02a0024p.06

00-3867Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit17 de jan. de 2002

Abrir fonte

Texto completo


5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
3($%2'< &2$/ &2
3HWLWLRQHU
Y
:,/0$ - *529(6
',5(&725 2)),&( 2)
:25.(56¶ &203(16$7,21
352*5$06 81,7(' 67$7(6
'(3$570(17 2) /$%25
5HVSRQGHQWV
;!

1
1R
2Q$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
'HSDUWPHQWRI/DERU%HQHILWV5HYLHZ%RDUG
1R%/$
$UJXHG'HFHPEHU
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG-DQXDU\
%HIRUH.(11('<0225(DQG&2/(&LUFXLW-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' 0DUN ( 6RORPRQV *5((1%(5*
75$85,*:DVKLQJWRQ'&IRU3HWLWLRQHU +HOHQ&R[
81,7('67$7(6'(3$570(172)/$%252)),&(

-- 1 of 8 --

3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO 1R
2)7+(62/,&,725:DVKLQJWRQ'&-RVHSK+.HOOH\
021+2//21 .(//(< 0DGLVRQYLOOH .HQWXFN\ IRU
5HVSRQGHQWV 21 %5,() 0DUN ( 6RORPRQV /DXUD
0HWFRII.ODXV*5((1%(5* 75$85,*:DVKLQJWRQ
'&IRU3HWLWLRQHU+HOHQ&R[3DWULFLD01HFH81,7('
67$7(6'(3$570(172)/$%252)),&(2)7+(
62/,&,725 :DVKLQJWRQ '& -RVHSK + .HOOH\
021+2//21 .(//(< 0DGLVRQYLOOH .HQWXFN\ IRU
5HVSRQGHQWV
0225(-GHOLYHUHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKHFRXUWLQZKLFK
&2/(-MRLQHG.(11('<- SS GHOLYHUHGD
VHSDUDWHGLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
.$5(1 1(/621 0225( &LUFXLW -XGJH 3HWLWLRQHU
3HDERG\&RDO&R ³3HDERG\´ DSSHDOVDQDZDUGRIEHQHILWV
XQGHU WKH %ODFN /XQJ %HQHILWV $FW ³%/%$´ 86&
††3HDERG\DUJXHV WKDWWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHODZ
MXGJH ³$/-´ DSSOLHGD³WUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQSUHVXPSWLRQ´LQ
YLRODWLRQ RI WKH $GPLQLVWUDWLYH 3URFHGXUH $FW 86&
†† DQG WKDW WKH $/-¶V GHFLVLRQ WR UHO\ RQ WKH
WUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQV¶PHGLFDORSLQLRQVZDVLUUDWLRQDO%HFDXVH
3HDERG\¶VDUJXPHQWVODFNPHULWZH$)),50WKHEHQHILWV
DZDUG
,%$&.*5281'
2Q$SULOVL[W\\HDUROG(O]H*URYHV ³*URYHV´
GLHGLQWKHHPHUJHQF\URRPRI2KLR&RXQW\+RVSLWDO+LV
GHDWKFHUWLILFDWHLGHQWLILHGWKHFDXVHRIGHDWKDVFDUGLDFDUUHVW
GXHWRDFXWHP\RFDUGLDOLQIDUFWLRQDQGDUWHULRVFOHURWLFKHDUW
GLVHDVH*URYHVKDGZRUNHGXQGHUJURXQGLQFRDOPLQHVIRU
RYHUWKLUW\WKUHH\HDUV2Q0D\KLVZLGRZ:LOPD
-HDQ *URYHV ³:LOPD´ DSSOLHG IRU EODFN OXQJ VXUYLYRU¶V

-- 2 of 8 --

1R 3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO
*URYHV KLPVHOI ILOHG DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU EHQHILWV RQ 1RYHPEHU
ZKLFK ZDV GHQLHG RQ 0D\ *URYHV GLG QRW DSSHDO WKLV
GHFLVLRQ
'UV -RKQVRQ DQG %OXH ZHUH *URYHV¶V WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV 'U
-RKQVRQ ZDV *URYHV¶V SHUVRQDO SK\VLFLDQ IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ILIWHHQ \HDUV
IURP WR 'U %OXH WUHDWHG *URYHV IURP XQWLO *URYHV¶V
GHDWK
EHQHILWV XQGHU WKH %/%$ 2Q 0D\ D GLVWULFW
GLUHFWRURIWKH2IILFHRI:RUNHUV¶&RPSHQVDWLRQ3URJUDPV
³2:&3´ RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI /DERU
³'2/´ DIILUPHGDSUHYLRXVILQGLQJWKDWWKHHYLGHQFHIDLOHG
WRHVWDEOLVKWKDW*URYHVKDGVXIIHUHGIURPRUGLHGDVDUHVXOW
RI SQHXPRFRQLRVLV 7KH '2/ LGHQWLILHG 3HDERG\ DV WKH
UHVSRQVLEOHFRDOPLQHRSHUDWRUDQGQRWLILHGLWRIWKHSHQGLQJ
FODLP
$W:LOPD¶VUHTXHVWWKHFDVHZDVIRUZDUGHGWRWKH'2/
2IILFHRI$GPLQLVWUDWLYH/DZ-XGJHVIRUDKHDULQJZKLFKZDV
KHOGRQ$SULO2Q-XQHWKH$/-GHQLHG
:LOPD¶VFODLP+HILUVWIRXQGWKDW*URYHVKDGVXIIHUHGIURP
SQHXPRFRQLRVLVJLYLQJWKHPRVWZHLJKWWRWKHRSLQLRQVRI
'UV5REHUW7-RKQVRQ ³-RKQVRQ´ DQG:%%OXH ³%OXH´
ZKLFK ZHUH ³VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH ZHOOGRFXPHQWHG DQG ZHOO
UHDVRQHGUHSRUWV´RIVHYHUDORWKHUGRFWRUVZKRKDGH[DPLQHG
*URYHV-RLQW$SSHQGL[ ³-$´ DW+RZHYHUWKH$/-
IRXQGWKDWWKHHYLGHQFHGLGQRWHVWDEOLVKWKDW*URYHV¶VGHDWK
ZDVKDVWHQHGE\SQHXPRFRQLRVLV
2QO\'U%OXHRSLQHGWKDW>*URYHV¶V@GHDWKZDVKDVWHQHG
E\ SQHXPRFRQLRVLV +RZHYHU , ILQG WKDW 'U %OXH¶V
RSLQLRQ LV RXWZHLJKHG E\ WKH ZHOOUHDVRQHG DQG ZHOO
GRFXPHQWHGRSLQLRQVRI'UV%UDQVFRPEDQG)LQR7R
WKH FRQWUDU\ 'U %OXH¶V RSLQLRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKH IDFWRUV
FRQWULEXWLQJWR>*URYHV¶V@GHDWKLVQRWZHOOGRFXPHQWHG
$Q XQGRFXPHQWHG RSLQLRQ PD\ EH JLYHQ OLWWOH RU QR
ZHLJKW

