02a0079p.06

00-6121Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit5 de mar. de 2002

Abrir fonte

Texto completo

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV 1R
7KHDUJXPHQWRQWKLVLVVXHLVHVVHQWLDOO\WKHVDPHDVDERYH
H[FHSWWKDWLWLVEDVHGRQ$SSUHQGLY1HZ-HUVH\86
,QWKLVRIWFLWHGFDVHWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKHOG
WKDW³>R@WKHUWKDQWKHIDFWRIDSULRUFRQYLFWLRQDQ\IDFWWKDW
LQFUHDVHV WKH SHQDOW\ IRU D FULPH EH\RQG WKH SUHVFULEHG
VWDWXWRU\PD[LPXPPXVWEHVXEPLWWHGWRDMXU\DQGSURYHG
EH\RQG D UHDVRQDEOH GRXEW´ ,G DW 7KH DUJXPHQW
SURFHHGVWKDWWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIWKHEUDQGLVKLQJHQKDQFHPHQW
VKRXOGKDYHUHTXLUHGSURRIEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWXQGHU
WKHWHDFKLQJVRI$SSUHQGL7KLVDUJXPHQWIDLOVIRUWKHVDPH
UHDVRQDVWKH³GRXEOHFRXQWLQJ´DUJXPHQWIDLOHG6L[VHSDUDWH
FULPHVRFFXUUHGWKUHHUREEHULHVDQGWKHXVHRIDILUHDUPLQ
HDFK RI WKRVH UREEHULHV 7KH WKUHH FRQFXUUHQW PRQWK
VHQWHQFHVUHSUHVHQWHGSXQLVKPHQWIRUILYHRIWKHFULPHVDQG
WKHPRQWKFRQVHFXWLYHVHQWHQFHSXQLVKHGWKHVL[WKFULPH
,9
7KHVHQWHQFHRI*ULIILVLV$)),50('
7KH +RQRUDEOH -RVHSK 0 +RRG 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW -XGJH IRU WKH
(DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI .HQWXFN\ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$
3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH
Y
/(21$5' 5$< *5,)),6
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH0LGGOH'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW1DVKYLOOH
1RV²5REHUW/(FKROV
&KLHI'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG'HFHPEHU
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG0DUFK
%HIRUH6,/(5DQG%$7&+(/'(5&LUFXLW-XGJHV
+22''LVWULFW-XGJH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' :LOOLDP % %UXFH %58&( :($7+(56
&25/(< /</( 1DVKYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOODQW
5REHUW & :DWVRQ $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6

-- 1 of 4 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV 1R
$77251(< 1DVKYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOOHH
21 %5,() :LOOLDP % %UXFH %58&( :($7+(56
&25/(< /</( 1DVKYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOODQW
+DUROG % 0F'RQRXJK $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6
