\
4'R\RXKDYHDQ\FKHFNLQJDFFRXQWV"
$<HV
4$UHWKH\LQ\RXUQDPH"
$,KDYHDSHUVRQDOFKHFNLQJDFFRXQWLQP\QDPHZLWK
P\VLVWHUDVWKHFRVLJQHU
4:KLFKVLVWHUZRXOGWKDWEH"
$7KDWZRXOGEH*UHWFKHQ
4$QGZKHUHLVWKDWNHSW"
$:KDWGR\RXPHDQ"
4:KLFKEDQN"
$,GRQRWNQRZWKHEDQN
4&DQ\RXZLWKGUDZIXQGVRXWRIWKDWZLWKRQO\\RXU
VLJQDWXUHRUGRHVLWUHTXLUHWZRVLJQDWXUHV"
$,GRQRWNQRZ
4'R\RXHYHUZLWKGUDZIXQGVRXWRIWKDWDFFRXQW"
$,GRQ¶WNQRZZKDW\RXPHDQH[DFWO\

-- 8 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
UHFRJQL]HV WKDW ³WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW VKRXOG EH PRUH
UHOXFWDQWWRGLVPLVVDSHWLWLRQXQGHU6HFWLRQ F IRUODFN
RIJRRGIDLWKWKDQWRUHMHFWDSODQIRUODFNRIJRRGIDLWKXQGHU
6HFWLRQ D ´,GDW
,QWKHFRQWH[WRIVHFWLRQ F WKHEXUGHQRIVKRZLQJWKH
GHEWRU¶V ODFN RI JRRG IDLWK LV ERUQH E\ WKH SDUW\ VHHNLQJ
GLVPLVVDO6HH/RYH)GDW%HFDXVHWKHLQTXLU\LV
RQH RI IDFW UDWKHU WKDQ OHJDO DQDO\VLV ZH UHYLHZ WKH
EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW¶V ILQGLQJ RI EDG IDLWK IRU FOHDU HUURU
6HH%DUUHWW)GDWVHHDOVR(LVHQ)GDW
,QGRLQJVRZHPXVWJLYH³JUHDWGHIHUHQFHWRWKHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUWWKHWULHURIIDFW´/RYH)GDW&RPSDUH
2NRUHHK%DDK )G DW KROGLQJ WKDW GHFLGLQJ
ZKHWKHUD&KDSWHUSODQKDVEHHQSURSRVHGLQJRRGIDLWK
³VKRXOGEHOHIWWRWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶VFRPPRQVHQVHDQG
MXGJPHQW´
+HUHWKHEDQNUXSWF\MXGJH¶VUHPDUNVDWWKHKHDULQJRQWKH
JRYHUQPHQW¶VPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVPDNHLWSODLQWKDWWKLVILQGLQJ
ZDV EDVHG LQ ODUJH SDUW RQ $OW¶V SHUIRUPDQFH DW KHU
GHSRVLWLRQ,QUHVSRQVHWRSURSHUTXHVWLRQLQJUHJDUGLQJKHU
ILQDQFLDOFRQGLWLRQ$OWFODLPHGQRWWRNQRZKRZPDQ\KRXUV
VKHZRUNHGWKHUDWHDW ZKLFK VKHZDVSDLGRUKRZPXFK
PRQH\ VKH ZDV SDLG E\ KHU HPSOR\HU &OLQLFDO 3V\FKLDWULF
0HGLFLQHLQDJLYHQ\HDU7KHIROORZLQJH[FKDQJHEHWZHHQ
$OWDQGWKHODZ\HUIRUWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFHVKRZVZKDW
WKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWKDGLQPLQG
4:KHUHGLG\RXNHHS\RXUILQDQFLDOLQIRUPDWLRQZLWK
UHVSHFWWR\RXUZRUN"
$,GRQRWNHHSLW,GRQ¶WNQRZZKDW\RX¶UHUHIHUULQJ
WR
4:KRPDLQWDLQHG\RXUUHFRUGVLQ"
$,GRQRWUHFDOO
4'LGDQ\RQHPDLQWDLQ\RXUUHFRUGVLQ"
1R ,QUH$OW
6HFWLRQ LV HQWLWOHG ³&RQYHUVLRQ RU GLVPLVVDO´ DQG SURYLGHV DW
