Chadrick Ladaryl Mendenhall v. State of Alabama (Appeal from Montgomery Circuit Court: CC-21-660)

Rel: March 28, 2025

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
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Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
OCTOBER TERM, 2024-2025
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CR-2024-0232
_________________________

Chadrick Ladaryl Mendenhall

v.

State of Alabama

Appeal from Montgomery Circuit Court
(CC-21-660)

ANDERSON, Judge.

Chadrick Ladaryl Mendenhall appeals a restitution order entered

by the Montgomery Circuit Court ordering him to pay $9,121.55 to his

victim, McConnell Honda.
CR-2024-0232

The record indicates that after Mendenhall pleaded guilty to first-

degree theft of property and was sentenced, he filed a "Motion for

Restitution Hearing" in which he challenged the restitution amount

requested by the State. (C. 9.) On December 18, 2023, the circuit court

held a short hearing on his motion, but it ultimately reset the restitution

hearing for February 28, 2024.

At the February 28, 2024, hearing, Mendenhall claimed that the

restitution issue was civil in nature and that the State was improperly

trying to "use the criminal court to get around having to get [a] judgment

through a civil burden." (R. 8.) He agreed that the victim should be

restored what it had lost; however, because the vehicle had been returned

with no damage -- albeit with additional mileage -- he argued that he

should not have to pay the entire contract amount claimed by the State.

No witnesses testified at the hearing, although a representative of the

victim, Rachel Atkins, was present.

The court informally asked Atkins several questions; however,

Atkins was never sworn in to provide testimony and was never exposed

to cross-examination. Instead, the following occurred:

"THE COURT: So, now, have y'all mitigated? Have you sold
the car?

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"MS. ATKINS: Yes.

"THE COURT: You sold it and you reduced it by the -- you
reduced it by what you got for the car?

"MS. ATKINS: Correct.

"[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] Your Honor, then I would just ask
for that documentation to be presented to me.

"MS. ATKINS: Yes.

"THE COURT: She said she's got it.

"(Off-the-record discussion.)

"[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] Judge, we would just ask for a copy
of the whole file.

"THE COURT: Okay.

"[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] I mean, from the auction, all of the
internal sales documents, any type of fee. I mean, we've got
part of it here, but I'm just asking for the sale documents.
That way, we can submit that for an appeal if that's what Mr.
Mendenhall wants to do.

"THE COURT: Okay.

"[THE STATE:] So at this time, Your Honor, I'd ask that you
order $9,121.55 in restitution for this case.

"THE COURT: So ordered."

(R. 10-12.) The record on appeal does not include any documents that the

victim may have submitted regarding the amount of restitution. The

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following day, the circuit court entered a written order requiring

Mendenhall to pay restitution in the amount of $9,121.55.

On March 1, 2024, Mendenhall filed a "Motion to Set Aside

Restitution Order." (C. 13-15.) Mendenhall argued that: 1) the State had

failed to submit any evidence evidencing the restitution amount or to

establish "why this is not a debt that must be secured through the [c]ivil

litigation process" and 2) that the circuit court, "without [receiving] any

evidence/facts/documentation," improperly "granted restitution in the

full amount solely supplied via argument from the State of Alabama

Prosecutor, which is in error and violation of [his] rights." (C. 13-15.)

On March 27, 2024, Mendenhall filed a notice of appeal. On appeal,

Mendenhall claims that the circuit court erred when it ordered

restitution without taking testimony or receiving evidence to support the

award of restitution.

The State, in its brief on appeal, contends that Mendenhall failed

to preserve his claim for appellate review. The State also claims that the

circuit court properly ordered restitution based on the evidence before it

and that any error was invited by the defense. We disagree.

It is well settled that

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" '[r]eview on appeal is restricted to questions and issues
properly and timely raised at trial.' Newsome v. State, 570 So.
2d 703, 717 (Ala. Crim. App. 1989). 'An issue raised for the
first time on appeal is not subject to appellate review because
it has not been properly preserved and presented.' Pate v.
State, 601 So. 2d 210, 213 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992)."

