Valley National Bank v. Jeffrey Wayne Warren

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11767
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
In Re: WESTPORT HOLDINGS TAMPA, LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP,
WESTPORT HOLDINGS TAMPA II, LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP,
Debtors.
___________________________________________________
VALLEY NATIONAL BANK,
f.k.a. USAmeribank,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
JEFFREY WAYNE WARREN,
as Liquidating Trustee for Westport Holdings Tampa, Limited
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-11767
Partnership
and Westport Holdings Tampa II, Limited Partnership,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket Nos. 8:20-cv-01777-KKM,
8:16-bk-08167-MGW
____________________
Before J ILL PRYOR , BRANCH, and BLACK , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Valley National Bank appeals the district court’s order dis-
missing its appeal from the bankruptcy court’s final order granting
the litigation funding agreement between Jeffrey Warren (herein-
after, Liquidating Trustee) and A/Z Property Partners LLC (A/Z).
The district court dismissed Valley National Bank’s appeal, finding
that it lacked Article III standing and “person aggrieved” standing
to appeal. After review,1 we affirm.
1 We review a district court’s dismissal of a case for lack of standing de novo.
Sierra v. City of Hallandale Beach, Fla., 996 F.3d 1110, 1112 (11th Cir. 2021).
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I. BACKGROUND
In 2016, Westport Holdings Tampa, Limited Partnership
(WHT I) and Westport Holdings Tampa II, Limited Partnership
(WHT II) (collectively, Debtors) filed voluntary Chapter 11 bank-
ruptcy petitions, which were jointly administered. The bankruptcy
court appointed Warren as the Liquidating Trustee.
WHT I operated a continuing care retirement community
named “University Village,” which included (i) 446 independent
living apartments; (ii) 46 independent living villas; (iii) a 110-bed
assisted living facility; and (iv) a 120-bed skilled nursing facility.
WHT I owned the 446 independent living apartments, WHT II
owned the 46 independent living villas, and Westport Nursing
Tampa, LLC (WNT)2 owned the assisted living and skilled nursing
facilities.
In May 2018, the bankruptcy court confirmed the Liquidat-
ing Trustee’s first amended mediated joint plan of liquidation.
Pursuant to the joint plan, all of the Debtors’ causes of action be-
came assets of the Liquidating Estate, and the Liquidating Trustee
was vested with the authority to settle, sell, or dispose of any exist-
ing causes of action.
In February 2020, the Liquidating Trustee entered into an
Asset Purchase Agreement with Tampa Life, wherein the Debtors
2 WNT is not a debtor. Valley National Bank is a creditor for WNT.
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-11767
agreed to sell substantially all of its assets. In May 2020, the Florida
Office of Insurance Regulation and Tampa Life entered into a con-
sent agreement, authorizing Tampa Life to acquire the Debtors’
assets.
Meanwhile, in January 2020, the Liquidating Trustee filed a
complaint against Valley National Bank, creating a separate adver-
sary proceeding. The Liquidating Trustee asserted claims against
Valley National Bank, namely, aiding and abetting a breach of a
fiduciary duty and the avoidance and recovery of a fraudulent
transfer of $3 million of WHT I’s statutorily required minimum
liquid reserves in connection with loans made by Valley National
Bank to WNT.
Later, in June 2020, the Liquidating Trustee moved the
bankruptcy court for authority to sell all causes of action against
Valley National Bank to BRP Senior Housing Management, LLC
(BRP). Valley National Bank objected to this sale, contending that
the principal of BRP, Richard Ackerman, took issue with the ad-
ministrative challenges it had recently presented to the Florida Of-
fice of Insurance Regulation. According to Valley National Bank,
Ackerman allegedly threatened that BRP would acquire causes of
action against it and engage in extensive litigation should it not
withdraw the administrative challenges.
Ultimately, the Liquidating Trustee’s proposition to sell the
causes of action to BRP fell through, and the Liquidating Trustee
moved the bankruptcy court to instead grant it permission to enter
into a litigation funding agreement with A/Z Property Partners
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21-11767 Opinion of the Court 5
(A/Z), also managed by Ackerman. The Liquidating Trustee ex-
plained that, when the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation ap-
proved the asset purchase agreement between it and Tampa Life,
it discovered that it did not have sufficient funds to consummate
the closing of the sale. The Liquidating Trustee also asserted that
it had valid and substantial claims against Valley National Bank,
and that A/Z wished to invest with him to facilitate the closing of
the asset sale to Tampa Life, prosecute the claims against Valley
National Bank, and profit if the claims were successful.
