Mao Li Huang v. JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States

*Honorable Thomas N. O’Neill, Jr., U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 01-2950
___________
MAO LI HUANG,
Petitioner
v.
JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States,
Respondent
______________________________
Petition For Review Of An Order From The United States
Board of Immigration Appeals
INS No. A77 007 574
______________________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 18, 2002
Before NYGAARD and AMBRO, Circuit Judges, and O’NEILL,* District Judge.
(Filed June 28, 2002)
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OPINION OF THE COURT
___________
O'NEILL, J.:
Petitioner Mao Li Huang is seeking review of the United States Board of Immigration Appeals’
decision of June 25, 2001, dismissing his appeal as untimely. Huang asserts that the attorney

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1 “A.R.” refers to the certified administrative record submitted with the petition.
2 The appeal form stated:
The appellant established by an overwhelming preponderance of the credible evidence
that he and his wife were persecuted for violation of China’s coercive family planning
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representing him before the Immigration Judge failed to file an appeal but hid this fact from Huang and
his family resulting in a violation of his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment of the United
States Constitution.
I.
Huang entered the United States in April, 1999. On May 6, 1999 the Immigration and
Naturalization Service issued a Notice to Appear against Huang. The INS asserted that Huang was
removable from the United States under the Immigration and Nationality Act for misrepresenting a
material fact in order to obtain admission to the United States, 8 U.S.C. § 1182 (a)(6)(c)(i), and for
failing to possess a valid entry document at the time of his admission, § 1182 (a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Huang, a
native of the People’s Republic of China, applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection
under the Convention Against Torture. On August 11, 1999 an Immigration Judge denied this request
and ordered his removal. Huang had until September 10, 1999 to appeal this decision to the Board of
Immigration Appeals. 8 C.F.R. § 3.38(b).
On September 1, 2000 new counsel for petitioner filed an entry of appearance, notice of
appeal and request for a stay of deportation. (A.R. 9). 1 The accompanying letter explained that the
“appeal had not previously been taken because of representations by [Huang’s] former counsel that
[the] appeal had been taken, when it had not. These representations by his former counsel were
continued until a few days ago, when for the first time the alien’s relatives learned otherwise.” Id. 2

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policy, with his wife being sterilized against her will. The appellant did not take this
appeal because his former attorney assured his relatives that the appeal had been taken
and that they were only awaiting the result. It is only recently that the relatives learned
that no appeal had been taken, within the last week.
(A.R. 18).
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Petitioner’s request for a stay of removal was denied on September 1, 2000, the same day it was filed.
On petitioner’s notice of appeal form his counsel placed an “X” next to item number “6”
thereby agreeing to the statement: “I will file a separate written brief or statement in addition to the
“Reason(s) for Appeal” written above or accompanying this form” (A.R. 19). Following item number
“6” is a box with a large bold exclamation point next to which is the statement: “WARNING: Your
appeal may be summarily dismissed if you indicate in Item #6 that you will file a separate written brief
or statement and, within the time set for filing, you fail to file the brief or statement and do not
reasonably explain such failure.” Id. (emphasis in original). Thereafter, no brief or statement was filed,
and on June 25, 2001, the BIA dismissed petitioner’s appeal as untimely.
In its June 25 decision the BIA stated that should petitioner wish “to file a motion to reconsider
challenging the finding that the appeal was untimely, [he] must file [his] motion with the Board.”
Petitioner never filed such a motion. On July 24, 2001 Huang submitted the present petition for review.
On July 25, 2001, this Court granted Huang’s request for a stay of removal pending the outcome of this
petition.
II.