-- 3 of 8 --

3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO 1R
'U %HQ 9 %UDQVFRPE ³%UDQVFRPE´ LVVXHG D FRQVXOWDWLYH UHSRUW
GDWHG $XJXVW LQ ZKLFK KH FRQFOXGHG ³>Z@LWK D KLJK OHYHO RI
PHGLFDO FHUWDLQW\´ WKDW *URYHV GLG QRW VXIIHU IURP SQHXPRFRQLRVLV -$
DW +H DWWULEXWHG *URYHV¶V GHDWK WR FRURQDU\ DUWHU\ GLVHDVH ZKLFK KH
FODLPHG ³ZDV LQ QR ZD\ FDXVHG KDVWHQHG >@RU DJJUDYDWHG E\
SXOPRQDU\ GLVHDVH RU E\ FRDO PLQH GXVW H[SRVXUH´ -$ DW +H WKHQ
VWDWHG ³$OWKRXJK >*URYHV@ KDV QR >SQHXPRFRQLRVLV@ LI , DVVXPH KH GLG
WKHUH ZRXOG VWLOO EH QR UHDVRQDEOH EDVLV IRU DWWULEXWLQJ DQ\ DJJUDYDWLRQ
FRQWULEXWLRQ WR RU DFFHOHUDWLRQ RI KLV GHDWK DV D UHVXOW RI VXFK
SQHXPRFRQLRVLV´ -$ DW
'U *UHJRU\ - )LQR ³)LQR´ LVVXHG D FRQVXOWDWLYH UHSRUW GDWHG
6HSWHPEHU LQ ZKLFK KH FRQFOXGHG ZLWK ³D UHDVRQDEOH GHJUHH RI
PHGLFDO FHUWDLQW\´ -$ DW WKDW *URYHV GLG QRW VXIIHU IURP
SQHXPRFRQLRVLV DQG WKDW KLV ³GHDWK ZDV GXH WR DWKHURVFOHURWLF KHDUW
GLVHDVH DQG DFXWH P\RFDUGLDO LQIDUFWLRQ &RDO PLQH HPSOR\PHQW GLG QRW
FDXVH FRQWULEXWH WR RU KDVWHQ KLV GHDWK´ -$ DW
'U %OXH ZDV QRW WKH DWWHQGLQJ SK\VLFLDQ DW *URYHV¶V GHDWK +LV
WUHDWPHQW QRWHV WKHUHIRUH GR QRW FRYHU WKH LPPHGLDWH FDXVH RI *URYHV¶V
GHDWK +RZHYHU WKH\ ZHUH UHOHYDQW WR WKH $/-¶V DQDO\VLV WR WKH H[WHQW
WKDW WKH\ DGGUHVVHG WKH IDFWRUV WKDW PD\ KDYH KDVWHQHG *URYHV¶V GHDWK
6HH *ULIILWK Y 'LU 2:&3 )G WK &LU ³$
FODLPDQW HVWDEOLVKHV WKDW SQHXPRFRQLRVLV LV D VXEVWDQWLDOO\ FRQWULEXWLQJ
FDXVH RU IDFWRU OHDGLQJ WR WKH PLQHU¶V GHDWK LI LW VHUYHV WR KDVWHQ WKDW GHDWK
LQ DQ\ ZD\´ TXRWDWLRQ RPLWWHG
-$DW FLWDWLRQVDQGIRRWQRWHRPLWWHG :LOPDILOHGD
WLPHO\QRWLFHRIDSSHDOZLWKWKH%RDUG2Q-XO\WKH
%RDUG DIILUPHG WKH $/-¶V ILQGLQJ RI SQHXPRFRQLRVLV EXW
YDFDWHG KLV ILQGLQJ DERXW *URYHV¶V FDXVH RI GHDWK DQG
UHPDQGHGWKHFDVHIRUIXUWKHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KH%RDUGQRWHG
WKDW WKH $/- KDG GHVFULEHG 'U %OXH¶V RSLQLRQ DV
³XQGRFXPHQWHG´EXWIDLOHGWRFRQVLGHU'U%OXH¶VWUHDWPHQW
QRWHV DV KH VKRXOG KDYH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH SK\VLFLDQ¶V
FUHGLELOLW\-$DW
2Q 1RYHPEHU WKH $/- LVVXHG D GHFLVLRQ DQG
RUGHUDZDUGLQJVXUYLYRU¶VEHQHILWVWR:LOPD,QILQGLQJRQ
UHPDQGWKDW'U%OXH¶VRSLQLRQDERXW*URYHV¶VFDXVHRIGHDWK
ZDV³WKHPRVWFUHGLEOH´-$DWWKH$/-UHIHUUHGWR'U
%OXH¶V WUHDWPHQW QRWHV ZKLFK UHFRUGHG WKDW 'U %OXH KDG
