Tammy Gonfiantini v. Rock County Board of Canvassers

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
March 6, 2025
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2024AP1233 Cir. Ct. No. 2024CV407

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

TAMMY GONFIANTINI,

APPELLANT-APPELLANT,

V.

ROCK COUNTY BOARD OF CANVASSERS,
REGENIA STEVENS, AND LISA TOLLEFSON,

RESPONDENTS-RESPONDENTS.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Rock County:
JEFFREY S. KUGLITSCH, Judge. Affirmed and cause remanded.

Before Blanchard, Graham, and Nashold, JJ.

¶1 GRAHAM, J. Following a recount requested by candidate Tammy
Gonfiantini, the Rock County Board of Canvassers declared Gonfiantini’s
opponent, Regenia Stevens, to be the winner in an election for a seat on the county
No. 2024AP1233

board of supervisors. Gonfiantini unsuccessfully appealed the Board’s decision in
the circuit court, and in her appeal to this court, she argues that the Board
erroneously counted three ballots, all for Stevens, that had not been initialed by the
appropriate elections official. We conclude that the statutes that govern elections
and recounts do not allow ballots to be rejected based on the error that Gonfiantini
identified. We therefore affirm.

¶2 Separately, we grant Stevens’ motion for costs, fees, and reasonable
attorney fees as a sanction for commencing and continuing a frivolous appeal to
this court. See WIS. STAT. §§ 809.25 and 895.044 (2023-24).1 We remand to the
circuit court to determine the amount of the award.

BACKGROUND

¶3 Gonfiantini and Stevens were opposing candidates in the April 2024
election for a seat on the county board of supervisors. After the votes were
canvassed, the Board of Canvassers determined that Stevens received 346 votes
and Gonfiantini received 343 votes. It declared Stevens to be the winner by three
votes.

¶4 Gonfiantini petitioned for a recount pursuant to WIS. STAT.
§ 9.01(1). The Board took minutes of the recount proceeding as required by
§ 9.01(5).

1
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2023-24 version unless otherwise
noted.

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No. 2024AP1233

¶5 Gonfiantini challenged several ballots during the recount. The
Board granted Gonfiantini’s challenge to one absentee ballot because it had been
witnessed by Stevens.2 It denied Gonfiantini’s remaining challenges.

¶6 This appeal pertains to three ballots, all votes for Stevens, that
Gonfiantini challenged on the ground that they had not been initialed by the
appropriate elections official.3 The Board rejected Gonfiantini’s challenge to the
unendorsed ballots, reasoning that guidance issued by the state elections
commission did not allow ballots to be rejected or drawn down for that reason.
The Board explained: “Ballots are not drawn down due to a poll worker [or clerk]
error.” The minutes of the recount do not reflect any assertion by Gonfiantini that
the ballots were fraudulently cast, nor do the minutes reflect that she introduced
evidence to support any claim of fraud.

¶7 After addressing all of Gonfiantini’s challenges, the Board of
Canvassers confirmed that Stevens was the winner by two votes.

2
See WIS. STAT. § 6.87(7) (providing that “[n]o individual who is a candidate in the
election in which absentee ballots are cast may serve as a witness” and that “[a]ny candidate who
serves as a witness shall be penalized by discounting the number of votes for [the candidate’s]
candidacy equal to the number of certificate envelopes bearing [the candidate’s] signature”).
3
For ease of reference, we refer to these three ballots as the “unendorsed ballots.”

Gonfiantini’s pleadings allege that the three unendorsed ballots are absentee ballots, but
this allegation does not appear to be fully accurate—according to the minutes from the recount,
two of the challenged ballots were absentee ballots that were counted at the “Absentee Ballot
Processing Location,” and the third was an “ExpressVote” ballot that was cast at the Ward 10
polling location. Although Gonfiantini argues that we must assume for purposes of this opinion
that the three ballots in question were absentee ballots, any distinction between absentee and in-
person ballots does not affect the outcome of the appeal. This is because, as we explain in our
discussion, Gonfiantini’s arguments would fail whether the unendorsed ballots were cast in
person or absentee. See infra, ¶¶19-29.

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¶8 Gonfiantini filed a “complaint and notice of appeal of recount” in the
Rock County Circuit Court pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 9.01(6). The complaint
designated the Board as the respondent, and further designated Stevens and Rock
County Clerk Lisa Tollefson as notice parties. The Board and Tollefson appeared
in the action by the same counsel.4 Stevens retained her own counsel and
appeared in the action as an interested party, and the circuit court granted her
motion to intervene.

