Vidstream LLC v. Twitter, Inc.

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________

VIDSTREAM LLC,
Appellant

v.

TWITTER, INC.,
Appellee
______________________

2019-1734, 2019-1735
______________________

Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2017-
00829, IPR2017-00830.
______________________

Decided: November 25, 2020
______________________

E
AGLE HOWARD ROBINSON, Norton Rose Fulbright US
LLP, Austin, TX, for appellant. Also represented by
STEPHANIE DEBROW.

DAVID L. MCCOMBS, Haynes & Boone, LLP, Dallas, TX,
for appellee. Also represented by DEBRA JANECE
MCCOMAS; RAGHAV BAJAJ, Austin, TX; THOMAS B. KING,
Costa Mesa, CA.
______________________

Before N
EWMAN, O’MALLEY, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
2

NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
On two inter partes review (“IPR”) petitions filed by
Twitter, Inc., the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”
or “Board”) held that claims 1–35 of U.S. Patent No.
9,083,997 (“the ’997 patent”), assigned to VidStream LLC,
are unpatentable on the ground of obviousness.
1
Vid-
Stream appeals, arguing that the Board erred in finding
that a book authored by Anselm Bradford and Paul Haine
2

(“Bradford”) is prior art against the ’997 patent.
We affirm the Board’s holding that Bradford is prior
art. With Bradford as the primary reference, VidStream
does not appeal the Board’s decision of unpatentability of
claims 1–35. That decision is affirmed.
B
ACKGROUND
The ’997 patent is titled: “Recording and Publishing
Content on Social Media Websites.” The Abstract states
the invention as: “Methods, systems, and apparatus, in-
cluding computer programs encoded on a computer storage
medium, for recording and publishing content on social net-
working websites and other websites . . . .” ’997 patent, Ab-
stract. The ’997 patent’s priority date is May 9, 2012.
Twitter filed two petitions for IPR, with method claims
1–19 in one petition, and medium and system claims 20–

1
Twitter, Inc. v. VidStream, LLC, No. IPR2017-
00829, 2019 WL 360174 (P.T.A.B. Jan. 28, 2019) and No.
IPR2017-00830, 2019 WL 360175 (P.T.A.B. Jan. 28, 2019).
The Board issued substantially identical opinions. Cita-
tions to “Board Op.” are to IPR2017-00829 unless other-
wise noted.
2
Anselm Bradford & Paul Haine, HTML5 Mastery:
Semantics, Standards, and Styling
(2011).
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
3
35 in the other petition. Twitter cited Bradford as the pri-
mary reference for both petitions, combined with other ref-
erences. With the petitions, Twitter filed copies of several
pages of the Bradford book, and explained their relevance
to the ’997 claims.
Twitter also filed a Bradford copyright page which con-
tains the legend:
Copyright © 2011 by Anselm Bradford and Paul
Haine
This page also states the ISBN
3
information:
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-3861-4
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-3862-1
The issue on appeal arises because a page of the copy of
Bradford cited in Twitter’s petitions states:
Made in the USA
Middletown, DE
13 December 2015

3
The ISBN is the unique International Standard
Book Number which identifies a book. See International
ISBN Agency, ISBN Users’ Manual §§ 2, 3.9, 6.1 (7th ed.
2017) (The International Standard Book Number (“ISBN”)
“is a unique international identifier for monographic pub-
lications . . . . A separate ISBN shall be assigned to each
separate monographic publication or separate edition or
format of a monographic publication issued by a pub-
lisher. A separate ISBN shall be assigned to each different
language edition of a monographic publication. . . . A sep-
arate ISBN should not be assigned to an unchanged edition
or unchanged reprint of the same publication, issued in the
same product form, product form detail, product form fea-
ture, with the same usage constraints, by the same pub-
lisher or imprint.”).
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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VidStream, in its patent owner’s response, stated that
Bradford is not an available reference because it was pub-
lished December 13, 2015. Twitter filed replies with addi-
tional documents, including a copy of Bradford that was
obtained from the Library of Congress,
4
marked “Copyright
© 2011;” this copy did not contain the “Made in the USA
Middletown, DE 13 December 2015” legend. Twitter also
obtained from the Copyright Office a copy of Bradford’s
Certificate of Registration, that states:
Effective date of registration: January 18, 2012
* * *
Date of 1st Publication: November 8, 2011
The Certificate of Registration further states: “This Certif-
icate issued under the seal of the Copyright Office in ac-
cordance with title 17, United States Code, attests that
registration has been made for the work identified below.
The information on this certificate has been made a part of
the Copyright Office records.”
Twitter also filed the Declaration of “an expert on li-
brary cataloging and classification,” Dr. Ingrid Hsieh-Yee,
who declared that Bradford was available at the Library of
Congress in 2011. Hsieh-Yee Decl. at ¶¶ 5, 15. Dr. Hsieh-
Yee cited a Machine-Readable Cataloging (“MARC”) record
that was created on August 25, 2011 by the book vendor,
Baker & Taylor Incorporated Technical Services & Product
Development, adopted by George Mason University, and

