P. v. Romero

Filed 3/8/06 P. v. Romero CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 977(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 977(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 977.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
MARIO RAMIREZ ROMERO,
Defendant and Appellant.
H028708
(Santa Cruz County
Super.Ct.No. F10294)
The sole issue in this case is whether the post-plea restitution fund fine of $4,700
that the trial court imposed under Penal Code section 1202.41 violated the terms of
defendant’s plea bargain under People v. Walker (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1013 (Walker). As it
appears that defendant’s plea bargain did not include any provision concerning the
mandatory restitution fund fine, and that the amount of the fine was left to the discretion
of the trial court, defendant has not demonstrated that the fine exceeded his bargain. We
accordingly affirm the judgment. Based on the parties’ agreement and the supporting
record that the abstract of judgment mistakenly states the amount of the restitution fund
fine to be $4,800, $100 in excess of what was intended, we also modify the abstract to
correct this error.
1 All further unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A detailed recitation of the facts leading to the criminal charges in this case is not
necessary to the resolution of the single issue on appeal. The district attorney filed a
complaint in September 2004 charging defendant with seven counts of committing lewd
acts upon a child in violation of section 288, subdivision (a), (counts 1-4, 6, 8, & 9), and
three counts of committing forcible lewd acts upon a child in violation of section 288,
subdivision (b)(1), (counts 5, 7, & 10). The complaint also alleged that defendant had
used force, violence, duress, and menace within the meaning of section 1203.066,
subdivision (a)(1), in connection with counts 5, 7, and 10, and that he had had substantial
sexual contact with the victim within the meaning of section 1203.066, subdivision
(a)(8), in connection with counts 5 through10.
Defendant initially pleaded not guilty and denied the special allegations. Later,
the district attorney and defense counsel announced in open court that they had agreed
upon a disposition of the case. Defendant would enter a plea of no contest to counts 6, 7,
and 10 and be sentenced to a prison term of 24 years. The remaining counts would be
dismissed. Defendant would receive 15 percent “worktime credits” under section 2933.1,
requiring him to serve at least 85 percent of his sentence, and would waive his right to
appeal.
Defendant confirmed that he had had sufficient time to discuss the plea agreement
with counsel. He was advised of his constitutional rights and waived them, and he also
confirmed that he had understood that he would be sentenced by the court to 24 years in
prison. He was further advised of certain direct consequences of his plea, including that
the conviction could later be used against him if he were to be charged with another
offense in the future, that he could be deported if he were not a citizen, that he would
have to register as a sex offender, and that he “would have to pay restitution for any
financial loss caused to the victim; for instance if the victim needed counseling, that sort

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of thing, [he] would have to pay for that.”2 Defendant was not advised that a mandatory
restitution fund fine of between $200 and $10,000 would be imposed under section
1202.4, subdivision (b). Nor was he advised of his right to withdraw his plea under
section 1192.53 if the court withdrew its approval of the plea bargain at sentencing.
Before entering his plea, defendant confirmed that he had not been promised
anything other than what had already been discussed in exchange for it and that he had
not been threatened in any way as an inducement. Defendant finally stated that he was
admitting the charges because he had in fact committed those particular offenses.
Defendant then pleaded no contest to counts 6, 7, and 10 and the court found a factual
basis for the plea.
A probation report was later prepared per the court’s order. It recommended that
defendant be sentenced to 24 years in prison and that he not be required to pay restitution
to the victim under section 1202.4, subdivision (f), since none had been requested. But
2 This latter advisement appears to have been a reference to section 1202.4,
subdivision (f), which provides for payment of direct restitution to a victim who has
suffered economic loss.
3 This statute reads, in relevant part: “Where the plea is accepted by the
prosecuting attorney in open court and is approved by the court, the defendant, except as
otherwise provided in this section, cannot be sentenced on the plea to a punishment more
severe than that specified in the plea and the court may not proceed as to the plea other
than as specified in the plea.” Paragraph three of section 1192.5 further requires that the
court advise the defendant “prior to the making of the plea that (1) its approval is not
binding, (2) it may, at the time set for the hearing on the application for probation or
pronouncement of judgment, withdraw its approval in the light of further consideration of
the matter, and (3) in that case, the defendant shall be permitted to withdraw his or her
plea if he or she desires to do so.” The consequence of the trial court’s failure to have
given the advisement is that, even in absence of an objection raised at sentencing below,
defendant has not waived or forfeited his claim on appeal that his sentence does not
adhere to the plea bargain, or that he has been deprived of the benefit of his bargain.
(Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d at pp. 1024-1026, 1029; People v. Johnson (1974) 10 Cal.3d
868, 872.) It is not, as defendant contends, automatic reduction of the restitution fund
fine to the statutory minimum of $200.