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The government contends that this Court lacks jurisdiction over Huang’s petition because he
failed to comply with 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d), which precludes review by this Court unless “the alien has
exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right.” Petitioner never submitted a
supplemental brief following his notice of appeal and never filed a motion to reconsider with the BIA
following the denial of his appeal. The only explanation ever received by the BIA for petitioner’s
tardiness in filing ever received by the BIA was the two sentences he included with the materials filed on
September 1, 2000.
Petitioner asserts that the BIA never received the supplemental brief promised by petitioner’s
counsel because the BIA “failed to follow its own procedures” by not serving the parties with a briefing
schedule, (Pet. Rep. at 5), and the BIA “did not accept a brief from [Huang’s] counsel.” (Pet. Br. at
14). However, petitioner has not submitted any evidence or other support for these assertions.
Following the dismissal of his appeal, petitioner states that he declined to file a motion to
reconsider with the BIA because he had “presented his claim of ineffectiveness of counsel to the [BIA]
twice, and was rebuffed twice,” (Rep. Br. at 4), implying that any further submissions would have been
futile. This assertion appears to be based on the BIA’s denial of his request for a stay of removal on
September 1, 2000 and the dismissal of his appeal on June 25, 2001. However, nothing in the BIA’s
treatment of either of these submissions provides an explanation as to why petitioner failed to submit to
the BIA more than a two-sentence explanation of the circumstances that led to his untimely appeal.
Petitioner’s failure to file a motion to reconsider with the BIA is particularly noteworthy in light of the
specific instruction contained in the BIA’s decision concerning the procedure for “challenging the finding
that the appeal was untimely.” (A.R. 2). As the government notes, among the citations the BIA

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3 The government attacks the sufficiency of an affidavit filed by Huang’s sister in support of his
request for a stay of removal. This affidavit has not been submitted to the Court and we therefore are
unable to consider what possible effect it might have had on the BIA.
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included in the instruction was Matter of Lopez, Interim Decision 3343 (BIA 1998). In Lopez the
Board held that “it retains jurisdiction over a motion to reconsider its dismissal of an untimely appeal to
the extent that the motion challenges the finding of untimeliness or requests consideration of the reasons
for untimeliness.” Consideration of the reasons for the untimeliness of Huang’s appeal is exactly what
petitioner claims he was denied; yet a motion for reconsideration was never filed. Since the BIA was
never given a brief containing a detailed factual explanation of these circumstances, let alone any legal
analysis in support of those facts, it is not surprising that there is nothing in the BIA’s order indicating
that it had considered petitioner’s contentions concerning his attorney’s role in causing the delayed
filing. 3 In our view, petitioner was not deprived of an opportunity to submit his claims to the BIA; he
simply did not do so.
Petitioner further contends exhaustion of his claim with the BIA is not required because the
Board does not have jurisdiction to adjudicate due process claims alleging ineffective assistance of
counsel. However, it is the law of this Circuit that the BIA may properly examine claims of ineffective
assistance. See Lu v. Ashroft, 259 F.3d 127 (3d Cir. 2001). In Lu, petitioner, like Huang, sought
asylum claiming persecution under the People’s Republic of China’s “one couple – one child” policy.
The petitioner’s request was denied and he claimed thereafter, as here, that his attorney agreed to
pursue an appeal, but then unbeknownst to petitioner failed to do so. Petitioner then filed a motion to
reopen the administrative proceeding with the Immigration Judge seeking to allow the filing of an