Under the agreement, A/Z would pay the Liquidating Trus-
tee $250,000 at the closing of University Village, and then fund the
costs associated with prosecuting the causes of action against Val-
ley National Bank. The Liquidating Trustee had to give A/Z notice
of a settlement offer, and agreed to not respond to the offer until
giving A/Z good faith consideration to its analysis of the offer. The
Liquidating Trustee also agreed to not make settlement offers
without first giving good faith consideration to A/Z. Finally, the
Liquidating Trustee did not waive attorney-client privilege of its
attorney communications, unless consent to waive such privilege
was given in writing and the information was necessary to assist
the litigation of claims against Valley National Bank. Notably, the
Liquidating Trustee remained the ultimate decision-maker, which
Valley National Bank acknowledged. Ultimately, the bankruptcy
court granted the Liquidating Trustee permission to enter a litiga-
tion funding agreement with A/Z.
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Valley National Bank appealed the order granting the litiga-
tion funding agreement to the district court, arguing the agreement
was champertous under Florida law. It also argued that it had Ar-
ticle III standing, because the litigation funding agreement caused
an injury in fact by allowing a nonparty to exert control over the
adversary proceeding, influence a settlement, and prolong the liti-
gation. It also asserted that it had “person aggrieved” standing, be-
cause such undue influence affected the integrity and fairness of the
bankruptcy proceedings.
At oral argument regarding the standing issues, Valley Na-
tional Bank confirmed that no settlement agreements had been ex-
tended by either party, there had been no discovery, and there had
been “no movement” in the adversary proceeding between it and
the Liquidating Trustee. It argued the harm specific to it was
Ackerman’s announcement of his “intention to acquire a cause of
action” which would keep him from being able to quickly settle
with the Liquidating Trustee. It contended that the Liquidating
Trustee, even if he wanted to settle, would be unable to, so he
could keep Ackerman, the man funding the litigation, happy.
The district court concluded that Valley National Bank
lacked Article III standing and “person aggrieved” standing in order
to appeal the bankruptcy court’s order granting the litigation fund-
ing agreement. As to Article III standing, the court found that Val-
ley National Bank failed to sufficiently allege a concrete injury in
fact that resulted from the bankruptcy court’s order, and the risk of
future harm was speculative. Next, the court concluded that, even
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21-11767 Opinion of the Court 7
if Valley National Bank had Article III standing, its claims still failed
under “person aggrieved” standing because it suffered no direct
harm from the litigation funding agreement and the interest it
sought to vindicate was not protected by the Bankruptcy Code.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Article III Standing
A federal court’s power to hear a case is limited by Article
III, § 2, of the U.S. Constitution, which dictates that a federal
court’s judicial power is limited to cases and controversies. Thus,
the doctrine of standing limits the category of litigants who may
bring a lawsuit in federal court.
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S.
330, 338 (2016). There are three elements to Article III standing.
Id. A plaintiff must have: “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is
fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3)
that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.”
Id.
An injury in fact refers to an invasion of a legally protected
interest that is both (1) “concrete and particularized” and (2) “actual
or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.”
In re Bay Circle
Props., LLC, 955 F.3d 874, 879 (11th Cir. 2020) (
Bay Circle). Con-
crete injuries must be real, not abstract.
Trichell v. Midland Credit
Mgmt., Inc., 964 F.3d 990, 996 (11th Cir. 2020).
For an injury to be imminent, the threatened injury must be
“certainly impending” and allegations of “possible future injury”
are not sufficient.
Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 409
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(2013). Standing cannot rely “on a highly attenuated chain of pos-
sibilities” or speculation.
Id. at 410-14.
Although plaintiffs need not wait for an injury to occur be-
fore filing suit, the plaintiff must still at least demonstrate that he is
in immediate danger of sustaining a direct injury, meaning that the
anticipated injury must occur within a fixed time period in the fu-
ture.
Corbett v. Transp. Sec. Admin., 930 F.3d 1225, 1232-33 (11th
Cir. 2019). If a plaintiff cannot show that injury is likely to occur
immediately, the plaintiff lacks standing.
Id. at 1233. Moreover,
even if a plaintiff can demonstrate immediacy, he must still show
that injury is “substantially likely to actually occur,” and that the
injury is not hypothetical or conjectural.
Id.
The district court did not err in concluding that Valley Na-
tional Bank lacked Article III standing, because Valley National
Bank has not articulated a concrete, imminent injury in fact. Valley
National Bank’s alleged injury is not imminent, and is instead based
on a speculative, highly attenuated, chain of possibilities.
See Clap-
per, 568 U.S. at 409-10. Valley National Bank’s alleged injury is that
Ackerman, through A/Z, will unduly influence the adversary pro-
ceeding between it and the Liquidating Trustee. While Valley Na-
tional Bank asserts that Ackerman threatened to subject it to
lengthy litigation, importantly, neither side has offered a settle-
ment, no discovery has occurred in their proceeding, and there has
been “no movement” in the case. Because there has been no move-
ment in the adversary proceeding, Valley National Bank’s alleged
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21-11767 Opinion of the Court 9
injury—extensive litigation at the hands of Ackerman—is merely
speculative.