$77251(<1DVKYLOOH7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH/HRQDUG
5D\*ULIILV0DQFKHVWHU.HQWXFN\SURVH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
-26(3+0+22''LVWULFW-XGJH/HRQDUG5D\*ULIILV
*ULIILV DSSHDOV KLV VHQWHQFH RQ WKUHH FRXQWV RI DUPHG
UREEHU\LQYLRODWLRQRI86&†DQGRQHFRXQWRI
XVLQJDQGFDUU\LQJDILUHDUPGXULQJDQGLQUHODWLRQWRDFULPH
RI YLROHQFH LQ YLRODWLRQ RI 86& † F )RU WKH
UHDVRQVZKLFKIROORZZH$)),50
,
*ULIILV HQWHUHG JXLOW\ SOHDV LQ WKH 0LGGOH 'LVWULFW RI
7HQQHVVHHWRERWKFRXQWVRIWKHLQGLFWPHQWILOHGDJDLQVWKLP
LQWKDW'LVWULFW&RXQW2QHFKDUJHGKLPZLWKDUPHGEDQN
UREEHU\ FRPPLWWHG RQ 'HFHPEHU LQ &URVVYLOOH
7HQQHVVHH LQ YLRODWLRQ RI 86& † &RXQW 7ZR
FKDUJHGKLPZLWKXVHRIDILUHDUPGXULQJWKHFRPPLVVLRQRI
WKDWUREEHU\LQYLRODWLRQRI86&† F *ULIILVDOVR
HQWHUHGDJXLOW\SOHDWRDRQHFRXQWLQGLFWPHQWILOHGLQWKH
0LGGOH'LVWULFWRI)ORULGDIRUDUPHGEDQNUREEHU\FRPPLWWHG
LQ7DYDUHV)ORULGDRQ'HFHPEHUDVZHOODVWRDRQH
FRXQWLQGLFWPHQWILOHGLQWKH6RXWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI,QGLDQDIRU
DUPHG EDQN UREEHU\ FRPPLWWHG LQ *UHHQGDOH ,QGLDQD RQ
$XJXVW7KHFKDUJHVILOHGLQ)ORULGDDQG,QGLDQD
ZHUH WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH 0LGGOH 'LVWULFW RI 7HQQHVVHH IRU
FRQVROLGDWHGGLVSRVLWLRQ6HH)HG5&ULP3
,Q *ULIILV V 3UHVHQWHQFH ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ 5HSRUW 365 WKH
SUREDWLRQ RIILFHU UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW KH UHFHLYH D OHYHO
HQKDQFHPHQW LQ KLV RIIHQVH OHYHO IRU ERWK WKH )ORULGD DQG
,QGLDQD UREEHULHV SXUVXDQW WR 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 6HQWHQFLQJ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VDSSURDFKUHIOHFWVWKLV0UD]HN¶VGRHV
QRW
0UD]HN)GDW
$V WKH JRYHUQPHQW QRWHV LQ LWV EULHI WKH DPHQGPHQW WR
$SSOLFDWLRQ 1RWH RI WKH 866* † . HIIHFWLYH
1RYHPEHU UHDGV ³+RZHYHU LI D GHIHQGDQW LV
FRQYLFWHG RI WZR DUPHG EDQN UREEHULHV EXW LV FRQYLFWHG
XQGHU86&† F LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKRQO\RQHRIWKH
UREEHULHVDZHDSRQHQKDQFHPHQWZRXOGDSSO\WRWKHEDQN
UREEHU\ZKLFKZDVQRWWKHEDVLVIRUWKH86&† F
FRQYLFWLRQ´ 7KRXJK QRW LQ HIIHFW DW WKH WLPH RI *ULIILV V
VHQWHQFLQJWKLVDPHQGPHQWUHIOHFWVWKHFRQFOXVLRQUHDFKHGE\
WKH 6HYHQWK &LUFXLW LQ 0UD]HN DQG WKH RWKHU FLUFXLWV
FRQVLGHULQJ WKLV LVVXH $V WKH TXRWDWLRQ IURP 0UD]HN
KLJKOLJKWV WKH SROLF\ VXJJHVWHG E\ *ULIILV V LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