4
The Library of Congress’ copy is accompanied by
the following statement: “THIS IS TO CERTIFY that the
collections of the Library of Congress contain a book enti-
tled HTML5 MASTERY: SEMANTICS, STANDARDS,
AND STYLING, Anselm Bradford and Paul Haine . . ., and
that the following pages are a true and complete represen-
tation from that work.”
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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modified by the Library of Congress on December 4, 2011.
Id. at ¶¶ 13–15 (“It is my opinion that Bradford would have
been searchable on WorldCat as early as August 8, 2011,
but in any event no later than December 4, 2011, and there-
fore accessible to the public as of that time.”). Dr. Hsieh-
Yee explained that “[l] ibrary online catalogs are based on
MARC records that represent their collections and help the
public understand what materials are publicly accessible
in those libraries.” Id. at ¶ 11.
In addition, Twitter filed the Declaration of attorney
Raghan Bajaj, who stated that he compared the pages from
the copy of Bradford submitted with the petitions, and the
pages from the Library of Congress copy of Bradford, and
that they are identical. Bajaj Decl. at ¶ 5. Twitter stated
that the 2015 date is a “reprint date.” Twitter Br. at 12
(“[What VidStream relies on] is a reprint date on a copy of
the work indicating that particular copy was printed on De-
cember 13, 2015.”).
Twitter also filed copies of archived webpages from the
Internet Archive, showing the Bradford book listed on a
publicly accessible website (http://www.html5mas-
tery.com/) bearing the website date November 28, 2011,
and website pages dated December 6, 2011 showing the
Bradford book available for purchase from Amazon in both
an electronic Kindle Edition and in paperback.
VidStream filed a sur-rep ly challenging the timeliness
and the probative value of the supplemental information
submitted by Twitter.
The Board instituted the IPR petitions, found that
Bradford was an available reference, and held claims 1–35
unpatentable in light of Bradford in combination with
other cited references. VidStream appeals.
S
TANDARD OF REVIEW
Whether a document is prior art under 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(a) is a legal determination, based on the specific
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
6
facts. Medtronic, Inc. v. Barry, 891 F.3d 1368, 1380 (Fed.
Cir. 2018). We review the Board’s legal determinations de
novo, and its factual findings for support by substantial ev-
idence. In re Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC, 793 F.3d 1268,
1280 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Substantial evidence is “such rele-
vant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as ade-
quate to support a conclusion.” Consol. Edison Co. v. Nat’l
Labor Relations Bd., 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938). Substantial
evidence may be “something less than the weight of the ev-
idence but more than a mere scintilla of evidence.” In re
Mouttet, 686 F.3d 1322, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
The PTAB’s evidentiary rulings are reviewed on the
standard of abuse of discretion. Belden Inc. v. Berk-Tek
LLC, 805 F.3d 1064, 1078 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Abuse of dis-
cretion arises if the ruling: “(1) is clearly unreasonable, ar-
bitrary, or fanciful; (2) is based on an erroneous conclusion
of law; (3) rests on clearly erroneous fact findings; or (4)
follows from a record that contains no evidence on which
the Board could rationally base its decision.” Shu-Hui
Chen v. Bouchard, 347 F.3d 1299, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
D
ISCUSSION
VidStream argues that the Board erred in accepting
and considering the documents that Twitter provided with
its replies. VidStream states that the Bradford pages that
were filed with Twitter’s petitions were published Decem-
ber 13, 2015, and that Twitter did not show that these
pages were available before the ’997 patent’s filing date.
VidStream argues that Bradford was not shown to be a ref-
erence against the ’997 patent.
A.
Evidence – PTAB Rules and Procedure
VidStream argues that the Board violated its own rules
in considering evidence that was not provided with the IPR
petitions, but only with the replies.
VidStream states that the petitions showed a Decem-
ber 13, 2015 publication date for Bradford, a date long after
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
7
the May 9, 2012 filing date of the ’997 patent. VidStream
stresses that the Board erred by relying on evidence that
was first submitted with Twitter’s reply briefs, and also
that this evidence does not show that the Bradford book on
which the IPR petitions were based was accessible before
VidStream’s 2012 filing date. VidStream states that on
proper evidentiary process, there was insufficient evidence
that Bradford was a printed publication before the Vid-
Stream filing date, because the pages of Bradford filed with