WUHDWHG*URYHVIRUEUHDWKLQJSUREOHPVIURPWR
1R 3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO
$PRQJ WKH ZRUNV FLWHG E\ 'U )LQR ZHUH WKH DUWLFOH ³0RUWDOLW\ )URP
+HDUW 'LVHDVH LQ &RDO 0LQHUV´ SXEOLVKHG E\ 'U &RHVWHOOR HW DO LQ WKH
MRXUQDO &KHVW DQ DUWLFOH E\ 'U /LQGDUV LQ -RXUQDO RI 3DWKRORJ\
D WH[WERRN HQWLWOHG 2FFXSDWLRQDO /XQJ 'LVRUGHUV SXEOLVKHG E\ 'U :
5D\PRQG 3DUNHV WKH 7H[WERRN RI 2FFXSDWLRQDO /XQJ 'LVHDVHV SXEOLVKHG
E\ 0RUJDQ DQG 6HDWRQ DQG D WH[WERRN HQWLWOHG 2FFXSDWLRQDO 5HVSLUDWRU\
'LVRUGHUV SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH 86 'HSDUWPHQW RI +HDOWK DQG +XPDQ
6HUYLFHV
7KH $/- DOVR IDLOHG WR DGGUHVV WKH TXDOLILFDWLRQV RI WKH GRFWRUV 'U
)LQR LV D ERDUGFHUWLILHG VSHFLDOLVW LQ LQWHUQDO PHGLFLQH DQG SXOPRQDU\
GLVHDVH 'U %UDQVFRPE LV D 3URIHVVRU RI 0HGLFLQH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
$ODEDPD DW %LUPLQJKDP DQG KDV H[SHUWLVH LQ WKH GLDJQRVLV DQG WUHDWPHQW
RI SXOPRQDU\ GLVHDVH 'U %OXH KRZHYHU KDV RQO\ D JHQHUDO
SUDFWLWLRQHU¶V H[SHULHQFH ZLWK SXOPRQDU\ GLVHDVHV
WKDW SQHXPRFRQLRVLV GLG QRW LQFUHDVH WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI
FRURQDU\DUWHU\GLVHDVH6LPSO\GLVPLVVLQJWKHRSLQLRQVRI
'UV)LQRDQG%UDQVFRPEDVWKH$/-GLGEHFDXVHWKH\GLG
QRWSHUVRQDOO\H[DPLQHWKHSDWLHQWRUEHFDXVHWKH\GLGQRW
EHOLHYHWKDW*URYHVVXIIHUHGIURPSQHXPRFRQLRVLVPLVVHVWKH
SRLQW 7KH SHUVRQDO H[DPLQDWLRQ DQG WUHDWPHQW RI *URYHV
RYHUWKHFRXUVHRIKLVOLIHWLPHGRHVQRWREYLRXVO\SODFH'U
%OXHLQDEHWWHUSRVLWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHURQHFRQGLWLRQ
FRXOGKDYHFDXVHGWKHRWKHU,IWKHUHZHUHDUHDVRQWREHOLHYH
WKDWSHUVRQDOH[DPLQDWLRQZRXOGHQDEOHDWUHDWLQJGRFWRUWR
EHWWHUDVVHVVWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWWZRFRQGLWLRQVZHUHFDXVDOO\
FRQQHFWHGWKHQUHOLDQFHRQ'U%OXH¶VFRQFOXVLRQZRXOGEH
UHDVRQDEOH%XWWKH$/-JDYHQRVXFKUHDVRQ6HH3HDERG\
&RDO&RY0F&DQGOHVV)G WK&LU
)XUWKHU'U%OXH¶VRSLQLRQDQGWUHDWPHQWQRWHVFRQWDLQQR
REMHFWLYHVXSSRUWIRUKLVODFNRIR[\JHQDWLRQWKHRU\'UV
)LQR DQG %UDQVFRPE ERWK GLVFUHGLW 'U %OXH¶V WKHRU\ DV
XQVXSSRUWHGDQGWKHRQO\REMHFWLYHPHGLFDOVXSSRUWFLWHGLQ
WKHUHFRUGXQGHUPLQHV'U%OXH¶VWKHRU\7KH$/-IDLOHGWR
FULWLFDOO\DQDO\]H'U%OXH¶VFDXVDWLRQWKHRU\RUGLVFRXQWWKH
RSLQLRQVRI'UV)LQRRU%UDQVFRPERQDQ\ORJLFDOJURXQGV
+HQFH , ZRXOG UHPDQG IRU IXUWKHU SURFHHGLQJV FRQVLVWHQW
ZLWKP\GLVVHQW