ZRXOGOHDGWRWKHDEVXUGUHVXOWWKDWKHUHFHLYHDVRUWRI³EXON
GLVFRXQW´IRUFULPHV±³WKUHHJXQWKUHDWVIRUWKHSULFHRIRQH´
,QKLVUHSO\EULHI*ULIILVDUJXHVWKDWFRXQVHOPLVXQGHUVWRRG
KLPDQGKLVUHDOREMHFWLRQ+HFRQWHQGVKHLVEHLQJSXQLVKHG
IRUXVLQJWKHVDPHJXQLQERWKWKHEUDQGLVKLQJDQG† F
YLRODWLRQ DQG DOO RI WKH UREEHULHV ZHUH SDUW RI WKH VDPH
FRXUVHRIFRQGXFW7KHUHIRUHKHVKRXOGRQO\EHSXQLVKHG
RQFHIRULWVXVH2IFRXUVHWKLVGLVWLQFWLRQGRHVQRWFKDQJH
WKHDERYHDQDO\VLV7KHUHVKRXOGEHQREHQHILWLQFRPPLWWLQJ
PXOWLSOHFULPHVZLWKWKHVDPHZHDSRQDVRSSRVHGWRXVLQJ
GLIIHUHQW ZHDSRQV IRU HDFK FULPH 7KH FULPH LV XVLQJ WKH
ZHDSRQGXULQJWKHFRPPLVVLRQRIDFULPHRIYLROHQFH*ULIILV
GLVFXVVHVVHYHUDOFDVHVLQVXSSRUWRIKLVDUJXPHQWQRQHRI
ZKLFKHYHQUHPRWHO\VXSSRUWLW
$OWKRXJKWKHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHLQWKHUHFRUGWKDWVXSSRUWV
*ULIILV V FRQWHQWLRQ WKDW KH XVHG WKH VDPH ZHDSRQ LQ HDFK
UREEHU\WKDWZRXOGQRWFKDQJHWKHUHVXOW,WPDNHVQRWDZKLW
RIGLIIHUHQFHWKDW*ULIILVVXSSRVHGO\XVHGWKHVDPHILUHDUPLQ
UREELQJWKUHHGLIIHUHQWEDQNV7KHSRLQWLVWKDWKHXVHG D
ILUHDUPWRGRVR

-- 2 of 4 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV 1R
FRQVHFXWLYH WR WKH PRQWK VHQWHQFHV 6HH 86&
† F ' LL UHTXLULQJWKDWVHQWHQFHVIRUYLRODWLRQVRI
WKLV VXEVHFWLRQ UXQ FRQVHFXWLYHO\ WR DOO RWKHU VHQWHQFHV
7KXVLWLVFOHDUWKDW*ULIILVLVQRWEHLQJSXQLVKHGWZLFHIRUWKH
VDPHFRQGXFW
$OO RI WKH FLUFXLWV ZKLFK KDYH DGGUHVVHG WKLV LVVXH KDYH
DJUHHGWKDWDEUDQGLVKLQJHQKDQFHPHQWDQG† F FRXQWDUH
QRW FXPXODWLYH SXQLVKPHQW ZKHQ DVVHVVHG IRU VHSDUDWH
RIIHQVHV 6HH HJ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y &KLQ6XQJ 3DUN
)G WK &LU KROGLQJ WKDW QR LPSHUPLVVLEOH
GRXEOHFRXQWLQJRFFXUUHGXQGHUVHQWHQFLQJJXLGHOLQHVZKHQ
HQKDQFHPHQWVIRUEUDQGLVKLQJDILUHDUPZHUHDGGHGWRRIIHQVH
OHYHOVIRUWZRDUPHGUREEHULHVFRPPLWWHGE\GHIHQGDQWZKR
ZDVDOVREHLQJVHQWHQFHGWRFRQVHFXWLYHSULVRQVHQWHQFHIRU
XVH RI ILUHDUP LQ UHODWLRQ WR DQRWKHU UREEHU\ EHFDXVH
GHIHQGDQWZDVEHLQJSXQLVKHGRQO\RQFHIRUEUDQGLVKLQJD
ILUHDUPLQHDFKUREEHU\ 8QLWHG6WDWHVY%ODNH)G
WK&LU VDPH 8QLWHG6WDWHVY0UD]HN
)G WK&LU VDPH ,QIDFW0UD]HNGHDOWZLWKDQ
DOPRVWLGHQWLFDOVLWXDWLRQ0UD]HNSOHGJXLOW\WRWKUHHFRXQWV
RIDUPHGUREEHU\DQGRQHFRXQWXQGHU† F 3DUWRIWKH
SOHDDJUHHPHQWZDVWKDWWKHSURVHFXWRUZRXOGRQO\FKDUJH
0UD]HNZLWKRQH† F FRXQW%XW0UD]HNDSSHDOHGKLV
VHQWHQFH EHFDXVH KLV RIIHQVH OHYHO ZDV HQKDQFHG IRU
EUDQGLVKLQJ D ZHDSRQ LQ WKH RWKHU WZR UREEHULHV 7KH
