Questão jurídica principal
Whether unentgeltliche Rechtspflege may take effect before the application date
Decisão extraída
Retroactivity before the filing date is possible only in very exceptional circumstances.
Fundamentação extraída
Section 108 ZPO uses 'in general,' which allows exceptions both against and beyond the usual rule. Protection is weaker for periods before the application than for the gap between filing and decision, so earlier effect requires special circumstances.