-- 4 of 8 --

3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO 1R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
',66(17
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
.(11('<&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ%HFDXVH,GLVDJUHH
ZLWKWKHPDMRULW\¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKH$/-¶VGHFLVLRQZDV
VXSSRUWHG E\ VXEVWDQWLDO HYLGHQFH , ZRXOG UHPDQG 7KH
PDMRULW\DYRLGVWKLVUHVXOWE\REVHUYLQJWKDWWKLVFRXUWKDVD
OLPLWHGVFRSHRIUHYLHZRYHUWKH%RDUG¶VGHFLVLRQVDQGLVQRW
WRDVVHVVWKHFUHGLELOLW\RI'U%OXH0\GHFLVLRQWRUHPDQG
KRZHYHUZRXOGQRWEHEDVHGRQDQDVVHVVPHQWRI'U%OXH¶V
FUHGLELOLW\ EXW UDWKHU RQ WKH $/-¶V IDLOXUH WR DQDO\]H WKH
UHDVRQLQJRIDQGVXSSRUWIRU'U%OXH¶V FRQFOXVLRQ7KH
$/- DFFHSWHG 'U %OXH¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW D ODFN RI
R[\JHQDWLRQ WR *URYHV¶ WLVVXHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP
SQHXPRFRQLRVLV FRQWULEXWHG WR *URYHV¶ DUWHULDO VFOHURWLF
KHDUWGLVHDVHDQGXOWLPDWHO\WRKLVGHDWK7KH$/-IRXQG
WKDW 'U %OXH¶V WUHDWPHQW QRWHV DQG OHWWHU VXSSRUWHG WKLV
FRQFOXVLRQ,QZHLJKLQJWKHPHGLFDOHYLGHQFHWKH$/-JDYH
WKH PRVW ZHLJKW WR 'U %OXH¶V RSLQLRQ EHFDXVH KH KDG
SHUVRQDOO\H[DPLQHGDQGWUHDWHG*URYHVIRUQHDUO\WZHQW\
ILYH\HDUV<HWWKH$/-IDLOHGWRH[SODLQZK\WKHSHUVRQDO
H[DPLQDWLRQVRUWUHDWPHQWQRWHVDUHVXIILFLHQWWRVXSSRUWD
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHODFNRIR[\JHQDWLRQFDXVHGWKHDUWHULDO
VFOHURWLFKHDUWGLVHDVHWKDWNLOOHG*URYHV&HUWDLQO\WKH$/-
LV HQWLWOHG WR JLYH H[WUD ZHLJKW WR D WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ¶V
DVVHVVPHQWRIDSDWLHQW¶VFRQGLWLRQ%XW,FDQVHHQRUHDVRQ
ZK\DWUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQ¶VRSLQLRQWKDWRQHFRQGLWLRQFDXVHG
RUFRQWULEXWHGWRDQRWKHUVKRXOGEHDFFHSWHGLQWKHIDFHRI
H[SHUW RSLQLRQV WR WKH FRQWUDU\ DW OHDVW ZKHUH WKHUH LV QR
ORJLFDOH[SODQDWLRQIRUGRLQJVRRIIHUHGE\WKH$/-+HUH
'UV)LQRDQG%UDQVFRPEERWKUHMHFWHG'U%OXH¶VWKHRU\ZLWK
UHJDUGWRFDXVDWLRQ$OWKRXJK'U%UDQVFRPEGLGQRWEHOLHYH
WKDW *URYHV VXIIHUHG IURP SQHXPRFRQLRVLV KH VWDWHG WKDW
HYHQLIKHDVVXPHGKHGLGWKHUHZRXOGEHQRUHDVRQDEOHEDVLV
WRFRQFOXGHWKDWLWFRQWULEXWHGWRDJJUDYDWHGRUDFFHOHUDWHG
*URYHV¶GHDWK'U)LQRDOVRQRWHGWKDW'U%OXH¶VFDXVDWLRQ
WKHRU\ZDVQRWVXSSRUWHGE\DQ\YDOLGREMHFWLYHHYLGHQFH
'U)LQR¶VRSLQLRQWKHQFLWHGWRVHYHUDOVWXGLHVFRQFOXGLQJ
1R 3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO
-$ DW 7KH $/- WKHQ TXRWHG YHUEDWLP D UHSRUW
VXEPLWWHGE\'U%OXHRQ)HEUXDU\WKDWRSLQHG
*URYHVZDVDSURGXFWRIPDQ\\HDUVLQWKHPLQHVZLWK
WKHSULPDU\ODFNRIR[\JHQDWLRQWRKLVWLVVXHVVSHHGLQJ
KLV GHDWKVLJQLILFDQWO\+LVLPPHGLDWHFDXVHRIGHDWK
ZDV WKH FRURQDU\ DUWHU\ GLVHDVH ZKLFK ZDV ODUJHO\ D
UHVXOW RI WKH FKURQLF ORZ R[\JHQ DVVDWXUDWLRQ
VXSHULPSRVHGRQ KLVPHWDEROLFDEQRUPDOLWLHVRIVXJDU
DQGOLSLGV,WLVP\RSL>QL@RQWKDWKLVSQHXPRFRQLRVLV
ZDVSUREDEO\DWKLUGWRDKDOIUHVSRQVLEOHIRUKLVILQDO
GHPLVH
-$DW 7KH$/-VSHFLILFDOO\IRXQGWKDW'U%OXH¶V
³WUHDWPHQWQRWHVZKLFKVKRZWKDW>*URYHV¶V@OXQJIXQFWLRQ
ZDVLPSDLUHGVXSSRUW'U%OXH¶VOHWWHURI)HEUXDU\
DQGEROVWHUKLVFUHGLELOLW\´-$DW,QFRQWUDVWKHIRXQG
WKDWWKHRSLQLRQVRI3HDERG\¶VH[SHUWVZHUHHQWLWOHGWROHVV
ZHLJKW EHFDXVH WKH\ ³IDLOHG WR ILQG DQ\ HYLGHQFH RI
SQHXPRFRQLRVLV´ -$ DW 2Q 'HFHPEHU
3HDERG\ILOHGDWLPHO\DSSHDOWRWKH%RDUGIURPWKH$/-¶V
GHFLVLRQ
2Q 'HFHPEHU WKH %RDUG DIILUPHG WKH $/-¶V
GHFLVLRQ REVHUYLQJ WKDW WKH $/-¶V GHFLVLRQ WR DFFRUG WKH
JUHDWHVWZHLJKWWR'U%OXH¶VRSLQLRQDERXW*URYHV¶VFDXVHRI
GHDWKZDVUDWLRQDOEHFDXVH'U%OXHKDGWUHDWHG*URYHV³IRU
DOHQJWK\SHULRGRIWLPH´DQG'U%OXH¶VFRQFOXVLRQDERXWD
GHFUHDVHLQR[\JHQDWLRQWR*URYHV¶VWLVVXHVZKLFKKDVWHQHG
KLVGHDWKZDVFUHGLEOH-$DW7KH%RDUGDOVRVWDWHGWKDW
WKH$/-KDGSHUPLVVLEO\DFFRUGHGOHVVZHLJKWWRWKHRSLQLRQV
RISK\VLFLDQVZKRKDGQRWH[DPLQHG*URYHVDQGZKRKDG
³UXOHGRXWWKHH[LVWHQFHRISQHXPRFRQLRVLVLQ>*URYHV@ZKHQ
LQIDFWWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHGLVHDVHKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG´-$
DW3HDERG\WKHQILOHGDPRWLRQIRUUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKLFK
WKH %RDUG GHQLHG RQ 0D\ 7KLV WLPHO\ DSSHDO
IROORZHG