6HYHQWK&LUFXLWFRQFOXGHG
1RWKLQJ KDV EHHQ FRXQWHG WZLFH 7KHUH ZHUH WKUHH
UREEHULHV DOO DUPHG 7KH JXQ ZDV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW
RQFHSHUUREEHU\YLD†% E & IRUWKHILUVWWZR
UREEHULHV DQG YLD † F IRU WKH WKLUG UREEHU\ 7KH
*XLGHOLQH HQKDQFHPHQW IRU DOO WKUHH UREEHULHV ZRXOG
KDYHGLVDSSHDUHGKDGWKHUHEHHQWKUHH† F FKDUJHV
EXW WKDW ZRXOG KDYH DGGHG \HDUV WR WKH VHQWHQFH
0UD]HNFRQWHQGVWKDWKHVKRXOGEHWUHDWHGMXVWDVLIWKH
ILUVWWZRUREEHULHVZHUHXQDUPHG<HWZK\VKRXOGWKUHH
DUPHGUREEHULHVEHWUHDWHGLGHQWLFDOO\WRRQHDUPHGDQG
WZR XQDUPHG UREEHULHV" %RWK WKH *XLGHOLQHV DQG
† F UHFRJQL]HWKDWDUPHGFULPHVDUHPRUHVHULRXV
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV
*XLGHOLQHV 866* †% E DVKHEUDQGLVKHGDILUHDUP
LQHDFKRIWKRVHUREEHULHV7KH365GLGQRWUHFRPPHQGVXFK
HQKDQFHPHQW IRU WKH 7HQQHVVHH UREEHU\ EHFDXVH WKH
'HIHQGDQWKDGSOHGJXLOW\WRDYLRODWLRQRI† F IRUXVLQJ
DILUHDUPGXULQJWKHFRPPLVVLRQRIWKDWUREEHU\7KXVWKH
365UHFRPPHQGHGDQRIIHQVHOHYHORIIRUWKH,QGLDQDDQG
)ORULGDUREEHULHVUHVSHFWLYHO\DQGDQRIIHQVHOHYHORIIRU
WKH 7HQQHVVHH UREEHU\ $ PXOWLSOHFRXQW DGMXVWPHQW
SXUVXDQWWR866*†'ZDVDSSOLHGWRWKHRIIHQVHOHYHO
IRU DOO WKUHH UREEHULHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ D FRPELQHG DGMXVWHG
RIIHQVH OHYHO RI *ULIILV UHFHLYHG D OHYHO FUHGLW IRU
DFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\ORZHULQJKLVWRWDORIIHQVHOHYHO
WR &RPELQHG ZLWK D FULPLQDO KLVWRU\ FDWHJRU\ RI ,,,
*ULIILV V JXLGHOLQH VHQWHQFLQJ UDQJH IRU WKH WKUHH EDQN
UREEHULHVZDVWRPRQWKV
2Q$XJXVWDVHQWHQFLQJKHDULQJZDVKHOG7KH
GLVWULFW FRXUW DGRSWHG WKH IDFWXDO ILQGLQJV DQG JXLGHOLQH
DSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH3657KHFRXUWVHQWHQFHG*ULIILVWR
PRQWKVWKHPLQLPXPXQGHUKLVVHQWHQFLQJUDQJHIRUHDFK
UREEHU\ZLWKWKHVHQWHQFHVWRUXQFRQFXUUHQWO\7KHFRXUW
WKHQ LPSRVHG DV UHTXLUHG E\ WKH VWDWXWH D FRQVHFXWLYH
VHQWHQFHRIPRQWKVIRUWKH† F RIIHQVH,QDGGLWLRQ
WKH FRXUW LPSRVHG \HDUV VXSHUYLVHG UHOHDVH WR IROORZ
'HIHQGDQW¶V LQFDUFHUDWLRQ DQG RUGHUHG UHVWLWXWLRQ IRU WKH
PRQH\VWROHQ
2Q$XJXVW*ULIILVWLPHO\QRWHGKLVDSSHDORIWKH
GLVWULFWFRXUW¶VVHQWHQFH
,,
$GHIHQGDQWPD\VHHNUHYLHZRIKLVVHQWHQFHRQO\RQWKH
JURXQGVWKDW WKHVHQWHQFHZDVLPSRVHGLQYLRODWLRQRI
ODZ WKHVHQWHQFHZDVLPSRVHGDVDUHVXOWRIDQLQFRUUHFW
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH VHQWHQFLQJ JXLGHOLQHV WKH VHQWHQFH