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the report did recommend that a restitution fund fine under section 1202.4, subdivision
(b), be imposed in the amount of $4,800. At sentencing, neither defendant nor his
counsel objected to the report’s recommendation concerning imposition of the restitution
fund fine as exceeding the plea bargain, despite counsel’s corrections to two other aspects
of the report. In this regard, counsel specifically stated, “I have read and [understood] the
probation officer’s report and have no other corrections.”
The court then imposed the total stipulated prison term of 24 years, which was
based on the upper term of eight years for each of the three charges, to run consecutively.
Defendant was again advised that he would be required to register as a sex offender under
section 290 for the rest of his life. The court finally imposed a restitution fund fine of
$4,700 under section 1202.4, subdivision (b), and a $200 parole revocation fine under
section 1202.45, to be suspended.4 In so doing, the court confirmed that there was no
other issue relating to restitution, presumably to the victim under section 1202.4,
subdivision (f). Neither defendant nor his counsel objected to the imposition of the
restitution fund fine.
An abstract of judgment was later filed. It referenced the clerk’s minute order for
specification of “restitution fine and fees.” The minute order had incorrectly stated that
defendant had been “ordered to pay $4,800.00 Restitution Fine per 1202.4 PC” when the
actual fine imposed was $4,700.
Despite his plea agreement, defendant, acting in pro per, filed a notice of appeal
along with an application for a certificate of probable cause in which he asserted that
incompetence of counsel had resulted in his waiver of constitutional rights and no contest
plea. He also contended that he would have received a lesser sentence if his rights had
been protected and that he had “paid his attorney $15,000.00 to defend his rights and, in
4 Defendant does not challenge on appeal the imposition of the parole revocation
fine.

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exchange, counsel had him plead guilty with an exposure of 24 years at 85 [percent], all
of which the court imposed.” Defendant did not mention the restitution fine in the
application, which the court later denied. Defendant then filed an amended notice of
appeal based on sentencing error.
DISCUSSION
Relying on Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d 1013, defendant contends that the trial court
erred in imposing the $4,700 restitution fund fine under section 1202.4, subdivision (b),
in that this violated the terms of his plea bargain since no fine was specified as part of
that bargain.5 Defendant further asserts that this error requires reduction of the fine to the
$200 statutory minimum. We reject these contentions.
In People v. Dickerson (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1374 (Dickerson), we considered
the principles established in Walker, as refined by the high court in In re Moser (1993) 6
Cal.4th 342, and People v. McClellan (1993) 6 Cal.4th 367. In Walker, the defendant had
negotiated a plea bargain in which one of two felony charges was to be dismissed and
defendant was to plead guilty to the other charge and receive a five-year sentence and no
punitive fine. The trial court advised him that the maximum sentence he could receive
was a seven-year prison term and a fine of up to $10,000. He was not advised of an
additional mandatory restitution fine of at least $100 but no more than $10,000. Nor was
5 We recognize that the California Supreme Court has granted review in People v.
Crandell (May 20, 2005, H027641) [nonpub. opn.] review granted August 24, 2005,
S134883. As described on the court’s docket, the issue presented in that case is “Does
the imposition of a restitution fine under Penal Code section 1202.4, subdivision (b),
violate a defendant’s plea agreement if the fine was not an express term of the
agreement?” (See the court’s website at http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/
mainCaseScreen.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=376320...) The identical issue is presented in
another case in which the court recently granted review and is holding for the lead case,
People v. Crandell, supra. That case is People v. Wurtz (Nov. 22, 2005, H028217)
[nonpub. opn.] review granted. February 22, 2006, S139968. The Supreme Court’s
disposition of this issue in People v. Crandell, supra, would in all likelihood affect the
analysis in the instant appeal in which resolution of the same issue is dispositive.