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untimely appeal with the BIA based on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The Immigration
Judge denied the motion and petitioner appealed to the BIA, which also rejected the claim of ineffective
assistance. The Lu Court affirmed the denial of petitioner’s motion to reopen, holding that the BIA’s
three prong test for analyzing ineffective assistance claims was a reasonable exercise of its discretion.
259 F.3d at 133. In the case before us the BIA was not afforded the opportunity to apply these
factors. Huang states that Lu is “not apposite” because it “concerned the affirmance of a motion to
reopen.” (Pet. Rep. Br. at 4). In Huang’s case however, despite being in a situation procedurally
identical to the Lu petitioner, no similar motion was submitted. This does not render Lu inapposite, but
rather underscores Huang’s failure to take the action that was necessary for review of his claim.
Huang relies on our statement in Marrero v. INS, 990 F.2d 772, 778 (3d Cir. 1993), citing
Sewak v. INS, 900 F.2d 667, 670 (3d Cir. 1990) : “There is a limited exception to the requirement of
exhaustion when there is no administrative forum in which an alien could advance a due process claim.
Thus, were the BIA the only available forum, failure to exhaust would be excused.” Both Sewak and
Marrero cite with approval Vargas v. United States Dep’t of Immigration Naturalization, 831 F.2d
906, 908 (9th Cir. 1987), which states, “due process claims are generally exempt from [the exhaustion
requirement] because the BIA does not have jurisdiction to adjudicate constitutional issues.”
However, these cases did not involve claims of ineffective assistance of counsel but rather challenged an
order of deportation imposed on an alien in absentia. As these due process claims amounted to
procedural errors correctable through the administrative process we held that they fell outside the
exemption from the exhaustion requirement for due process claims. See Marrero, 990 F.2d at 778;
Sewak, 900 F.2d. at 670. While there may be some due process claims that lie outside the discretion

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4 Petitioner also relies on the statement of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Rabiu
v. I.N.S., 41 F.3d 879 (2d Cir. 1994), quoting the Rabiu Court as stating: “In light of the fact that the
BIA does not have jurisdiction to adjudicate the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel . . . we will
consider Rabiu’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” 41 F.3d at 882, (Pet. Rep. Br. at 2-3).
The quote in its entirety is as follows:
In light of the fact that the BIA does not have jurisdiction to adjudicate the issue of ineffective
assistance of counsel, see [Arango-Aradando v. INS, 13 F.3d 610, 614 (2d Cir. 1994)], we
find that the prudential concerns raised in Arango-Aradondo are not present. We would not be
prematurely interfering with the agency’s processes, the agency has considered the facts before
us and provided its expertise, and the record on appeal is adequate. Under these
circumstances, we will consider Rabiu’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
In Arango, the Court held that while the failure to move to reopen did not deprive the Court of
jurisdiction because the BIA did not have jurisdiction to decide constitutional issues, “for prudential
reasons, ineffectiveness claims should be decided by the BIA in the first instance . . . [thus avoiding] any
premature interference with the agency’s processes and, in addition to affording the parties and courts
the benefit of the agency’s expertise, it will compile a record for judicial review.” Arango, 13 F.3d at
614. Accordingly the Arango Court denied petitioner’s application for review, granting him a sixty day
stay of deportation in which to file a motion to reopen with the BIA.
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of the BIA, under
Lu the Board may properly review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. 259 F.3d at 132 (“This
is the first opportunity we have had to review the Board’s three prong test for analyzing ineffective
assistance of counsel claims. We conclude that it is a reasonable exercise of the Board’s discretion.”).
4
We agree with petitioner’s contention that the exhaustion of administrative remedies is not
always required when the petitioner advances a due process claim. See Sewak v. INS, 900 F.2d 667,
670 (3d Cir. 1990). However in Sewak the Court noted that petitioner had “raised before the BIA,
and the BIA considered, the same issues he raises in his petition for review in this Court. It cannot be
denied that [petitioner] has exhausted his remedy of appeal to the BIA.” 900 F.2d at 670-71. As
noted above this situation bears no resemblance to the case before us. As the Court of Appeals for the

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Ninth Circuit stated in Liu v. Waters, 55 F.3d 421, 426 (9th Cir. 1995): “Counsel should not expect to
resurrect hopelessly neglected points before this court by claiming that they involved due process and
thus could not have been considered by the BIA.” See Sewak, 900 F.2d at 673 (“As an appellate
Court we do not take testimony, hear evidence or determine disputed facts in the first instance. Instead
we rely upon a record developed in those fora that do take evidence and find facts.”).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review will be denied and the stay of removal granted
on July 25, 2001 will be vacated.
_________________________________
TO THE CLERK:
Please file the foregoing opinion.
/s/ Thomas N. O'Neill, Jr.
United States District Judge

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