United States of America v. DEBRA ANN NULL Debra Null

*The Honorable Arthur L. Alarcón, Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 05-2791
____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
DEBRA ANN NULL
Debra Null,
Appellant
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
D.C. Crim. Action No. 04-cr-00253
(Honorable Berle M. Schiller)
____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 28, 2006
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, NYGAARD, and ALARCÓN, * Circuit Judges
(Filed: June 14, 2006)
____________
OPINION OF THE COURT
____________
ALARCÓN, Circuit Judge.

-- 1 of 6 --

2
The District Court sentenced Ms. Null to 21 months imprisonment and restitution
in the amount of $499,923.65 for committing mail and wire fraud in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1344. Ms. Null appeals from her sentence on the grounds that the
length of the term of imprisonment violates her due process and Sixth Amendment rights
and that the order that she make restitution violates the Supreme Court’s decisions in
Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220
(2005). We affirm.
I
From 1995 to 2001, Ms. Null worked at Pickering Valley Landscape, Inc. (“PVL”)
as a bookkeeper and secretary. On April 30, 2004, the Government charged Ms. Null
with one count of mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (2005) and one count of
bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 (2005) in an information. The mail fraud
charge stemmed from allegations that between 1998 and 2001, Ms. Null used the mails to
advance a scheme that defrauded PVL of $ 413,427.26. Ms. Null wrote unauthorized
checks to pay her personal expenses. She committed bank fraud by devising and
executing a scheme to defraud Elverson National Bank by negotiating unauthorized
checks totaling $86,496.39 from PVL’s accounts at the bank.
On January 21, 2005, Ms. Null pled guilty to both counts in the information. The
guilty plea did not specify the amount of loss caused by Ms. Null’s crimes. On May 18,
2005, after the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Booker, the District Court sentenced
Ms. Null to 21 months in prison and ordered her to pay $499,923.65 in restitution to PVL.

-- 2 of 6 --

1Under the United State Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.” or “Sentencing
Guidelines”), sentences for mail and bank fraud are calculated in part by adding together
a base offense level and a specific offense characteristic level. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1
(2000). A primary ingredient of the specific offense characteristic level is the amount of
loss caused by the defendant’s crimes – the greater the amount of money stolen, the
longer the sentence imposed may be. See id. Ms. Null’s sentence range, without any
finding as to the amount of loss caused, with a base offense level of 6, would be 0-6
months. See id.; see also Presentence Investigation Report prepared by the U. S.
Probation Office for Debra Ann Null, Case No. 04-00253 at 3.
2The mail fraud statute in effect in 1998 provided that anyone devising a scheme to
defraud who uses the mails for the purpose of executing that scheme could be imprisoned
for up to 5 years. 18 U.S.C. § 1341. The bank fraud statute provided that anyone who
knowingly executes a scheme to obtain property under the custody of a financial
institution by means of false pretenses could face up to 30 years in prison. 18 U.S.C. §
1344.
3
II
A
Ms. Null argues on appeal that because her offense was committed pre-Booker, the
District Court erred in not applying the “mandatory” guideline scheme in effect at the
time which would give her a sentence range of 0-6 months.1 Application of Booker’s
remedial holding that the guidelines are only “advisory,” Ms. Null argues, violates ex post
facto principles and her right to due process by increasing the maximum sentence she
could receive from the top of the guideline range (6 months, according to Ms. Null) to the
35-year maximum allowed under the statutes defining the offenses in effect at the time.2
Ms. Null also argues that under Booker, her sentence violates her Sixth Amendment right
to trial by jury because it is not within the Sentencing Guidelines range of 0-6 months.
She contends that since she did not admit or stipulate to the amount of the monetary loss

