Earl Donald Baker v. SMITH & WESSON, INC., f/k/a Smith & Wesson Corp.

United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 21-2019
EARL DONALD BAKER,
Plaintiff, Appellee,
v.
SMITH & WESSON, INC., f/k/a Smith & Wesson Corp.,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Mark G. Mastroianni, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Barron, Chief Judge,
Lynch and Gelpí, Circuit Judges.
Connie N. Bertram, with whom Jeffrey E. Poindexter, Bulkley,
Richardson & Gelinas, LLP, and Bertram LLP were on brief, for
appellant.
John Y. Lee, with whom Benjamin Rudolf, Murphy & Rudolf, LLP,
and Lee & Breen, LLC were on brief, for appellee.
July 13, 2022

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LYNCH, Circuit Judge. This interlocutory appeal from
the denial of summary judgment turns on an issue of law: the proper
interpretation of the whistleblower protection provision, Section
1514A, of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A. That
provision limits protection under Sarbanes-Oxley to whistleblower
claims about "a violation of section 1341, 1343, 1344, or 1348,
any rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission,
or any provision of Federal law relating to fraud against
shareholders." Id. at § 1514A(a)(1).
Plaintiff Earl Donald Baker is a former employee of Smith
& Wesson ("S&W") who sued S&W asserting a claim under Section 1514A
for whistleblower retaliation. Baker concedes that his
whistleblowing did not involve a violation of any enumerated
statute or "any provision of Federal law relating to fraud against
shareholders."1 He also concedes that his claim of purported
1 Baker argues for the first time in supplemental briefing
that his whistleblowing involved a "provision of Federal law
relating to fraud against shareholders" and attempts to repudiate
his previous concession to the district court. In his opposition
to S&W's motion for summary judgment, Baker had conceded: "Baker
has not premised his [Sarbanes-Oxley] claim on alleged shareholder
fraud. Rather, his complaint makes clear that he believed, and
reported, that S&W's conduct violated federal securities laws and
regulations and company rules and policies."
We reject Baker's reversal of his concession. "[A] party
cannot concede an issue in the district court and later, on appeal,
attempt to repudiate that concession and resurrect the issue. To
hold otherwise would be to allow a litigant to lead a trial court
down a primrose path and later, on appeal, profit from the invited
error." United States v. Miranda-Carmona, 999 F.3d 762, 767 (1st
Cir. 2021) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v.

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wrongdoing was not based on a Securities and Exchange ("SEC") rule
or regulation. Rather, his argument is that the phrase "any rule
or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission" also
refers to statutes within the enforcement power of the SEC.
Baker's particular whistleblower claim is based on an alleged
violation of 15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2), (5), a Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act ("FCPA") provision.
After the completion of discovery, S&W moved for summary
judgment and argued, inter alia, that Baker's actions did not fall
within any of the definitions of protected activity under Section
1514A. The district court interpreted the statute differently and
denied S&W's motion for summary judgment as to the whistleblower
retaliation claim.
On interlocutory appeal, we reverse the district court's
denial of summary judgment as to the Section 1514A claim and remand
with instructions to the district court to enter summary judgment
in favor of S&W.
I.
Both parties agree that a complete recitation of the
underlying facts is not necessary to address the question of law
Rivera-Ruperto, 846 F.3d 417, 431 n.10 (1st Cir. 2017)); see also
McPhail v. Mun. of Culebra, 598 F.2d 603, 607 (1st Cir. 1979) ("A
party may not 'sandbag' his case by presenting one theory to the
trial court and then arguing for another on appeal.").

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at issue in this appeal. We briefly summarize the basic facts and
procedural history.
In March 2013, Baker was hired as a Cell Coordinator for
the Cutter Department at the S&W manufacturing facility in
Springfield, Massachusetts. For reasons disputed by the parties,
S&W placed Baker on administrative leave in July 2014 and
terminated his employment in September 2014.
On June 1, 2018, Baker filed a complaint against S&W
asserting that S&W retaliated against him for reporting illegal
conduct by S&W employees. He asserts, inter alia, a claim under
Section 1514A of Sarbanes-Oxley. Baker alleges that the purported
misconduct that he reported to S&W's human resources and general
counsel was that management employees received large bribes and
provided improper preferential treatment to a vendor.
S&W moved for summary judgment on the Section 1514A
claim, arguing that Baker could not satisfy his burden of showing
that he engaged in protected activity under the statute. In
response, Baker argued that he engaged in protected activity
because he reported conduct that he reasonably believed violated
15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(5), an FCPA provision addressing accounting
practices and internal controls.2
2 Section 78m(b)(2) and (5) are FCPA provisions
incorporated into the United States Code as Section 13(b) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Section 78m(b) provides:

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(2) Every issuer which has a class of securities
registered pursuant to section 78l of this title
and every issuer which is required to file reports
pursuant to section 78o(d) of this title shall--
(A) make and keep books, records, and
accounts, which, in reasonable detail,
accurately and fairly reflect the transactions
and dispositions of the assets of the issuer;
(B) devise and maintain a system of internal
accounting controls sufficient to provide
reasonable assurances that--
(i) transactions are executed in
accordance with management's general or
specific authorization;
(ii) transactions are recorded as
necessary (I) to permit preparation of
financial statements in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles
or any other criteria applicable to such
statements, and (II) to maintain
accountability for assets;
(iii) access to assets is permitted only
in accordance with management's general
or specific authorization; and
(iv) the recorded accountability for
assets is compared with the existing
assets at reasonable intervals and
appropriate action is taken with respect
to any differences; and
(C) notwithstanding any other provision of
law, pay the allocable share of such issuer of
a reasonable annual accounting support fee or
fees, determined in accordance with section
7219 of this title.
. . .
(5) No person shall knowingly circumvent or
knowingly fail to implement a system of internal

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On September 10, 2021, the district court denied S&W's
motion for summary judgment as to the whistleblower retaliation
claim. The court found that "[a] reasonable jury, crediting
[Baker]'s testimony, could conclude that [Baker] 'reasonably
believed' that the behavior he reported violated securities rules
concerning accounting practices and internal controls" (emphasis
added). The district court thus misstated the "any rule or
regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission" clause in
the statute.
S&W subsequently moved for the court to amend its summary
judgment order to include a certification for interlocutory appeal
under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) and a stay pending appeal. On November
24, 2021, the district court granted the motion and certified the
following question: "Does 15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2), (5) constitute
a 'rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission'
for the purpose of Section 806 whistleblowing protection under
[Sarbanes-Oxley]?" On December 27, 2021, this Court granted S&W's
petition for permission to appeal.
This Court heard oral argument on June 9, 2022. S&W
argued that Baker's whistleblower claim fails for two independent
reasons. First, Section 78m(b)(2), (5) is not a "rule or
regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission." Second,
accounting controls or knowingly falsify any book,
record, or account described in paragraph (2).

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the phrase "relating to fraud against shareholders" modifies all
three preceding clauses, and Section 78m(b)(2), (5) -- whether a
"rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission" --
is not "relat[ed] to fraud against shareholders."
The next day, we entered an order directing the parties
to file supplemental briefing on the following issues:
(a) the proper interpretation of "relating to
fraud against shareholders" in 18 U.S.C.
§ 1514A(a)(1), and which of the three phrases
it modifies under § 1514A(a)(1): "a violation
of section 1341, 1343, 1344, or 1348, any rule
or regulation of the Securities and Exchange
Commission, or any provision of Federal law;"
(b) the relevance of question (a) to the
issues before us; and
(c) whether it is necessary to resolve
question (a) to resolve this case.3
The parties timely filed supplemental briefs pursuant to our order.
In supplemental briefing, S&W argues that the phrase
"relating to fraud against shareholders" modifies each of the three
parts of the definition of protected activity in Section
1514A(a)(1). S&W also argues that it is not necessary to resolve
3 In an interlocutory appeal under Section 1292(b),
"appellate jurisdiction applies to the order certified to the court
of appeals, and is not tied to the particular question formulated
by the district court." Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun,
516 U.S. 199, 205 (1996); see 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The appellate
court may address issues other than those certified by the district
court which are fairly included within the certified order. See
Yamaha Motor Corp., 516 U.S. at 205; Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau v.
All Am. Check Cashing, Inc., 33 F.4th 218, 221 n.2 (5th Cir. 2022)
(Jones, J., concurring).