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he advised of his right to withdraw his plea under section 1192.5. Although the probation
report recommended a $7,000 restitution fine, the court imposed a fine of $5,000. The
defendant did not object to the imposition of the fine at sentencing.
The Supreme Court in Walker found that two distinct errors had occurred. First,
as here, it was error for the trial court to have failed to give defendant a pre-plea
advisement concerning his obligation to pay a restitution fine, part of the direct
consequences of his plea. But, as the court held in Walker, this error is waived on appeal
if the defendant failed to raise it in the court below at or before sentencing. (Walker,
supra, 54 Cal.3d at pp. 1020, 1022-1023.) Accordingly, to the extent defendant claims
error in this case for the trial court’s failure to have advised him of the direct
consequences of his plea, the error has been waived by defendant’s failure to have timely
raised the issue in the trial court. (Ibid.; see also People v. DeFilippis (1992) 9
Cal.App.4th 1876, 1879.) Even if this error were not waived, defendant has shown no
prejudice here.
The second error in Walker was the trial court’s imposition of a significantly
greater sentence than the one the defendant had bargained for—a $5,000 restitution fine.
“If a plea bargain is violated through imposition of a punishment exceeding the terms of
the bargain, the error is waived by the failure to object at sentencing if the court had
advised the defendant of the right to withdraw the plea upon court withdrawal of plea
approval (see Pen. Code, § 1192.5), but is not waived by failure to object and is not
subject to harmless error analysis if that advisement was not given. (Walker, supra, 54
Cal.3d at pp. 1024-1026.) If a restitution fine exceeding the statutory . . . minimum is
imposed in violation of a plea bargain, and the error was not waived, the appropriate
remedy on appeal is reduction of the fine to [the statutory minimum].” (People v.
DeFilippis, supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at p. 1879.) Here, defendant was not given the
advisement under section 1192.5 and his claim of error that the fine exceeded his plea
bargain is thus not waived. But in order to benefit from a reduction of the fine to the

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statutory minimum, he still must demonstrate that the imposition of the $4,700 restitution
fine in this case violated the terms of his plea bargain.
The Supreme Court in Walker considered the imposition of a restitution fine a
form of punishment and found that it “should generally be considered in plea
negotiations.” (Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 1024.) Because the $5,000 restitution fine
in that case was a significant deviation from the negotiated terms of the plea (i.e., an
agreed-upon sentence of five years with no substantial punitive fine), the court reduced
the fine to the statutorily mandated minimum of $100, an amount that was not a
significant deviation from the bargain.
In In re Moser, supra, 6 Cal.4th 342, the defendant challenged the imposition of a
lifetime period of parole as a violation of the plea bargain; the trial court had misadvised
him that he faced only three or four years of parole. Noting that lifetime parole was
mandated by statute for second degree murder and that this was not subject to
negotiation, the Supreme Court in Moser found nothing in the record of the plea
proceedings that suggested that the erroneously described length of the parole term was a
subject of the plea negotiations or resulting agreement, such that imposition of the
statutorily mandated lifetime term violated the plea bargain. The court distinguished
Walker as a case where “the defendant . . . reasonably could have understood the
negotiated plea agreement to signify that no substantial fine would be imposed.” (Id. at
p. 356.) Nevertheless, the court in Moser remanded the case (a habeas proceeding) to the
trial court for findings on “whether the length of petitioner’s term of parole was an
element of the plea negotiations.” (Id. at p. 358.)
In People v. McClellan, supra, 6 Cal.4th 367, the defendant challenged the
imposition of a sex offender registration requirement as a violation of his plea bargain.
The Supreme Court there construed the facts in Walker as it had in Moser, that is, as a
case where the defendant could reasonably have understood his plea agreement to
exclude a substantial fine. (People v. McClellan, supra, pp. 379-380.) Noting that sex