-- 3 of 6 --

3 The Sentencing Guidelines in effect at the time provided that a judge could find
facts, by a preponderance of the evidence, to determine a sentence based in part on the
amount of loss involved, and that if a judge found that a defendant caused a loss of
between $350,000 and $500,000, that defendant could be sentenced to 21 months in
prison. See 18 U.S.C. § 3551(a); U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1)(J).
4
resulting from her fraudulent scheme at the time she entered her guilty plea, her sentence
was solely based on judge-found facts, in violation of Booker. Whether a sentence
violates the Due Process Clause and the Sixth Amendment of the United States
Constitution is a legal question subject to plenary review. United States v. Williams, 235
F.3d 858, 861 (3d Cir. 2000).
Ms. Null argues that applying the remedial provisions of Booker retroactively to
the dates of her offenses violated her right to due process by increasing the penalty ex
post facto, without providing her fair warning of the enhanced punishment. We disagree.
The remedial opinion in Booker did not change the potential sentence Ms. Null was
eligible to receive. It is undisputed that mail fraud and bank fraud were crimes at the time
of Ms. Null’s offenses. Ms. Null had notice in 1998, when she began her criminal
activity, that the statutory maximums for her mail and bank fraud crimes were 5 and 30
years, respectively; that a court would engage in fact-finding to determine her sentence;
and that defrauding another of between $350,000 and $500,000 could result in a 21-
month prison term.3 Therefore, the District Court’s application of the remedial opinion in

-- 4 of 6 --

4 The First, Second, Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Eleventh Circuits have recently
heard and rejected similar ex post facto arguments. See United States v. Lata, 415 F.3d
107 (1st Cir. 2005) (rejecting an ex post facto claim based on the remedial holding in
Booker); United States v. Vaughn, 430 F.3d 518 (2d Cir. 2005) (same); United States v.
Scroggins, 411 F.3d 572 (5th Cir. 2005) (rejecting similar due process challenge and
stating “there is no warrant for not applying Justice Breyer’s Booker opinion to this
case”); United States v. Jamison, 416 F.3d 538 (7th Cir. 2005) (same); United States v.
Dupas, 417 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir.), amended by 419 F.3d 916 (9th Cir. 2005) (same);
United States v. Duncan, 400 F.3d 1297, 1306-08 (11th Cir. 2005) (rejecting an identical
argument and stating that the defendant had sufficient warning to satisfy due process
concerns because the U.S. Code informed him of the maximum punishment and the
Federal Guidelines informed him that the judge would engage in fact finding to determine
his sentence).
5
Booker did not deprive Ms. Null of her due process right to fair warning of the possible
punishment for her criminal activity.4
B
Ms. Null’s contention that the District Court violated her Sixth Amendment right
to trial by jury by increasing her sentence based on judge-found facts, i.e. the amount of
the monetary loss resulting from her fraudulent scheme, is also unconvincing. In entering
her guilty plea to mail and bank fraud, Ms. Null did not indicate the amount of loss
caused by her crimes. She argues that, under Booker, her maximum sentence must be
based solely on the base offense level for mail and bank fraud, without any increase for
the amount of the monetary loss resulting from her fraud. Ms. Null’s reliance on Booker
and United States v. Davis, 407 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2005) (en banc) for this proposition is
misplaced. Davis applies only to sentences imposed before Booker under the mandatory
provisions of the Sentencing Guidelines. 407 F.3d at 163-65. Ms. Null was sentenced

-- 5 of 6 --

6
post-Booker. Justice Breyer’s remedial opinion in Booker recast the Sentencing
Guidelines as merely advisory. A district court judge is free to make any findings
relevant to the Sentencing Guidelines calculation.
III
Ms. Null also contends that the District Court erred in determining the amount of
restitution she must pay because the Supreme Court’s rulings in Blakely v. Washington,
542 U.S. 296 (2004) and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005) proscribe a judge
from determining the amount of restitution based on judge-found facts. “[W]e exercise
plenary review over whether an award of restitution is permitted under law, [and] we
review specific awards of restitution for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Crandon,
173 F.3d 122, 125 (3d Cir. 1999).
After Ms. Null filed her appeal, this Court decided United States v. Leahy, 438
F.3d 328 (3d Cir. 2006) (en banc), which held that Blakely and Booker do not apply to
orders of restitution imposed as part of a criminal sentence under the Mandatory Victim
Restitution Act (“MVRA”), at issue here. 438 F.3d at 337 (Booker does not extend Sixth
Amendment protection to criminals so as to bar a judge from determining the sum of
restitution a defendant must pay). Accordingly, the District Court did not err in
determining that the amount of loss was $499,923.65, or in ordering that Ms. Null pay
that amount in restitution as provided under the MVRA.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

-- 6 of 6 --