-- 5 of 8 --

3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO 1R
,,$1$/<6,6
:HKDYHDYHU\QDUURZVFRSHRIUHYLHZRYHUWKH%RDUG¶V
GHFLVLRQV ZKLFK PXVW EH DIILUPHG XQOHVV WKH %RDUG KDV
FRPPLWWHGOHJDOHUURURUH[FHHGHGLWVVFRSHRIUHYLHZRIWKH
$/-¶V ILQGLQJV 7HQQHVVHH &RQVRO &RDO &R Y .LUN
)G WK &LU 7KH $/-¶V ILQGLQJV DUH
FRQFOXVLYHLIWKH\DUHVXSSRUWHGE\VXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFHDQG
DUHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHDSSOLFDEOHODZ,G6XEVWDQWLDO
HYLGHQFH LV ³VXFK UHOHYDQW HYLGHQFH DV D UHDVRQDEOH PLQG
PLJKWDFFHSWDVDGHTXDWHWRVXSSRUWDFRQFOXVLRQ´&URVV
0RXQWDLQ &RDO ,QF Y :DUG )G WK &LU
TXRWLQJ 5LFKDUGVRQ Y 3HUDOHV 86
³:HGRQRWUHZHLJKWKHHYLGHQFHRUVXEVWLWXWHRXU
MXGJPHQWIRUWKDWRIWKH$/-´7HQQHVVHH&RQVRO)G
DW7KXVZHZLOOQRWUHYHUVHWKHFRQFOXVLRQVRIDQ$/-
WKDWDUHVXSSRUWHGE\VXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFH³HYHQLIWKHIDFWV
SHUPLWDQDOWHUQDWLYHFRQFOXVLRQ´,G TXRWLQJ<RXJKLRJKHQ\
2KLR&RDO&RY:HEE)G WK&LU
$³7UHDWLQJ3K\VLFLDQ3UHVXPSWLRQ´
7KHVXUYLYRUVRIDPLQHUDUHHOLJLEOHIRUEHQHILWVXQGHUWKH
%/%$ LI WKH\ FDQ SURYH WKDW WKH PLQHU KDG
SQHXPRFRQLRVLVZKLFKDURVHRXWRIFRDOPLQHHPSOR\PHQW
DQG WKDWWKHPLQHU¶VGHDWKZDVGXHWRSQHXPRFRQLRVLV
&)5 † D &ODLPDQWV PD\ VDWLVI\ WKH VHFRQG
UHTXLUHPHQW E\ VKRZLQJ WKDW SQHXPRFRQLRVLV ZDV ³D
VXEVWDQWLDOO\ FRQWULEXWLQJFDXVH´RIWKHPLQHU¶VGHDWK,G
† F 3HDERG\DUJXHVWKDW³>W@KH$/-IRXQGERWK
WKH H[LVWHQFH RI SQHXPRFRQLRVLV DQG GHDWK GXH WR LW E\
SUHVXPLQJWKDWWKHRSLQLRQRIDGRFWRUZKRWUHDWHGWKHPLQHU
ZDV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ PRUH FUHGLEOH WKDQ DQ\ RWKHU GRFWRU¶V
RSLQLRQVLPSO\E\YLUWXHRIWKDWWUHDWPHQW´3HWLWLRQHU¶V%U
DW
,Q7XVVH\Y,VODQG&UHHN&RDO&R)G WK&LU
ZHFRQILUPHGWKDWWKH³RSLQLRQVRIWUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQV
DUH HQWLWOHG WR JUHDWHU ZHLJKW WKDQ WKRVH RI QRQWUHDWLQJ
SK\VLFLDQV´,GDW+RZHYHUZHGLGQRWVXJJHVWWKDW
WUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQVVKRXOGDXWRPDWLFDOO\EHSUHVXPHGWREH
1R 3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO
$V WKH $/- QRWHG RQ UHPDQG SQHXPRFRQLRVLV QHHG QRW EH WKH
LPPHGLDWH RU SUR[LPDWH FDXVH RI GHDWK 7KHUHIRUH WKH IDFW WKDW *URYHV
VXIIHUHG IURP KHDUW GLVHDVH DQG RWKHU PHGLFDO SUREOHPV GRHV QRW DIIHFW
WKH LPSRUW RI 'U %OXH¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW SQHXPRFRQLRVLV FRPSURPLVHG
WKH IXQFWLRQ RI *URYHV¶V OXQJV DQG WKHUHE\ KDVWHQHG KLV GHDWK
RI'U%OXH¶VFUHGLELOLW\ZDVWKXVWKHSULPDU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQ
RQUHPDQG7KH$/-DVIDFWILQGHUIRXQGEDVHGRQ'U%OXH¶V
WUHDWPHQW QRWHV WKDW 'U %OXH¶V RSLQLRQ ZDV ³WKH PRVW
FUHGLEOH HYLGHQFH LQ WKH UHFRUG UHJDUGLQJ WKH FDXVH RI
>*URYHV¶V@GHDWK´-$DW
3HDERG\ QRZ DVNV XV WR UHDFK WKH RSSRVLWH FRQFOXVLRQ
DUJXLQJWKDWWKHIDFWVGRQRWVXSSRUW'U%OXH¶VRSLQLRQ6XFK
DGHWHUPLQDWLRQKRZHYHUZRXOGUHTXLUHXVWRDGGUHVV'U
%OXH¶VFUHGLELOLW\ZKLFKZRXOGH[FHHGRXUOLPLWHGVFRSHRI
UHYLHZRYHUWKH%RDUG¶VGHFLVLRQV:HPD\UHYHUVHWKH$/-¶V
FRQFOXVLRQRQO\LILWLVQRWVXSSRUWHGE\VXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFH
$FFHSWLQJWKH$/-¶VGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI'U%OXH¶VFUHGLELOLW\
ZHREVHUYHWKDW'U%OXHDWWULEXWHG*URYHV¶VKHDUWGLVHDVH
ZKLFK FDXVHG *URYHV¶V GHDWK ODUJHO\ WR ³OXQJ GLVHDVH
VHFRQGDU\ WR SQHXPRFRQLRVLV DQG D ODFN RI R[\JHQDWLRQ´
-$DW'U%OXH¶VWUHDWPHQWQRWHVZKLFKLQGLFDWHWKDW
*URYHV KDG SXOPRQDU\ SUREOHPV WKXV SURYLGH DGHTXDWH
HYLGHQFHWRVXSSRUWWKH$/-¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDW*URYHV¶VGHDWK
ZDVKDVWHQHGLQVRPHZD\E\SQHXPRFRQLRVLV:HUHFRJQL]H
WKDWWKHUHFRUGPD\SHUPLWDQDOWHUQDWLYHFRQFOXVLRQEXWZH
DOVRUHVSHFWDQGGHIHUWRWKH$/-¶VDXWKRULW\LQWKHILQGLQJRI
IDFWV
,,,&21&/86,21
)RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKH%RDUG¶VRUGHU