VXEVHFWLRQ F LQ SDUW WKDW
>$@IWHU QRWLFH DQG D KHDULQJ WKH FRXUW PD\ FRQYHUW D FDVH XQGHU
WKLV FKDSWHU WR D FDVH XQGHU FKDSWHU RI WKLV WLWOH RU PD\ GLVPLVV
D FDVH XQGHU WKLV FKDSWHU ZKLFKHYHU LV LQ WKH EHVW LQWHUHVWV RI
FUHGLWRUV DQG WKH HVWDWH IRU FDXVH LQFOXGLQJ
XQUHDVRQDEOH GHOD\ E\ WKH GHEWRU WKDW LV SUHMXGLFLDO WR
FUHGLWRUV
QRQSD\PHQW RI DQ\ IHHV DQG FKDUJHV UHTXLUHG XQGHU
FKDSWHU RI WLWOH
IDLOXUH WR ILOH D SODQ WLPHO\ XQGHU VHFWLRQ RI WKLV
WLWOH
IDLOXUH WR FRPPHQFH PDNLQJ WLPHO\ SD\PHQWV XQGHU
VHFWLRQ RI WKLV WLWOH
GHQLDO RI FRQILUPDWLRQ RI D SODQ XQGHU VHFWLRQ RI
WKLV WLWOH DQG GHQLDO RI D UHTXHVW PDGH IRU DGGLWLRQDO WLPH IRU
ILOLQJ DQRWKHU SODQ RU D PRGLILFDWLRQ RI D SODQ
PDWHULDO GHIDXOW E\ WKH GHEWRU ZLWK UHVSHFW WR D WHUP RI
D FRQILUPHG SODQ
UHYRFDWLRQ RI WKH RUGHU RI FRQILUPDWLRQ XQGHU VHFWLRQ
RI WKLV WLWOH DQG GHQLDO RI FRQILUPDWLRQ RI D PRGLILHG
SODQ XQGHU VHFWLRQ RI WKLV WLWOH
WHUPLQDWLRQ RI D FRQILUPHG SODQ E\ UHDVRQ RI WKH
RFFXUUHQFH RI D FRQGLWLRQ VSHFLILHG LQ WKH SODQ RWKHU WKDQ
FRPSOHWLRQ RI SD\PHQWV XQGHU WKH SODQ
RQO\ RQ UHTXHVW RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV WUXVWHH IDLOXUH RI
WKH GHEWRU WR ILOH ZLWKLQ ILIWHHQ GD\V RU VXFK DGGLWLRQDO
WLPH DV WKH FRXUW PD\ DOORZ DIWHU WKH ILOLQJ RI WKH SHWLWLRQ
FRPPHQFLQJ VXFK FDVH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHTXLUHG E\
SDUDJUDSK RI VHFWLRQ RU
RQO\ RQ UHTXHVW RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV WUXVWHH IDLOXUH WR
WLPHO\ ILOH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHTXLUHG E\ SDUDJUDSK RI
VHFWLRQ
86& † HPSKDVLV DGGHG 7KH IDFW WKDW WKH VWDWXWH XVHV WKH
ZRUG ³LQFOXGLQJ´ GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW WKH IDFWRUV OLVWHG DUH QRW H[FOXVLYH
6HH /LOOH\ )G DW
&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQ³IRUFDXVH´6HH.(,7+ 0 /81',1
&+$37(5 %$1.5837&<† GHG ³$OWKRXJK
QRWPHQWLRQHGLQWKH&RGHDVDFRQGLWLRQIRUHOLJLELOLW\IRU
&KDSWHU PDQ\ UHSRUWHG GHFLVLRQV KDYH FRQVLGHUHG D
GHEWRU¶VμJRRGIDLWK¶DWWKHWKUHVKROGRID&KDSWHUFDVH
W\SLFDOO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIDPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVDVLIJRRGIDLWK