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offender registration was statutorily mandated for a conviction of assault with intent to
commit rape, the court concluded that it was “not a permissible subject of plea agreement
negotiation.” (Id. at p. 380.) As such, “that requirement was an inherent incident of
defendant’s decision to plead guilty to that offense and was not added ‘after’ the plea
agreement was reached.” (Ibid.) Thus, imposition of “a statutorily mandated
consequence of a guilty plea” does not violate the terms of a plea agreement. (Id. at
p. 381.)
From this evolution in authority concerning claims for violation of a plea bargain,
we concluded in Dickerson that given all of the relevant circumstances surrounding the
guilty plea in that case, it did not reasonably appear that the parties had included
imposition of fines in their plea negotiations; and consequently, the setting of the fines
had been left to the court’s discretion. The fact that the court did not mention the
restitution fine when reciting the plea bargain suggested that, unlike in Walker, no
agreement had been reached on the imposition or amount of any restitution fines.
Additional facts in Dickerson further confirmed that “nobody in the trial court seemed to
think that the imposition of restitution fines totaling $6,800 violated the terms of the
bargain.” (Dickerson, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 1385.)
We further reasoned in Dickerson that in light of Moser’s and McClellan’s view of
Walker’s facts, “Walker should not be understood as finding that the restitution fine has
been and will be the subject of plea negotiations in every criminal case. . . . [Citation.]
Walker does not prohibit criminal defendants from striking whatever bargains appear to
be in their best interests, including leaving the imposition of fines to the discretion of the
sentencing court.” (Dickerson, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 1384.)
We agree with the implicit conclusion in Dickerson that Moser and McClellan
changed the way we must view Walker in some respects, but not others. We further
agree with Dickerson’s analysis that Walker’s determination of which errors are
reviewable on appeal and which are not, remains unchanged. We also agree that after

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Moser and McClellan, however, Walker can no longer be read as establishing a
categorical rule that whenever a trial court imposes a restitution fine that was not
mentioned in the recitation of the plea bargain, the trial court must have violated the plea
agreement. “The [Walker] court ‘implicitly found that the defendant in that case
reasonably could have understood the negotiated plea agreement to signify that no
substantial fine would be imposed.’ [Citations.] [¶] But Walker should not be
understood as finding that the restitution fine has been and will be the subject of plea
negotiations in every criminal case.” (Dickerson, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 1384.)
We note that like the length of a parole term and sex offender registration, a
restitution fund fine of at least $200 is statutorily mandated—unless exceptional
circumstances are found—and, to that extent, it is no more the proper subject of
negotiation than parole terms and sex offender registration. (§ 1202.4, subd. (b).) This
fine is instead simply a necessary incident of a guilty plea. We do acknowledge that to
the extent that Walker considered such fines punishment, the amount of the fine above
the mandatory minimum is clearly negotiable. But the fact that the parties and the court
omitted any mention of restitution fines as part of the plea agreement cannot be construed
to imply that there was an agreement that the sentence would consist of no fines, or the
minimum statutory fines. Rather than implying such agreement, this omission suggests
that the parties intended to leave the imposition and amount of restitution fines to the
court’s discretion. (Dickerson, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 1385; People v. Sorenson
(2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 612, 618-620 (Sorenson).)6
6 We held in People v. Knox (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1453 that the question
whether a restitution fine exceeded the scope of a plea bargain comes down to this core
inquiry: Was the imposition or amount of the restitution fine actually negotiated and
made a part of the plea agreement, or was the imposition and range of the fine within the
defendant’s contemplation and knowledge when he entered his plea with the specific
amount left to the discretion of the court? (Id. at p. 1460.) We recognize that on the facts
of the instant case, which include that the pre-plea advisements concerning the direct
consequences of the plea did not include any reference to a restitution fund fine, we