-- 6 of 8 --

3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO 1R
,W LV WKXV DEXQGDQWO\ FOHDU WKDW WKH $/- GLG QRW JLYH
SUHVXPSWLYH ZHLJKW WR WKH RSLQLRQV RI *URYHV¶V WUHDWLQJ
SK\VLFLDQV 7KH $/- GLG DFFRUG PRUH ZHLJKW WR WKHVH
RSLQLRQVWKDQWRWKRVH RIWKHFRQVXOWDQWVIRUWKH'2/DQG
3HDERG\EXWKHH[DPLQHGDOORIWKHRSLQLRQVRQWKHLUPHULWV
DQG PDGH UHDVRQHG MXGJPHQWV DERXW WKH SK\VLFLDQV¶
FUHGLELOLW\+HDOVRUHYLHZHG*URYHV¶VPHGLFDOUHFRUGV:H
WKXV FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH $/- GLG QRW DSSO\ DQ DXWRPDWLF
SUHIHUHQFHIRURUSUHVXPSWLRQLQIDYRURI*URYHV¶VWUHDWLQJ
SK\VLFLDQV
%6XEVWDQWLDO(YLGHQFH
3HDERG\ DUJXHV WKDW WKH $/-¶V GHFLVLRQ WR UHO\ RQ WKH
RSLQLRQV RI *URYHV¶V WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV ZDV LUUDWLRQDO
EHFDXVHWKHRSLQLRQVGLGQRWFRQVWLWXWHVXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFH
7KLVDUJXPHQWLVEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJIDFWV 'UV%OXH
DQG-RKQVRQ¶VILQGLQJRISQHXPRFRQLRVLVZDV³QRWFRQILUPHG
E\EHWWHUTXDOLILHGUHDGHUV´DQGVKRXOGKDYHFRQIXWHGWKHLU
FUHGLELOLW\EHFDXVHLW³ZDVDWRGGVZLWKWKH$/-¶VILQGLQJWKDW
WKH[UD\VGLGQRWHVWDEOLVKWKHGLVHDVH´ 'U-RKQVRQUHOLHG
RQDSXOPRQDU\IXQFWLRQVWXG\WKDWZDVLQYDOLGDWHGRQH[SHUW
UHYLHZ 'UV%OXHDQG-RKQVRQIDLOHGWRPHQWLRQ*URYHV¶V
VPRNLQJKLVWRU\DQG 'U%OXH¶VRSLQLRQRQWKHFDXVHRI
*URYHV¶VGHDWKZDV³FRQFOXVRU\JUDWXLWRXVDQGVXSSRUWHGE\
QRYDOLGPHGLFDOGDWDRULGHQWLILHGREVHUYDWLRQV´3HWLWLRQHU¶V
%UDW
3HDERG\FLWHV'LUHFWRU2:&3Y5RZH)G WK
&LU DQG FRQWHQGV WKDW WKH RSLQLRQV RI *URYHV¶V
WUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQVZHUHQRWFUHGLEOH+RZHYHUWKH5RZH
FRXUWH[SUHVVO\REVHUYHGWKDWWKH$/-DVIDFWILQGHUVKRXOG
GHFLGH ZKHWKHU D SK\VLFLDQ¶V UHSRUW LV ³VXIILFLHQWO\
GRFXPHQWHGDQGUHDVRQHG´EHFDXVHVXFKDGHWHUPLQDWLRQLV
³HVVHQWLDOO\ D FUHGLELOLW\ PDWWHU´ ,G DW /DFNLQJ WKH
DXWKRULW\WRPDNHFUHGLELOLW\GHWHUPLQDWLRQVZHZLOOGHIHUWR
WKH$/-¶VILQGLQJV,QIDFWWKH%RDUGUHPDQGHGWKHFDVHWR
WKH$/-DIWHUKHGHQLHG:LOPD¶VFODLPEHFDXVHWKH$/-KDG
³QRW VSHFLILFDOO\ DGGUHVV>HG 'U %OXH¶V WUHDWPHQW QRWHV@ LQ
PDNLQJKLVFUHGLELOLW\GHWHUPLQDWLRQ´-$DW7KHLVVXH
1R 3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO
:H REVHUYH WKDW WKH XQSXEOLVKHG GHFLVLRQV WKDW 3HDERG\ FLWHV LQ LWV
EULHI GR QRW VXSSRUW LWV SRVLWLRQ 6HH HJ $UFK RI .HQWXFN\ ,QF Y
+LFNPDQ 1R :/ DW WK &LU $XJ
³$OWKRXJK WKH GLDJQRVHV RI WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV DUH QRW HQWLWOHG WR
FRQFOXVLYH ZHLJKW RU HYHQ D SUHVXPSWLRQ LQ IDYRU RI WKH &ODLPDQW FRXUWV
KDYH QRWHG WKDW WKHLU RSLQLRQV GHVHUYH μVSHFLDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ¶´ FLWDWLRQ
RPLWWHG
FRUUHFW ² ZH LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKHLU RSLQLRQV VKRXOG EH
³SURSHUO\ FUHGLWHG DQG ZHLJKHG´ ,G ,QGHHG 3HDERG\
FRQFHGHV DV PXFK ³,Q SRVW XQSXEOLVKHG GHFLVLRQV
KRZHYHU WKLV &RXUW DOPRVW XQLIRUPO\ KDV UHFRJQL]HG WKDW
QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJ 7XVVH\ $/-V DUH QRW UHTXLUHG WR FUHGLW
WUHDWLQJGRFWRUV¶RSLQLRQVHLWKHUVWDQGLQJDORQHRUZKHUHWKHUH
LVFRQIOLFWLQJSURRILQWKHUHFRUG´3HWLWLRQHU¶V%UDW
:H WKHUHIRUH FRQFOXGH WKDW 3HDERG\¶V ³WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ
SUHVXPSWLRQ´ DUJXPHQW ODFNV PHULW DQG GLVDJUHH ZLWK LWV
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKH7XVVH\GHFLVLRQDVDPELJXRXVRULQ
FRQIOLFWZLWKWKHHVWDEOLVKHGFDVHODZ
7XVVH\UHTXLUHV$/-VLQEODFNOXQJFDVHVWRH[DPLQHWKH
PHGLFDORSLQLRQVRIWUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQVRQWKHLUPHULWVDQGWR
PDNH D UHDVRQHG MXGJPHQW DERXW WKHLU FUHGLELOLW\ 7KHVH
RSLQLRQVVKRXOGEH³>J@LYHQWKHLUSURSHUGHIHUHQFH´7XVVH\
)GDW,QGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOHYHORIGHIHUHQFHWKDW
ZRXOGEHSURSHUZHWXUQWR&)5† G ZKLFK
GHOLQHDWHV WKH FULWHULD IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PHGLFDO
HYLGHQFHLQEODFNOXQJSURFHHGLQJV
,QDSSURSULDWHFDVHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHPLQHU
DQG KLV WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ PD\ FRQVWLWXWH VXEVWDQWLDO
HYLGHQFHLQVXSSRUWRIWKHDGMXGLFDWLRQRIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQ
WR JLYH WKDW SK\VLFLDQ¶V RSLQLRQ FRQWUROOLQJ ZHLJKW
SURYLGHG WKDW WKH ZHLJKW JLYHQ WR WKH RSLQLRQ RI D
PLQHU¶V WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ VKDOO DOVR EH EDVHG RQ WKH
FUHGLELOLW\ RI WKH SK\VLFLDQ¶V RSLQLRQ LQ OLJKW RI LWV
UHDVRQLQJ DQG GRFXPHQWDWLRQ RWKHU UHOHYDQW HYLGHQFH
DQGWKHUHFRUGDVDZKROH