Ex parte Coulliette, 857 So. 2d 793, 794-95 (Ala. 2003). "Specific grounds

of objection waive all grounds not specified." Fisher v. State, 439 So. 2d

176, 177 (Ala. Crim. App. 1983). To preserve restitution issues for

appellate review, no specific form of objection is required, but the

defendant must express his or her disagreement with the amount of

restitution to the trial court. See Ex parte Fletcher, 849 So. 2d 900, 906

(Ala. 2001) (holding that "a postconviction motion is an appropriate

method for bringing the defendant's dissatisfaction with the restitution

award to the attention of the trial court and that such a motion is

sufficient to preserve [the issue] for appellate review"); Gladden v. State,

644 So. 2d 1267 (Ala. Crim. App. 1993) (holding that a motion to

reconsider is sufficient to preserve the issue of the amount of restitution);

and Briggs v. State, 549 So. 2d 155, 161 (Ala. Crim. App. 1989) (holding

that the appellant's argument that the restitution amount was too high

was not preserved for appellate review because "no objection was made

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by the appellant as to the amount of restitution claimed, either before or

after the restitution hearing" "not even a general objection").

At the restitution hearing in the present case, defense counsel

challenged the restitution amount on a novel theory that basing the

restitution amount on a sales contract rendered it "a civil issue." (R. 7.) 1

While Mendenhall asked that the supporting documentation be provided

to him, he did not raise any objection at that time regarding the

sufficiency of the evidence, noting that "[w]e don't have any objection to

anything else." (R.8.) Following the hearing, Mendenhall filed a motion

to set aside the restitution order, still asserting his "civil issue" argument

and claiming for the first time that the circuit court improperly imposed

restitution based solely on the arguments of the State without requiring

any testimony or evidence to be presented. This motion was sufficient to

preserve Mendenhall's evidentiary claim for appellate review. Bailey v.

City of Ragland, 136 So. 3d 498, 503 (Ala. Crim. App. 2013).

Turning to the specific issue raised on appeal, we agree with

Mendenhall that the circuit court's award of restitution in this case,

1Mendenhall abandoned this novel theory in his brief to this Court.

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which was based solely on arguments of counsel and without legal

evidence supporting the determination of amount, was erroneous.

This Court addressed a similar situation in Henry v. State, 468 So.

2d 896 (Ala. Crim. App. 1984). In Henry, the victim testified at trial that

the value of the stolen property was " 'just a little under $3,000,' " and, at

the sentencing hearing, a police officer presented the trial court with a

" 'Restitution Form' on which it itemized the victim's losses and valued

them at $2,356." 468 So. 2d at 901. Although defense counsel objected to

the restitution and requested receipts and evaluations of the stolen

property, the trial court ordered restitution in the amount of $2,356. Id.

This Court held:

"We agree with the defendant that he was entitled to a
hearing, at which legal evidence was introduced, in order to
determine the precise amount of restitution due the victim in
this case. Sections 15-18-67 and -69, Code of Alabama 1975,
provide the following:

" 'When a defendant is convicted of a criminal
activity or conduct which has resulted in
pecuniary damages or loss to a victim, the court
shall hold a hearing to determine the amount or
type of restitution due the victim or victims of such
defendant's criminal acts. Such restitution
hearings shall be held as a matter of course and in
addition to any other sentence which it may
impose, the court shall order that the defendant
make restitution or otherwise compensate such

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victim for any pecuniary damages. The defendant,
the victim or victims, or their representatives or
the administrator of any victim's estate as well as
the district attorney shall have the right to be
present and be heard upon the issue of restitution
at any such hearings.

" 'At such restitution hearings, the defendant, the
victim, the district attorney, or other interested
party may object to the imposition, amount or
distribution of restitution or the manner or
method thereof and the court shall allow all such
objections to be heard and preserved as a matter
of record. The court shall thereafter enter its order
upon the record stating its findings and the
underlying facts and circumstances thereof.'
(Emphasis added).

"In addition, Rule 10(a)(5), Ala. R. Crim. P. Temp., provides
that the amount of restitution due the victim 'shall be
determined by the court from evidence presented at the
sentence hearing if not stipulated by the parties.'

"We entertain no doubt as to the integrity of the Auburn
Police Department's valuation of the stolen property;
however, the 'Restitution Form' as presented to the court was
not legal evidence without accompanying testimony regarding
the manner in which the values were determined. Thus, we
must remand this cause to the trial court with instructions to
conduct a hearing for the purpose of determining restitution
in accord with §§ 15-18-65 et seq. of the Code of Alabama 1975,
and Rule 10, Ala. R. Crim. P. Temp. Although the victim need
not produce the actual sales receipts for the property stolen,
there should be some evidence as to how the value was
determined."