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A review of a claim that the imposition of a fine violated the terms of a plea
bargain begins with ascertaining the terms of the plea agreement. Defendant argues here
that the fact that neither the parties nor the court mentioned the subject of a restitution
fund fine at all when reciting the terms of the plea agreement means that such a fine was
excluded. But, as we held in Dickerson, we think that the absence of a discussion
concerning a restitution fine signifies instead that “the parties reached no agreement on
the imposition or amount of any fine. ‘[I]t would appear that [this topic] was not part of
the plea agreement.’ (Moser, supra, 6 Cal.4th 342, 356.)” (Dickerson, supra, 122
Cal.App.4th at p. 1385.) The omission of a term concerning a restitution fine cannot
convert it “into a term of the parties’ plea agreement.” (McClellan, supra, 6 Cal.4th 367,
379; italics omitted.) Therefore, the fact that the parties and the court omitted any
mention of a restitution fund fine as part of the plea agreement cannot be construed to
imply that, like in Walker, there was an agreement that the sentence would consist of no
fines or the minimum statutory fines. Instead, this omission suggests that the parties
intended to leave the imposition and amount of the fines to the court’s discretion.
(Dickerson, supra, at p. 1385; Sorenson, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at p. 619.) Further, as
we held in Dickerson, a “defendant cannot establish that a later imposed fine violated his
or her plea agreement without evidence that the agreement was for no fine or for a
minimum fine within a statutory range.” (Sorenson, supra, at p. 619.)
The conclusion that the fine here did not violate the terms of defendant’s plea
bargain is confirmed not only by his failure to establish with affirmative evidence that
that the agreement was either for no fine or for the statutory minimum. It is further
would be hard pressed to conclude that the fine was indeed within the defendant’s
“contemplation and knowledge” at the time of his initial plea. But in light of our
holdings in Dickerson and Sorenson, which stand on their own, we are not compelled to
apply the specific Knox test in order to conclude that under the circumstances of this
particular case, the imposition of a restitution fine did not violate the plea bargain.

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confirmed by the absence of objection to the recommendation in the probation report that
a restitution fund fine be imposed, coupled with his counsel’s correction of other aspects
of the report, and the further absence of objection when the $4,700 restitution fine was
actually imposed by the court.7 We mention the lack of objection in this context not to
show waiver but to demonstrate that nobody in the trial court seemed to think that the
imposition of a $4,700 restitution fine violated the terms of the plea bargain.
These circumstances indicate that “the parties to the plea bargain were concerned
with reaching an agreement specifying [the] term[s] of imprisonment. Walker did not
require them to negotiate—whether to resolution or impasse—regarding the imposition or
amount of restitution fines. It appears the parties at least implicitly agreed that additional
punishment in the form of statutory fines and fees would be left to the discretion of the
sentencing court.” (Dickerson, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 1386.) The same holds true
in this case. Defendant has failed to show that his plea bargain contemplated either “no
fine or . . . a minimum fine within a statutory range.” (Sorenson, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th
at p. 619.) We accordingly conclude that defendant has not established that the trial
court’s imposition of the $4,700 restitution fund fine violated his plea agreement.
7 We also observe that defendant was advised of the possibility of direct victim
restitution, a fine that ultimately was not imposed, such that he was aware of the
possibility that he would be required to make some form of restitution outside of the
terms of the plea bargain. We further note that even though defendant was not required
to obtain a certificate of probable cause in order to appeal a sentencing error (§§ 1237 &
1237.5), in his application for a certificate, he objected to other aspects of his sentence,
but he did not mention the restitution fund fine as part of his grievance. Both of these
more tangential facts also support that in fact, there was no agreement either for no fine
or for the statutory minimum fine of $200.

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DISPOSITION
The judgment and sentence are affirmed. The abstract of judgment is modified to
reflect that the restitution fund fine imposed under section 1202.4 is $4,700 instead of
$4,800.
Duffy, J.
I CONCUR:
Bamattre-Manoukian, Acting, P.J.

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McAdams, J.
I respectfully dissent.
The facts of this case are unlike the facts in People v. Knox (2004) 123
Cal.App.4th 1453 and People v. Dickerson (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1374.
As the majority opinion concedes, in these proceedings “[d]efendant was
not advised that a mandatory restitution fund fine of between $200 and $10,000
would be imposed under [Penal Code] section 1202.4, subdivision (b).” (Maj.
opn. at p. 3.) There was no description of the potential restitution fund fine during
the recitation of the specific counts to be admitted, the agreed-upon prison term
and limitations on “credits” and the counts to be dismissed. Furthermore, at no
time during the advisement of constitutional rights, the advisement of the
consequences of his plea or the entry and acceptance of his plea was defendant
advised of the fine.
Where the record is silent, I cannot conclude that the restitution fine was
“within ‘defendant’s contemplation and knowledge’ when he entered his plea.”
(People v. Knox, supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at 1461, quoting People v. Panizzon
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 68, 86.) Such a complete omission of the judicial advisement
concerning the restitution fund fine prior to the entry of the plea compels reduction
of the fine to the statutory minimum of $200. (People v. Walker (1991) 54 Cal.3d
1013.)
________________________________
McAdams, J.

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