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this issue because the original certified question raises a
dispositive legal issue.
Baker argues that "relating to fraud against
shareholders" only modifies the last clause in Section
1514A(a)(1): "any provision of Federal law."
II.
On appeal, we review de novo questions of law, including
questions of statutory interpretation. See Gen. Motors Corp. v.
Darling's, 444 F.3d 98, 107 (1st Cir. 2006); see also Simon v.
G.D. Searle & Co., 816 F.2d 397, 400 (8th Cir. 1987) ("[W]e review
de novo the questions of law certified by the district court [under
Section 1292(b)].").
To make out a prima facie case under Section 1514A, a
plaintiff must allege the existence of facts and evidence showing:
(i) the employee engaged in a protected
activity or conduct; (ii) the [employer] knew
or suspected, actually or constructively, that
the employee engaged in the protected
activity; (iii) the employee suffered an
unfavorable personnel action; and (iv) the
circumstances were sufficient to raise the
inference that the protected activity was a
contributing factor in the unfavorable action.
Day v. Staples, Inc., 555 F.3d 42, 53 (1st Cir. 2009) (alteration
in original) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1980.104(b)(1)).
On appeal, the parties dispute only whether Baker
satisfied his burden of showing the first requirement, that he

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"engaged in a protected activity or conduct." Id. Section 1514A
provides whistleblower protection to:
[A]ny lawful act done by the employee . . . to
provide information, cause information to be
provided, or otherwise assist in an
investigation regarding any conduct which the
employee reasonably believes constitutes a
violation of section 1341, 1343, 1344, or
1348, any rule or regulation of the Securities
and Exchange Commission, or any provision of
Federal law relating to fraud against
shareholders, when the information or
assistance is provided to or the investigation
is conducted by . . . a person with
supervisory authority over the
employee . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a) (flush language). To satisfy the "protected
activity" requirement, an employee must show that he had both a
subjective belief and an objectively reasonable belief that the
conduct that he reported constituted a violation of one of the
provisions listed in Section 1514A(a)(1). See Day, 555 F.3d at 55
("The employee must show that his communications to the employer
specifically related to one of the laws listed in [Section]
1514A."). "The employee is not required to show that there was an
actual violation of the provision involved." Id.
Baker argues that he has satisfied his burden of showing
the "protected activity" requirement because he reported conduct
that he reasonably believed violated Section 78m(b)(2), (5).4 He
4 Baker did not identify this statute when he filed the
complaint against S&W asserting his whistleblower retaliation
claim under Section 1514A. Baker identified the statute for the

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concedes that Section 78m(b)(2), (5) is not one of the fraud
statutes listed in Section 1514A(a)(1) -- Sections 1341 (mail
fraud), 1343 (wire fraud), 1344 (bank fraud), or 1348 (securities
fraud) -- and is not a "provision of Federal law relating to fraud
against shareholders." 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(1). He argues only
that the FCPA, including Section 78m(b)(2), (5), is a "rule or
regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission." Id.
We disagree. The plain text of Section 1514A(a)(1) makes
clear that the FCPA is not a "rule or regulation of the Securities
and Exchange Commission."
We start with the text of Section 1514A(a)(1). See
Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta, No. 21-429, 2022 WL 2334307, at *8 (U.S.
2022) ("As this Court has repeatedly stated, the text of a law
controls over purported legislative intentions unmoored from any
statutory text."); Merit Mgmt. Grp., LP v. FTI Consulting, Inc.,
138 S. Ct. 883, 893 (2018). We "strive to interpret statutes so
that each word in the statutory text has meaning," Woo v. Spackman,
988 F.3d 47, 51 (1st Cir. 2021), and interpret a statute's text in
accordance with its ordinary, contemporary, and common meaning,
see Sw. Airlines Co. v. Saxon, No. 21-309, slip op. at 3 (U.S.
2022); Penobscot Nation v. Frey, 3 F.4th 484, 491 & n.5 (1st Cir.
first time in his opposition to S&W's motion for summary judgment.
We assume arguendo that Baker reasonably believed that the conduct
he reported violated Section 78m(b)(2), (5).

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2021) (en banc). Further, we presume that "Congress generally
acts intentionally when it uses particular language in one section
of a statute but omits it in another." Dep't of Homeland Sec. v.
MacLean, 574 U.S. 383, 391 (2015). "When the text is unambiguous
and the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent, we do not
look to legislative history or Congressional intent." Penobscot
Nation, 3 F.4th at 491.
Based on the text of Section 1514A(a)(1), "any rule or
regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission" does not
include federal statutes, such as the FCPA. As the Ninth Circuit
explained in Wadler v. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., "Congress uses
the phrase 'any rule or regulation of the [SEC]' in the same list
in which it uses 'any provision of Federal law relating to fraud
against shareholders,' which strongly suggests that there is a
difference between the meaning of 'rule or regulation' and 'law.'"
916 F.3d 1176, 1186 (9th Cir. 2019) (alteration in original)
(citation omitted). Baker's interpretation of the phrase "rule or
regulation" "violates our usual rule against 'ascribing to one
word a meaning so broad' that it assumes the same meaning as
another statutory term." Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, 142 S.
Ct. 1929, 1939 (2022) (quoting Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S.
561, 575 (1995)). In the context of other federal statutes, the
Supreme Court has held that "'federal law' obviously means federal
statutes" and not case law or agency rules and regulations. Cuomo