the petitions were “made” on “13 December 2015.”
VidStream argues that Twitter was required to include
with its petitions all the evidence on which it relies, for the
PTO’s Trial Guide for inter partes review requires that
“[P]etitioner’s case-in-chief” must be made in the petition,
and “Petitioner may not submit new evidence or argument
in reply that it could have presented earlier.” Trial Prac-
tice Guide Update, United States Patent and Trademark
Office 14–15 (Aug. 2018), https://www.uspto.gov/sites/de-
fault/files/documents/2018_Revised_Trial_Practice_Guide.
pdf.
Twitter filed, with its replies: a copy of the U.S. Copy-
right Office Certificate of Registration which states the
date of first publication as November 8, 2011; a Library of
Congress copy of Bradford; and, the Declaration of Raghav
Bajaj that he had compared the excerpts of Bradford sub-
mitted with the petitions with the same pages in the Li-
brary of Congress copy of Bradford, and found them
“identical.” VidStream moved to exclude these documents.
Twitter responded that the information filed with its
replies was appropriate in view of VidStream’s challenge to
Bradford’s publication date, and that this practice is per-
mitted by the PTAB rules and by precedent, which states:
[T]he petitioner in an inter partes review proceed-
ing may introduce new evidence after the petition
stage if the evidence is a legitimate reply to evi-
dence introduced by the patent owner, or if it is
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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used to document the knowledge that skilled arti-
sans would bring to bear in reading the prior art
identified as producing obviousness.
Anacor Pharm., Inc. v. Iancu, 889 F.3d 1372, 1380–81 (Fed.
Cir. 2018) (internal quotation omitted). “[The Board] has
broad discretion to regulate the presentation of evi-
dence . . . .” Belden, 805 F.3d at 1081.
VidStream also argues that it was deprived of a fair
opportunity to respond to the evidence submitted with
Twitter’s replies. Twitter points out that VidStream was
not prejudiced, for the Board authorized VidStream to file
a sur-reply, and it did so.
The Board denied VidStream’s Motion to Exclude,
holding that it was appropriate to permit Twitter to re-
spond to VidStream’s challenge by providing additional ev-
idence to establish the Bradford publication date. We
conclude that the Board acted appropriately, for the Board
permitted both sides to provide evidence concerning the
reference date of the Bradford book, in pursuit of the cor-
rect answer.
B. The Bradford Publication Date
“‘[P]ublic accessibility’ has been called the touchstone
in determining whether a reference constitutes a ‘printed
publication . . . .’” In re Hall, 781 F.2d 897, 899 (Fed. Cir.
1986). “A reference will be considered publicly accessible if
it was disseminated or otherwise made available to the ex-
tent that persons interested and ordinarily skilled in the
subject matter or art exercising reasonable diligence[] can
locate it.” Medtronic, 891 F.3d at 1380 (alteration in origi-
nal) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Whether a refer-
ence is publicly accessible is determined on a case-by-case
basis based on the ‘facts and circumstances surrounding
the reference’s disclosure to members of the public.’” In re
Lister, 583 F.3d 1307, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting In re
Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d 1345, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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When the status of a reference is reasonably chal-
lenged, the provider of the reference has the burden of es-
tablishing that the requirements of “printed publication”
are met. See Jazz Pharm., Inc. v. Amneal Pharm., LLC,
895 F.3d 1347, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“[W]hether a refer-
ence is a ‘printed publication’ is a ‘case-by-case inquiry into
the facts and circumstances surrounding the reference’s
disclosure to members of the public.’” (quoting Klopfen-
stein, 380 F.3d at 1350)).
The Board found that the November 8, 2011 date of
first publication, stated in the Copyright Office’s Regis-
tration Certificate, supports the 2011 copyright date of
the copy of Bradford obtained from the Library of Con-
gress and “is consistent with Bradford being for sale on
Amazon in December 2011,” and “indicates it was pub-
lished by an established publisher.” Board Op. at *5. See
Kyocera Wireless Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 545 F.3d
1340, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (finding public accessibility
when the reference was contained in a book sold to the pub-
lic). When there is an established publisher there is a pre-
sumption of public accessibility as of the publication date.
See Giora George Angres, Ltd. v. Tinny Beauty & Figure,
Inc., 116 F.3d 1497, No. 96-1507, 1997 WL 355479 at *7
(Fed. Cir. 1997) (“[A]s Memoirs was published (in England)