Valley National Bank’s alleged injury is also based on a
highly attenuated chain of possibilities. For Valley National Bank’s
alleged injury to come to fruition, first, a settlement offer must be
made, which may or may not occur. Assuming a settlement offer
is made by Valley National Bank, the Liquidating Trustee would
then present that settlement to A/Z. Then, the Liquidating Trus-
tee, although he retained the ultimate decision-making power,
would have to acquiesce to A/Z’s judgments regarding the offer.
In this scenario, one must also assume that A/Z’s judgment would
be one that negatively impacts Valley National Bank and needlessly
extends the litigation process. Valley National Bank’s alleged in-
jury, although possible, is clearly based on a highly attenuated
chain of possibilities, which is insufficient to establish Article III
standing.
See Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409-14. Even more, this attenu-
ated chain of events demonstrates that the alleged injury is not sub-
stantially likely to actually occur, and is instead hypothetical.
See
Corbett, 930 F.3d at 1232-33.
Thus, Valley National Bank cannot demonstrate that it has,
or will, suffer an injury in fact, and fails to establish that it has Arti-
cle III standing.
B. “Person Aggrieved” Standing
Beyond Article III standing, we have adopted the “person
aggrieved” standing doctrine “as our standard for determining
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-11767
whether a party can appeal a bankruptcy court’s order.”
In re Ernie
Haire Ford, Inc., 764 F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 2014) (
Ernie Haire).
This standard restricts a plaintiff’s standing more than Article III.
Bay Circle, 955 F.3d at 879. Under this standard, a party may only
appeal a bankruptcy court order if the party had a direct and sub-
stantial interest in the question being appealed.
Ernie Haire, 764
F.3d at 1325. An “aggrieved person” is an individual who is “di-
rectly, adversely, and pecuniarily affected” by the bankruptcy
court’s order.
Id. (citation and brackets omitted).
A party is not aggrieved under this standard when the only
interest allegedly harmed by the bankruptcy court’s order is the
party’s interest in “avoiding liability from an adversary proceed-
ing.”
Id. at 1325-26. An order subjecting a party to litigation only
indirectly harms that party, and orders allowing litigation to con-
tinue do not burden a party’s ability to defend against liability.
Id.
at 1326. Accordingly, when a party’s “sole interest is that of an ad-
versary defendant in avoiding liability,” he is not a person ag-
grieved by the bankruptcy court’s order.
Id. at 1327.
Additionally, a person cannot be aggrieved if the interest he
seeks to validate is not protected or regulated by the Bankruptcy
Code.
Id. at 1326. Notably, an adversary defendant’s interest in
avoiding liability is “antithetical to the goals” of the Bankruptcy
Code.
Id. at 1327.
Finally, an individual may not meet the “person aggrieved”
doctrine simply by virtue of attacking the inherent fairness of the
bankruptcy proceedings.
Bay Circle, 955 F.3d at 879. Instead, a
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21-11767 Opinion of the Court 11
party must show both “a direct harm
and hold an interest within
the scope of the Bankruptcy Code.”
Id. at 880 (emphasis in origi-
nal).
Even if Valley National Bank had Article III standing, its ap-
peal is still subject to dismissal, for it does not have “persons ag-
grieved” standing. As explained above, Valley National Bank has
suffered no direct harm based on the litigation funding agreement.
Instead, its main concern is how A/Z may influence possible set-
tlement agreements between it and the Liquidating Trustee. How-
ever, Valley National Bank is simply an adversary defendant whose
sole interest is in avoiding liability by attempting to ensure that the
Litigating Trustee cannot continue to pursue litigation against it.
Thus, Valley National Bank is not a person aggrieved by the bank-
ruptcy court’s order.
See Ernie Haire, 764 F.3d at 1327. This sole
interest is also not an interest protected by the Bankruptcy Code.
See id.
Valley National Bank attempts to establish standing by argu-
ing that its claim is an attempt to preserve fairness in the bank-
ruptcy proceedings. However, such a claim cannot establish “per-
son aggrieved” standing.
See Bay Circle, 955 F.3d at 879. Accord-
ingly, Valley National Bank lacks standing under the “person ag-
grieved” doctrine, as well.
C. Merits of the Litigation Funding Agreement
Valley National Bank also asks this Court to determine if the
litigation funding agreement was champertous under Florida law.
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However, we cannot rule on the merits of a case after finding that
the plaintiff lacks standing.
See Sierra v. City of Hallandale Beach,
Fla., 996 F.3d 1110, 1115 (11th Cir. 2021). Accordingly, we decline
to consider this argument.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the above, the district court did not err in conclud-
ing that Valley National Bank lacked both Article III standing and
“person aggrieved” standing. We affirm the district court.
AFFIRMED.
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