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v. Clearing House Ass'n, 557 U.S. 519, 532 n.4 (2009). Here,
"[t]he most obvious explanation is that 'law' encompasses
statutes, like the FCPA, whereas 'rule or regulation' does not."
Wadler, 916 F.3d at 1186.
Further, the inclusion of the qualifier "of the
Securities and Exchange Commission" in the statute makes clear
that the phrase "any rule or regulation" does not include federal
statutes because the SEC does not have the authority to enact
statutes. 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(1) (emphasis added). The Supreme
Court has consistently held that "[t]he use of the word 'of'
denotes ownership." Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ.
v. Roche Molecular Sys., Inc., 563 U.S. 776, 788 (2011) (alteration
in original) (quoting Poe v. Seaborn, 282 U.S. 101, 109 (1930))
(listing cases). This definition also follows the ordinary meaning
of the word "of." See Of, OED Online, www.oed.com/view/Entry/
130549 (last visited June 29, 2022) (defining "of" as "[o]f origin
or source. Indicating the thing, place, or person from which or
whom something originates, comes, or is acquired or sought"); Of,
Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/of
(last visited June 29, 2022) (explaining that "of" can be "used as
a function word to indicate origin or derivation").
The text of the statute does not support Baker's argument
that "of" should be defined here as "relating to." Baker's
strained reading contravenes the ordinary, contemporary, and

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common meaning of the word "of" read in the context of the
surrounding text. See Sw. Airlines Co., slip op. at 3. In
addition, Congress's use of the words "relating to" in the very
next clause ("any provision of Federal law relating to fraud
against shareholders," 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(1) (emphasis added))
demonstrates that Congress did not intend for the word "of" to
mean "relating to." See Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16,
23 (1983) ("[W]here Congress includes particular language in one
section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same
Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and
purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion." (alteration in
original) (quoting United States v. Wong Kim Bo, 472 F.2d 720, 722
(5th Cir. 1972))).
The statutory structure also reinforces our reading of
Section 1514A(a)(1). See Merit Mgmt. Grp., 138 S. Ct. at 894.
The first clause in Section 1514A(a)(1)'s list enumerates four
federal statutes explicitly named by Congress: Sections 1341,
1343, 1344, and 1348. Congress specifically did not cite to
Section 78m(b)(2), (5) in this first clause. See Russello, 464
U.S. at 23. Further, Baker's reading of the statute would render
the third clause in Section 1514A(a)(1)'s list superfluous. If
Baker were correct that "any rule or regulation of the Securities
and Exchange Commission" includes federal statutes, any federal
law "relating to" shareholder fraud would necessarily be a "rule

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or regulation" relating to the SEC, which oversees enforcement of
laws relating to shareholder fraud. Thus, under Baker's reading
of Section 1514A(a)(1), the third clause -- "any provision of
Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders" -- would be
entirely subsumed into the second clause. Congress certainly did
not intend for such a result. See City of Chicago v. Fulton, 141
S. Ct. 585, 591 (2021) ("The canon against surplusage is strongest
when an interpretation would render superfluous another part of
the same statutory scheme." (quoting Yates v. United States, 574
U.S. 528, 543 (2015))).
Where "the statutory language is unambiguous and the
statutory scheme is coherent and consistent, . . . our inquiry
must cease." Penobscot Nation, 3 F.4th at 490 (cleaned up). We
therefore reject Baker's arguments as to legislative history. See
Castro-Huerta, 2022 WL 2334307, at *8. Because Section 78m(b)(2),
(5) is not a "rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange
Commission," Baker's conduct was not "protected activity" under
Section 1514A, and he cannot satisfy his burden of bringing a claim
for whistleblower retaliation under Section 1514A. Day, 555 F.3d
at 53.5
5 Because we hold that Section 78m(b)(2), (5) is not a
"rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission," we
do not address the separate issue of which of the three clauses
the phrase "relating to fraud against shareholders" modifies under
Section 1514A(a)(1).

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III.
Reversed and remanded with instructions to enter summary
judgment in favor of S&W.

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