Henry, 468 So. 2d at 901-02.

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CR-2024-0232

Similarly, in Alford v. State, 651 So. 2d 1109, 1111 (Ala. Crim. App.

1994), the trial court conducted a hearing to determine the amount of

restitution to be awarded after the defendant pleaded guilty to second-

degree assault. At the hearing, the victim testified about the approximate

value of medical bills she had incurred up until that date, future expected

medical bills from a surgery she would be required to have, travel

expenses, and other unspecified expenses for counseling and other

treatment. Following the hearing, the trial court ordered restitution for

medical expenses to be paid " 'upon presentation by affidavit and

supported by applicable documentation of medical bills incurred as a

result of the injuries and all future medical bills ….' " and then ordered

the defendant to pay $2,500 " 'for all other losses.' " Id. at 1112. This Court

observed:

"The appellant further contends that the trial court
erred in ordering restitution without requiring proper proof.
We agree. The restitution statute requires that the parties
involved have an opportunity to be heard on the restitution
issue. Varner v. State, 497 So. 2d 1135 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986).
A defendant in a restitution hearing is entitled to a hearing
at which legal evidence is introduced to determine the precise
amount of restitution due the victim. Henry v. State, 468 So.
2d 896 (Ala. Crim. App. 1984), cert. denied, 468 So. 2d 902
(Ala. 1985). After examining the record of the restitution
hearing and the restitution order in the instant case, we are
of the opinion that they do not meet the requirements of §§

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CR-2024-0232

15-18-65, et seq.; Rule 26.11, Ala. R. Crim. P.; and Alabama
case law. The trial court failed to determine the precise
amount of restitution to be paid based upon legal evidence.
The restitution order is open-ended, i.e., the amount of
restitution to be paid is left to future determination, is
speculative, and is based upon vague and questionable
testimony of the victim. No documentary evidence was
introduced to support the amount awarded. Furthermore, the
appellant had no opportunity to introduce evidence at the
restitution hearing or to contest the testimony of the victim
other than through cross-examination. Before a defendant
can be held liable for restitution, it must be established that
his criminal act was the proximate cause of the injury for
which the victim is seeking restitution. Strough v. State, 501
So. 2d 488 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986)."

651 So. 2d at 1113-14.

Admittedly, " ' [a]t a restitution hearing, the trial judge need be

convinced only by a preponderance of [the] evidence,' " Ex parte Stutts,

897 So. 2d 431, 433-34 (Ala. Crim. App. 2004) (quoting Hagler v. State,

625 So.2d 1190, 1191 (Ala. Crim. App. 1993)), and "[a]ny evidence that

the court deems to have probative value may be received, regardless of

its admissibility under the rules of evidence" Id. at 434 (quoting Rule

26.6(b)(2), Ala. R. Crim. P.). Nonetheless, a court must actually take

evidence or testimony and state its findings "and the underlying facts

and circumstances thereof" when ordering restitution. § 15-18-69, Ala.

Code 1975.

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In the present case, the State never called Atkins, the victim's

representative, to testify and present proof of the restitution amount

requested. We note that the circuit court had an on-the-record

conversation with Atkins, but her unsworn statements were not legal

evidence. Even if we were to assume that Atkins's exchange with the

circuit court could have been acceptable evidence, the answers that

Atkins provided to the circuit court during that conversation were

insufficient to establish the amount of restitution owed. Similarly,

though documentary evidence was mentioned on the record, the record

does not clearly indicate whether Mendenhall was given an opportunity

to review it, and it was never admitted into evidence or otherwise made

part of the record. (C. 11.)

Based on the record before us, we conclude that the circuit court

erroneously ordered Mendenhall to pay restitution without requiring the

State to prove the amount of restitution owed to the victim by means of

legal evidence. Accordingly, we set aside the restitution order in this case

and remand the case to the trial court for a new restitution hearing for

the purpose of determining restitution in accordance with the restitution

statutes and Rule 26.11, Ala. R. Crim. P.

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The circuit court shall take all action directed in sufficient time to

permit the circuit clerk to make a proper return to this Court at the

earliest possible time within 60 days of the release of this opinion.

REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

Windom, P.J., and Kellum, Cole, and Minor, JJ., concur.

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