-- 7 of 8 --

3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO 1R
,Q ILQGLQJ WKDW *URYHV KDG VXIIHUHG IURP SQHXPRFRQLRVLV ZKLFK
3HDERG\¶V H[SHUWV GLVSXWHG WKH $/- VWDWHG
, JLYH WKH PRVW ZHLJKW WR WKH RSLQLRQV RI 'UV -RKQVRQ DQG %OXH
DV EXWWUHVVHG E\ WKH RSLQLRQV RI >IRXU RWKHU SK\VLFLDQV@ DQG
VHYHUDO RI >*URYHV¶V@ KRVSLWDO UHFRUGV 'UV %OXH DQG -RKQVRQ
ZHUH >*URYHV¶V@ WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV 0RUH ZHLJKW PD\ EH
DFFRUGHG WR WKH FRQFOXVLRQV RI D WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ DV KH LV PRUH
OLNHO\ WR EH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH 0LQHU¶V FRQGLWLRQ WKDQ D SK\VLFLDQ
ZKR H[DPLQHV KLP HSLVRGLFDOO\ >$@ FRPSDULVRQ RI PHGLFDO
UHSRUWV DQG WHVWV RYHU D ORQJ SHULRG RI WLPH PD\ FRQFHLYDEO\
SURYLGH D SK\VLFLDQ ZLWK D EHWWHU SHUVSHFWLYH WKDQ WK>DW RI@ D
QRQWUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ ,W LV SURSHU WR DFFRUG OHVV ZHLJKW WR
D FRQVXOWLQJ RU QRQH[DPLQLQJ SK\VLFLDQ>@ RQ WKH JURXQG WKDW KH
GRHV QRW KDYH ILUVWKDQG NQRZOHGJH RI WKH PLQHU¶V FRQGLWLRQ
-$ DW FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG +RZHYHU LQ ILQGLQJ WKDW WKH HYLGHQFH
ZDV LQVXIILFLHQW WR HVWDEOLVK GHDWK GXH WR SQHXPRFRQLRVLV WKH $/-
FRQFOXGHG WKDW 'U %OXH¶V RSLQLRQ ZKLFK KH FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV ³QRW ZHOO
GRFXPHQWHG´ ZDV ³RXWZHLJKHG E\ WKH ZHOOUHDVRQHG DQG ZHOO
GRFXPHQWHG RSLQLRQV RI 'UV %UDQVFRPE DQG )LQR´ -$ DW 7KH $/-
WKXV GLG QRW DSSO\ D WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQ SUHVXPSWLRQ LQ KLV LQLWLDO GHQLDO RI
:LOPD¶V FODLP
,G*LYHQWKLVVWDQGDUG3HDERG\¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH$/-¶V
GHFLVLRQDQGRUGHULQWKLVFDVHLVQRWWHQDEOH,QSDUWLFXODUZH
REVHUYHWKDWWKH$/-LQLWLDOO\GHQLHG:LOPD¶VFODLPILQGLQJ
WKDW :LOPD KDG IDLOHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKDW SQHXPRFRQLRVLV
KDVWHQHGKHUKXVEDQG¶VGHDWK$IWHUWKH%RDUGYDFDWHGWKLV
ILQGLQJ DQG UHPDQGHG WKH FDVH IRU IXUWKHU ILQGLQJV ZLWK
UHVSHFWWRWKHPHGLFDORSLQLRQHYLGHQFHWKH$/-IRXQGWKDW
:LOPDZDVHQWLWOHGWRVXUYLYRU¶VEHQHILWV,QKLVGHFLVLRQDQG
RUGHURQUHPDQGWKH$/-UHYLHZHG*URYHV¶VPHGLFDOUHFRUGV
DVFRPSLOHGE\KLVWUHDWLQJSK\VLFLDQVDQGWKHFRQVXOWDWLYH
UHSRUWV LVVXHG E\ D '2/ H[SHUW DQG WZR 3HDERG\ H[SHUWV
7KH$/-GLVFRXQWHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKH'2/H[SHUWZKRKDG
UHYLHZHGDOLPLWHGDPRXQWRIWKHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHDV³QRW
ZHOOUHDVRQHG´ -$ DW 7KH $/- DOVR DFFRUGHG OHVV
ZHLJKWWRWKHRSLQLRQVRI'UV%UDQVFRPEDQG)LQRDQGQRWHG