UHSUHVHQWVDQXSZDUGGHSDUWXUHIURPWKHDSSOLFDEOHJXLGHOLQHV
UDQJH RU WKH VHQWHQFH ZDV LPSRVHG IRU DQ RIIHQVH IRU
ZKLFK WKHUH LV QR VHQWHQFLQJ JXLGHOLQH DQG LV SODLQO\
XQUHDVRQDEOH86&† D 8QLWHG6WDWHVY9HOH]
)G WK&LU KROGLQJWKDWDQDSSHOODWHFRXUW

-- 3 of 4 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV 1R
LV ZLWKRXW MXULVGLFWLRQ WR UHYLHZ DQ\ VHQWHQFH ZLWKLQ WKH
JXLGHOLQH UDQJH XQOHVV WKH DSSHOODQW UDLVHV D FRQVWLWXWLRQDO
TXHVWLRQ
:KHQ UHYLHZLQJ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V DSSOLFDWLRQ RI
VHQWHQFLQJJXLGHOLQHVWKLVFRXUWUHYLHZVLWVIDFWXDOILQGLQJV
IRU FOHDU HUURU DQG LWV OHJDO FRQFOXVLRQV GH QRYR 8QLWHG
6WDWHVY5XWDQD)G WK&LU
,,,
*ULIILVUDLVHVWZRLVVXHVRQDSSHDO7KHILUVWLVVXHDOOHJHV
WKDWKHZDVSHQDOL]HGWZLFHIRUKLVXVHRIDJXQGXULQJWKH
UREEHULHV 7KH VHFRQG LVVXH UDLVHV WKH VDPH SRLQW EXW
FRQWHQGV WKDW WKH ³GRXEOH FRXQWLQJ´ LV LQ YLRODWLRQ RI
$SSUHQGLY1HZ-HUVH\86
7KHILUVWLVVXHLVLQDQDZNZDUGSURFHGXUDOSRVWXUHDVWKH
*ULIILV V FRXUWDSSRLQWHG FRXQVHO UDLVHG ERWK LVVXHV LQ KLV
LQLWLDOEULHI,QKLVUHSO\EULHIKRZHYHU*ULIILVZULWLQJSUR
VHGLVDYRZVWKHDUJXPHQWRIKLVFRXQVHODVWRWKLVILUVWLVVXH
FRQFHGLQJWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWVKRXOGSUHYDLORQWKLVSRLQW
DQGGLVFXVVLQJWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWKHKDGDOOHJHGO\LQVWUXFWHG
KLVFRXQVHOWRPDNH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKLVSUREOHPLVVLPSOLILHG
LQWKDWWKHUHLVUHDOO\QHLWKHUDVXEVWDQWLYHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ
QRUPHULWWRHLWKHUDUJXPHQW
&RXQVHO VWDWHV WKDW ³>W@KH LVVXH LQ 0U *ULIILV¶ FDVH ZDV
ZKHWKHUWKHVHQWHQFHIRUWKH† F YLRODWLRQVKRXOGUXQ
FRQVHFXWLYHWRWKHDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOIRUWKH*UHHQGDOH
,QGLDQDDQG7DYDUHV)ORULGDEDQNUREEHULHVZKLFKLQFOXGHG
DILYHOHYHOLQFUHDVHIRUEUDQGLVKLQJDZHDSRQRUZKHWKHULW
VKRXOGUXQFRQVHFXWLYHO\WRWKHDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORI
IRUWKH&URVVYLOOH7HQQHVVHHUREEHU\ZKLFKGLGQRWLQFOXGH
DILYHOHYHOLQFUHDVHIRUEUDQGLVKLQJDZHDSRQ´,QHVVHQFH
FRXQVHO FRQWHQGV WKDW EHFDXVH WKH VHQWHQFLQJ JXLGHOLQHV
SURYLGH IRU D VLQJOH RIIHQVH OHYHO IRU WKH WKUHH DUPHG
UREEHULHVZKLFKLQFOXGHHQKDQFHPHQWVIRUEUDQGLVKLQJLQWZR
RIWKHUREEHULHVDQGWKHVHQWHQFHIRUWKH† F YLRODWLRQLV
UXQ FRQVHFXWLYH WR WKDW VHQWHQFH *ULIILV LV EHLQJ XQIDLUO\
SHQDOL]HG ERWK IRU EUDQGLVKLQJ D ZHDSRQ DQG XVLQJ DQG
