United States of America v. Jeffrey Lowe; Lauren Lowe; Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park, LLC; Tiger King, LLC

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
JEFFREY LOWE; LAUREN LOWE;
GREATER WYNNEWOOD EXOTIC
ANIMAL PARK, LLC; TIGER KING,
LLC,
Defendants.
------------------------------
CARRIE M. LEO,
Movant - Appellant.
No. 21-7058
(D.C. No. 6:20-CV-00423-JFH)
(E.D. Okla.)
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HOLMES, Chief Judge, KELLY, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
October 4, 2022
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
Appellate Case: 21-7058 Document: 010110748532 Date Filed: 10/04/2022 Page: 1

-- 1 of 5 --

2
Carrie M. Leo sought to intervene in this action brought by the United States.
The district court denied her motion, and she appeals that ruling. 1 While her appeal
has been pending, the proceedings in the district court concluded. The government
argues in its answer brief that the conclusion of the district-court proceedings moots
this appeal. Ms. Leo filed a reply brief, but she did not respond to the mootness
argument. For that reason we conclude she has waived any argument against
mootness, and we dismiss this appeal.
Background
Jeffrey Lowe, Lauren Lowe, and Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park,
LLC (GWEAP), operated a roadside zoo in Wynnewood, Oklahoma. In a separate
lawsuit a court entered an order requiring them to vacate the Wynnewood location.
Soon thereafter, the Lowes helped to form Tiger King, LLC, to market the zoo, which
was to be moved to a new location in Thackerville, Oklahoma.
The United States brought this civil lawsuit against the Lowes, GWEAP, and
Tiger King, alleging violations of the Endangered Species Act and the Animal
Welfare Act. During the lawsuit the government seized several animals from the
Thackerville site. The Lowes then agreed to abandon the remaining animals at that
site to the government.
After the government took possession of the abandoned animals in August
2021, Ms. Leo moved to intervene in the case, claiming to own eight of the animals.
1 Ms. Leo represents herself, so we construe her filings liberally. See Hall v.
Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991).
Appellate Case: 21-7058 Document: 010110748532 Date Filed: 10/04/2022 Page: 2

-- 2 of 5 --

3
She said that she had boarded them at the Wynnewood site in April 2017 and that she
had been trying to get them back since the fall of 2018.
The district court denied Ms. Leo’s motion to intervene. It said that Ms. Leo
failed to provide any identifying information beyond the animals’ species “that would
allow it to determine whether the animals boarded for her in April 2017 at the
Wynnewood Location are the same animals surrendered to the United States in 2021
from the Thackerville location.” R. vol. 13 at 59. The court therefore concluded that
Ms. Leo did not sufficiently demonstrate “an interest that would be adversely
affected by this litigation.” Id. at 60.
After Ms. Leo filed this appeal, the government and the Lowes entered into a
consent decree. The Lowes agreed that their abandonment of animals from the
Thackerville site was lawful. And the government agreed to dismiss its claims
against the Lowes. The district court approved the consent decree and entered a
default judgment against GWEAP and Tiger King, leaving no claims remaining in the
district court. 2
Discussion
We lack jurisdiction to consider a moot case. See Colo. Off-Highway Vehicle
Coal. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 357 F.3d 1130, 1133 (10th Cir. 2004). A case becomes
moot if an event makes it impossible to grant “any effectual relief whatever,” in
2 The government filed a motion asking us to take judicial notice of the default
judgment and other filings from the district court’s docket. We have supplemented
the record to include those filings, so we deny the motion as moot.
Appellate Case: 21-7058 Document: 010110748532 Date Filed: 10/04/2022 Page: 3

-- 3 of 5 --

4
which case we “will not proceed to a formal judgment, but will dismiss the appeal.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The government argues in its answer brief that this appeal is moot because the
district-court proceedings have ended. Although Ms. Leo filed a reply, she did not
respond to the government’s mootness argument.
By failing to address the government’s mootness argument, Ms. Leo has
waived any response that is not obvious. See Eaton v. Pacheco, 931 F.3d 1009, 1031
(10th Cir. 2019) (“Eaton doesn’t respond to the state’s mootness argument in his
reply brief. Accordingly, we treat any non-obvious responses he could have made as
waived and assume the state’s mootness analysis is correct.”). Although mootness
“is an issue of subject matter jurisdiction,” Ind v. Colo. Dep’t of Corr., 801 F.3d
1209, 1213 (10th Cir. 2015), “our duty to consider unargued obstacles to subject
matter jurisdiction does not affect our discretion to decline to consider waived
arguments that might have supported such jurisdiction,” Tompkins v. U.S. Dep’t of
Veterans Affs., 16 F.4th 733, 735 n.1 (10th Cir. 2021) (brackets and internal
quotation marks omitted).
The circumstances of this case yield no obvious response to the government’s
mootness argument. Granted, we have previously concluded that a settlement by
parties did not moot the pending appeal of an order denying intervention. See FDIC
v. Jennings, 816 F.2d 1488, 1490–91 (10th Cir. 1987). But Jennings differs from this
case in at least one significant way: The proposed intervenor in Jennings, unlike
Appellate Case: 21-7058 Document: 010110748532 Date Filed: 10/04/2022 Page: 4

-- 4 of 5 --

5
Ms. Leo, had filed a complaint in the district court. 3 Id. at 1490. As a result, in
Jennings we were able to assess whether the settlement foreclosed relief on the
proposed intervenor’s claims. Id. at 1491. Here, by contrast, we lack not only a
pleading from Ms. Leo but also any suggestion about how she could still obtain
relief. This uncertainty precludes an obvious response to the mootness claim.
Conclusion
We deny as moot the government’s motion for judicial notice. We grant
Ms. Leo’s motion to proceed on appeal without prepaying fees and costs. We
dismiss this appeal.
Entered for the Court
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
3 Ms. Leo filed an amended motion to intervene that included a proposed
complaint. But the district court struck the amended motion, and Ms. Leo does not
challenge that action on appeal. Nor does she argue that we should consider her
stricken filing.
Appellate Case: 21-7058 Document: 010110748532 Date Filed: 10/04/2022 Page: 5

-- 5 of 5 --