WKDW³>Q@HLWKHUSK\VLFLDQHYHUSHUVRQDOO\H[DPLQHG´*URYHV
-$DW,QDGGLWLRQWKH$/-IRXQGWKDWWKHRSLQLRQVRI
WKHVHWZRFRQVXOWDQWVZHUH³OHVVFUHGLEOH´EHFDXVHWKH\GLG
QRWPDNHDILQGLQJRISQHXPRFRQLRVLVXQOLNHWKHSK\VLFLDQV
ZKRKDGDFWXDOO\H[DPLQHG*URYHV-$DW
1R 3HDERG\&RDO&RY*URYHVHWDO
7KH 2:&3 DUJXHV WKDW WKH $/-¶V ³VXPPDU\ GLVPLVVDO RI WKH
RSLQLRQV RI 'UV )LQR DQG %UDQVFRPE IRU ODFN RI SHUVRQDO H[DPLQDWLRQ
ZDV VLPSO\ ZURQJ´ 5HVSRQGHQW 2:&3 ¶V %U DW +RZHYHU WKH
$/- KDG WZR UHDVRQV IRU JLYLQJ OHVV ZHLJKW WR WKH RSLQLRQV RI 3HDERG\¶V
H[SHUWV QHLWKHU SK\VLFLDQ KDG SHUVRQDOO\ H[DPLQHG *URYHV DQG
WKHLU RSLQLRQV DERXW *URYHV¶V FDXVH RI GHDWK ZHUH OHVV FUHGLEOH EHFDXVH
WKH\ KDG IDLOHG WR ILQG DQ\ HYLGHQFH RI SQHXPRFRQLRVLV LQ WKH ILUVW SODFH
7KH %RDUG DFNQRZOHGJHG LQ 3HDERG\¶V VHFRQG DSSHDO WKDW ³'U
%UDQVFRPE FRQFOXGHG WKDW ZKLOH >*URYHV@ GLG QRW VXIIHU IURP
SQHXPRFRQLRVLV HYHQ LI KH KDG WKH GLVHDVH LW ZRXOG QRW KDYH KDVWHQHG KLV
GHDWK´ -$ DW Q +RZHYHU LW DIILUPHG WKH $/-¶V GHFLVLRQ QRWLQJ
WKDW 'U )LQR KDG UXOHG RXW WKH H[LVWHQFH RI SQHXPRFRQLRVLV
7KH $/- JDYH ³WKH PRVW ZHLJKW´ WR *URYHV¶V WUHDWLQJ
SK\VLFLDQV
7KHLUSURJUHVVUHSRUWVHVWDEOLVKWKDWWKH\WUHDWHG>*URYHV@
IRUQHDUO\WZHQW\ILYH\HDUV>*URYHV@KDGSUREOHPVZLWK
KLVEUHDWKLQJGXULQJWKLVWLPHDQGZDVGLDJQRV>HG@ZLWK
DPRQJ RWKHU WKLQJV FKURQLF REVWUXFWLYH SXOPRQDU\
GLVHDVHEURQFKLWLVDFXWHEURQFKLWLVDQGFRDOZRUNHUV¶
SQHXPRFRQLRVLV7KHVHWUHDWPHQWQRWHVZKLFKVKRZWKDW
>*URYHV¶V@ OXQJ IXQFWLRQ ZDV LPSDLUHG VXSSRUW 'U
%OXH¶V OHWWHU RI )HEUXDU\ DQG EROVWHU KLV
FUHGLELOLW\ 7KHUHIRUH , ILQG 'U %OXH¶V OHWWHU DQG
WUHDWPHQW QRWHV DUH SHUVXDVLYH LQ HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKDW
>*URYHV¶V@GHDWKZDVKDVWHQHGE\SQHXPRFRQLRVLV
-$ DW 2Q DSSHDO WKH %RDUG DIILUPHG WKH $/-¶V
ILQGLQJWKDW:LOPDKDGHVWDEOLVKHGWKDWKHUKXVEDQG¶VGHDWK
ZDV GXH WR SQHXPRFRQLRVLV 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH %RDUG
FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH$/-¶VGHFLVLRQWRDFFRUGJUHDWHUZHLJKWWR
'U%OXH¶VRSLQLRQZDVUDWLRQDOEHFDXVH'U%OXHKDGWUHDWHG
*URYHVIRUPDQ\\HDUV7KH%RDUGDOVRQRWHGWKDWWKH$/-
KDGQRWDEXVHGKLVGLVFUHWLRQLQDFFRUGLQJOHVVZHLJKWWRWKH
RSLQLRQVRI3HDERG\¶VH[SHUWVZKRKDGQHYHUH[DPLQHGRU
WUHDWHG *URYHV DQG KDG ³UXOHG RXW WKH H[LVWHQFH RI
SQHXPRFRQLRVLVLQ>*URYHV@ZKHQLQIDFWWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKH
GLVHDVHKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG´-$DW

-- 8 of 8 --

Continue sua pesquisa no ChatGPT ou Claude

Conecte o Omnilex para pesquisar o corpus jurídico pelo seu assistente de IA.