by an established publisher, there is no reason to suspect
that it was not publicly available, including to one skilled
in the art, and no evidence was presented that it was not.”
(citing Hall, 781 F.2d at 899)).
The Board found that the Amazon webpage from the
Internet Archive, www.amazon.com/HTML5-Mastery-
Semantics-Standards-Styling/dp/1430238615, “supports
that Bradford was publicly accessible in 2011, and, in par-
ticular, that interested persons could order the book from
Amazon either in hard copy or electronically.” Board Op.
at *6. The Board discussed all the materials that were sub-
mitted, and found:
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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Although no one piece of evidence definitively es-
tablishes Bradford’s public accessibility prior to
May 9, 2012, we find that the evidence, viewed as
a whole, sufficiently does so. In particular, we find
the following evidence supports this finding: (1)
Bradford’s front matter, including its copyright
date and indicia that it was published by an estab-
lished publisher (Exs. 1010, 1042, 2004); (2) the
copyright registration for Bradford (Exs. 1015,
1041); (3) the archived Amazon webpage showing
Bradford could be purchased on that website in De-
cember 2011 (Ex. 1016); and (4) Dr. Hsieh-Yee’s
testimony showing creation and modification of
MARC records for Bradford in 2011.
Id. at *9.
VidStream argues that the Board erred, and that even
if Twitter’s evidence submitted in reply were considered,
Twitter did not establish that the pages of Bradford that
were provided with the petitions were published before
VidStream’s May 9, 2012 priority date. VidStream states
that “the Board not only considered, but indeed based its
public accessibility findings on evidence relating to a ver-
sion (or versions) of Bradford other than the version . . . in
Twitter’s IPR petition,” VidStream Br. 9 (emphasis re-
moved). VidStream states that the Board “departed from
the specific grounds of unpatentability set forth in the pe-
titions and thus exceeded its statutory authority.” Id.
VidStream stresses that the Board did not link the
2015 copy of Bradford with the evidence purporting to show
publication in 2011, i.e., the date of copyright registration,
the archival dates for the Amazon and other webpages, and
the date the MARC records were created. VidStream ar-
gues that the Board did not “scrutiniz[e] whether those doc-
uments actually demonstrated that any version of
Bradford was publicly accessible at that time.” VidStream
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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Br. 22. VidStream states that Twitter did not meet its bur-
den of showing that Bradford was accessible prior art.
Twitter responds that the Board correctly found that
the collective evidence, including: the Copyright Office evi-
dence of Bradford’s 2011 copyright registration, the 2011
copyright date in every copy of Bradford, the presence of an
established publisher, the listing for sale on Amazon web
pages in 2011, and the book’s existence in the MARC rec-
ords dated August 25, 2011, all uniformly support publica-
tion and public accessibility before the ’997 patent’s
priority date of May 9, 2012. Twitter states that the evi-
dence established the identity of the pages of Bradford filed
with the petitions and the pages from the copy of Bradford
in the Library of Congress. Twitter explains that the copy
“made” on December 13, 2015 was a reprint, for the 2015
copy has the same ISBN as the Library of Congress copy,
as is consistent with a reprint, not a new edition. See n.3,
supra.
The evidence well supports the Board’s finding that
Bradford was published and publicly accessible before the
’997 patent’s 2012 priority date. See Nobel Biocare Servs.
AG v. Instraden USA Inc., 903 F.3d 1365, 1376 (Fed. Cir.
2018) (considering the entirety of the evidence relevant to
the Board’s finding of printed publication).
We affirm the Board’s ruling that Bradford is prior art
against the ’997 patent.
C. Obviousness Based on Bradford
The Board cited Bradford as the primary reference,
combined with references of Nassiri (U. S. Patent Applica-
tion Publication No. 2012/0254925 A1, filed April 1, 2011;
Tosh’o (Brian Stelter, Their Pain Is His Gain, N.Y. Times,
Aug. 22, 2010, at AR 15, 19); Lerman (U.S. Patent Applica-
tion Publication No. 2006/0259588 A1, pub1ished Nov. 16,
2006); and Zhu (U.S. Patent Application Publication
2010/0180330 A1, published July 15, 2010). VidStream
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VIDSTREAM LLC v. TWITTER, INC.
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does not challenge the Board’s decision of obviousness if
Bradford is available as a reference.
CONCLUSION
In view of our affirmance that Bradford is prior art, we
affirm the Board’s rulings of unpatentability of claims 1–
35 of the ’997 patent, in the two IPR decisions on appeal.
AFFIRMED
Each party shall bear its costs.
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