-- 9 of 10 --

,QUH$OW 1R
ZHUHDSUHGLFDWHWR&KDSWHUUHOLHI´ LGDW† QRWLQJ
WKDW EDG IDLWK ³LV WKH PRVW RIWHQ FLWHG EDVLV IRU GLVPLVVDO´
XQGHU VHFWLRQ F 7KH NH\ LQTXLU\ LQ VXFK FDVHV LV
ZKHWKHUWKHGHEWRULVVHHNLQJWRDEXVHWKHEDQNUXSWF\SURFHVV
(YHQWKRXJKZHKDYHQRWVSRNHQWRWKHVXEMHFW RIZKDW
FRQVWLWXWHV EDG IDLWK ZH KDYH DQQRXQFHG VWDQGDUGV IRU
EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWVWRIROORZLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHGHEWRU¶VJRRG
IDLWK$VDVWDUWLQJSRLQWWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRGHUHTXLUHVWKDW
LQRUGHUWREHFRQILUPHGDGHEWRU¶VSODQPXVWDPRQJRWKHU
WKLQJVEH³SURSRVHGLQJRRGIDLWK´86&† D
,Q WKDW FRQWH[W ³>R@XU FLUFXLW¶V JRRG IDLWK WHVW UHTXLUHV
FRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHWRWDOLW\RIFLUFXPVWDQFHV´6RFLHW\1DW¶O
%DQNY%DUUHWW ,QUH%DUUHWW )G WK&LU
FLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG $PRQJWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVWREH
FRQVLGHUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDSODQKDVEHHQSURSRVHG
LQJRRGIDLWKDUHWKHIROORZLQJ
WKHGHEWRU¶VLQFRPH
WKHGHEWRU¶VOLYLQJH[SHQVHV
WKHGHEWRU¶VDWWRUQH\¶VIHHV
WKHH[SHFWHGGXUDWLRQRIWKH&KDSWHUSODQ
WKHVLQFHULW\ZLWKZKLFKWKHGHEWRUKDVSHWLWLRQHGIRU
UHOLHIXQGHU&KDSWHU
WKHGHEWRU¶VSRWHQWLDOIRUIXWXUHHDUQLQJ
DQ\ VSHFLDO FLUFXPVWDQFHV VXFK DV XQXVXDOO\ KLJK
PHGLFDOH[SHQVHV
WKHIUHTXHQF\ZLWKZKLFKWKHGHEWRUKDVVRXJKWUHOLHI
EHIRUHLQEDQNUXSWF\
WKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVXQGHUZKLFKWKHGHEWZDVLQFXUUHG
WKH DPRXQW RI SD\PHQW RIIHUHG E\ GHEWRU DV
LQGLFDWLYHRIWKHGHEWRU¶VVLQFHULW\WRUHSD\WKHGHEW
1R ,QUH$OW
WKHEXUGHQZKLFKDGPLQLVWUDWLRQZRXOGSODFHRQWKH
WUXVWHH
WKH VWDWXWRULO\PDQGDWHG SROLF\ WKDW EDQNUXSWF\
SURYLVLRQVEHFRQVWUXHGOLEHUDOO\LQIDYRURIWKHGHEWRU
6HHLGDW:HKDYHDOVRHPSKDVL]HGWKDWJRRGIDLWKLVD
IDFWVSHFLILF DQG IOH[LEOH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ 6HH 0HWUR
(PSOR\HHV&UHGLW8QLRQY2NRUHHK%DDK ,QUH2NRUHHK
%DDK )G WK&LU
,QFRQVLGHULQJZKHWKHUDSHWLWLRQKDVEHHQEURXJKWLQJRRG
IDLWKRWKHUFLUFXLWVKDYHUHFRJQL]HGIDFWRUVVLPLODUWRWKRVH
UHOHYDQWLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDSODQKDVEHHQSURSRVHGLQ
JRRGIDLWK6HHHJ/RYH)GDW QRWLQJWKDW³WKH
VDPHSROLF\´RISURWHFWLQJDJDLQVWDQDEXVHRIWKHSURYLVLRQV
DQG VSLULW RI &KDSWHU ³HPERGLHV WKH WZR JRRG IDLWK
HYDOXDWLRQV´ VHHDOVR(LVHQ)GDW ³7RGHWHUPLQH
LIDSHWLWLRQKDVEHHQILOHGLQEDGIDLWKFRXUWVDUHJXLGHGE\
WKH VWDQGDUGV XVHG WR HYDOXDWH ZKHWKHU D SODQ KDV EHHQ
SURSRVHG LQ JRRG IDLWK´ ,Q /RYH WKH 6HYHQWK &LUFXLW
DGRSWHGD³WRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV´WHVWIRUGHWHUPLQLQJ
ZKHWKHUD&KDSWHUSHWLWLRQZDVILOHGLQJRRGIDLWKDQGVHW
IRUWK D ³QRQH[KDXVWLYH´ OLVW RI IDFWRUV ZKLFK LQFOXGH ³WKH
QDWXUHRIWKHGHEWLQFOXGLQJWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUWKHGHEW
ZRXOGEHQRQGLVFKDUJHDEOHLQD&KDSWHUSURFHHGLQJWKH
WLPLQJRIWKHSHWLWLRQKRZWKHGHEWDURVHWKHGHEWRU¶VPRWLYH
LQ ILOLQJ WKH SHWLWLRQ KRZ WKH GHEWRU¶V DFWLRQV DIIHFWHG
FUHGLWRUVWKHGHEWRU¶VWUHDWPHQWRIFUHGLWRUVERWKEHIRUHDQG
DIWHUWKHSHWLWLRQZDVILOHGDQGZKHWKHUWKHGHEWRUKDVEHHQ
IRUWKFRPLQJ ZLWK WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW DQG WKH FUHGLWRUV´
)GDW6HHDOVR/LOOH\)GDW DGRSWLQJ
WRWDOLW\RIFLUFXPVWDQFHV WHVW (LVHQ )G DW ³7R
GHWHUPLQH EDG IDLWK D EDQNUXSWF\ MXGJH PXVW UHYLHZ WKH
WRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV´ LQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQVRPLWWHG
:KHUHSUHVHQWWKHIDFWRUVVHWIRUWKE\WKLVFRXUWLQWKHSODQ
FRQILUPDWLRQFRQWH[WDUHSURSHUO\FRQVLGHUHGDVZHOO$VWKH
6HYHQWK&LUFXLWKDVQRWHG³>7@KHUHZLOORIWHQEHVXEVWDQWLDO
RYHUODSEHWZHHQWKHWZRLQTXLULHV´/RYH)GDW
+RZHYHUJLYHQWKHPRUHVHYHUHFRQVHTXHQFHVWKHODZDOVR

-- 10 of 10 --

Continue sua pesquisa no ChatGPT ou Claude

Conecte o Omnilex para pesquisar o corpus jurídico pelo seu assistente de IA.