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*ULIILV
7KH SXQLVKPHQW ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ HVSHFLDOO\ VHYHUH DV ³>L@Q WKH FDVH
RI D VHFRQG RU VXEVHTXHQW FRQYLFWLRQ XQGHU WKLV VXEVHFWLRQ WKH SHUVRQ
VKDOO ² EH VHQWHQFHG WR D WHUP RI LPSULVRQPHQW RI QRW OHVV WKDQ
\HDUV´ 86& † F &
FDUU\LQJ D ILUHDUP GXULQJ DQG LQ UHODWLRQ WR D FULPH RI
YLROHQFH
7KLVSRLQWZRXOGEHZHOOWDNHQLI*ULIILVKDGEHHQFKDUJHG
ZLWKDVLQJOHFRXQWRIDUPHGUREEHU\DQGD† F YLRODWLRQ
LQZKLFKFDVHKLVRIIHQVHOHYHOZRXOGKDYHEHHQHQKDQFHGIRU
EUDQGLVKLQJDZHDSRQ,QVXFKDFDVHD† F VHQWHQFH
DQGDEUDQGLVKLQJHQKDQFHPHQWZRXOGEHGRXEOHFRXQWLQJ,Q
WKLVFDVHKRZHYHU*ULIILVFRPPLWWHGWKUHHDUPHGUREEHULHV
DQGXVHGDILUHDUPLQHDFKRIWKRVHUREEHULHV6RLWZRXOG
KDYHEHHQDSSURSULDWHIRUKLPWREHFKDUJHGZLWKWKUHHFRXQWV
RI DUPHG UREEHU\ DQG WKUHH † F YLRODWLRQV ,Q WKH
DOWHUQDWLYH LW ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ DSSURSULDWH IRU KLP WR EH
FKDUJHG ZLWK WKUHH FRXQWV RI DUPHG UREEHU\ ZLWK HDFK
RIIHQVH OHYHO HQKDQFHG IRU EUDQGLVKLQJ D ZHDSRQ $V
† F UHTXLUHV D VL[W\PRQWK FRQVHFXWLYH VHQWHQFH DQG
WKUHHFRQVHFXWLYHVHQWHQFHVZRXOGEHDVHYHUHSXQLVKPHQW
WKH JRYHUQPHQW HOHFWHG WR FKDUJH RQO\ RQH FRXQW XQGHU
† F DQG HQKDQFH WKH RIIHQVH OHYHO RI WKH RWKHU WZR
UREEHULHV IRU EUDQGLVKLQJ D ZHDSRQ 7KH VHQWHQFLQJ
JXLGHOLQHVWKHQUHTXLUHWKDWWKHDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOVIRUWKH
WKUHHEDQNUREEHULHVEHFRPELQHGXQGHUWKHPXOWLSOHFRXQW
DGMXVWPHQWRI†'7KH365UHFRPPHQGHGDQRIIHQVH
OHYHO RI IRU ERWK WKH ,QGLDQD DQG )ORULGD UREEHULHV
LQFOXGLQJDEUDQGLVKLQJHQKDQFHPHQWIRUHDFKUREEHU\7KH
365UHFRPPHQGHGDQRIIHQVHOHYHORIIRUWKH7HQQHVVHH
UREEHU\ ZKLFK LQFOXGHG QR EUDQGLVKLQJ HQKDQFHPHQW
$SSO\LQJ†'WKHFRPELQHGDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOZDV
ZKLFK ZDV DGMXVWHG GRZQZDUG E\ OHYHOV IRU WKH
'HIHQGDQW¶VDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\FUHGLW$QRIIHQVH
OHYHORIFRPELQHGZLWKWKH'HIHQGDQW¶VFULPLQDOKLVWRU\
FDWHJRU\UHVXOWHGLQDJXLGHOLQHUDQJHRIWRPRQWKV
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWVHQWHQFHGWKH'HIHQGDQWWRWKHPLQLPXP
PRQWKVIRUHDFKUREEHU\WRUXQFRQFXUUHQWO\7KHQSXUVXDQW
WR† F WKHFRXUWLPSRVHGDVHQWHQFHRIPRQWKVWRUXQ

-- 4 of 4 --

Continue sua pesquisa no ChatGPT ou Claude

Conecte o Omnilex para pesquisar o corpus jurídico pelo seu assistente de IA.