¶9 In her complaint, Gonfiantini alleged that the three unendorsed
ballots should not have been counted, and that the Board’s decision to count them
was a mistake of law. Specifically, she argued that WIS. STAT. §§ 6.80, 6.87, and
6.88 require each ballot to be endorsed by the elections official who issues it, and
she cited a paragraph from Logic v. City of South Milwaukee Board of
Canvassers, 2004 WI App 219, ¶7, 277 Wis. 2d 421, 689 N.W.2d 692, in support
of her argument that absentee ballots that lack such initials may not be counted.
Gonfiantini asked the circuit court to set aside or modify the results of the recount.

¶10 The Board filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim,
which Stevens joined.5 The Board argued that its decision to reject Gonfiantini’s
4
For ease of reference, we refer to the arguments that are collectively made by the Board
and Tollefson as having been made by the Board.
5
It is not immediately apparent that the motion to dismiss procedure found in WIS.
STAT. § 802.06(2)(a) is available in a circuit court review of a recount proceeding. See WIS.
STAT. § 9.01(6), (7) (addressing court procedures and the court’s scope of review). But we need
not resolve that potential issue because Gonfiantini did not object to the motion to dismiss on that
ground, nor has she argued that she had additional evidence or arguments not presented in her
complaint and briefing in opposition to the motion to dismiss that she could have used to bolster
her claim about the unendorsed ballots.

Separately, both parties cite to the official minutes of recounts provided for by WIS.
STAT. § 9.01(5), and neither party argues that it was inappropriate for the circuit court to consider
those minutes for purposes of its decision.

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No. 2024AP1233

challenge to the unendorsed ballots was consistent with WIS. STAT. § 7.51, which
governs the canvassing and tallying of votes on election night, and WIS. STAT.
§ 9.01, which governs the recount procedure. In particular, the Board argued,
§ 9.01 unambiguously provides that unendorsed absentee ballots should not be
rejected under the circumstances that Gonfiantini identified, and Gonfiantini did
not allege that any aspect of the recount procedure was inconsistent with § 9.01.
Finally, the Board argued that Gonfiantini’s reliance on the Logic decision was
misplaced. As the Board explained, the portion of the Logic decision on which
Gonfiantini purported to rely was based on a prior version of the statutes, and that
prior statutory language, which had expressly required unendorsed absentee
ballots to be rejected, had long since been eliminated.

¶11 Following briefing and a hearing, the circuit court granted the
motion to dismiss. In a thorough oral ruling, the court agreed with the Board of
Canvassers’ and Stevens’ interpretation of the pertinent elections statutes, and it
rejected Gonfiantini’s reliance on the Logic decision.

¶12 Gonfiantini appeals. Following the submission of Gonfiantini’s
appellant’s brief, Stevens filed a motion, which Gonfiantini opposes, that asks us
to impose sanctions for a frivolous appeal.

DISCUSSION

¶13 As stated, Gonfiantini appeals the Board’s decision to reject her
challenge to three ballots, and Stevens moves for sanctions on the grounds that
Gonfiantini’s appeal is frivolous. We begin with Gonfiantini’s appeal, and then
turn to Stevens’ motion for sanctions.

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No. 2024AP1233

I. Gonfiantini’s Challenge to the Unendorsed Ballots

¶14 On appeal, we review the decision of the Board of Canvassers, rather
than the decision of the circuit court. See Miller v. Zoning Board of Appeals,
2022 WI App 51, ¶18, 404 Wis. 2d 539, 980 N.W.2d 295. Whether the Board
properly rejected the challenge to the unendorsed ballots turns on the
interpretation and application of statutes, which is a question of law that we review
de novo. Nowell v. City of Wausau, 2013 WI 88, ¶19, 351 Wis. 2d 1, 838 N.W.2d
852. The goal of statutory interpretation is to discern the intent of the legislature.
State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cnty., 2004 WI 58, ¶44, 271 Wis. 2d
633, 681 N.W.2d 110. This inquiry “begins with the language of the statute.” Id.,
¶45 (quoting Seider v. O’Connell, 2000 WI 76, ¶43, 236 Wis. 2d 211, 612
N.W.2d 659). We also examine the statute’s scope, history, context, subject
matter, and purpose to ascertain its meaning. Id., ¶¶46, 48.

¶15 We begin where we must—by analyzing the language of the
pertinent statutes. After determining that they are unambiguous, we address and
reject Gonfiantini’s arguments about the Logic decision and her miscellaneous
assertions about fraud.

A. The Statutes

¶16 It is undisputed that the Wisconsin statutes that govern in-person
election-day voting require elections inspectors to endorse in-person ballots with

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their initials before providing the ballots to electors.6 It is likewise undisputed that
the statutes governing absentee voting require municipal clerks to endorse
absentee ballots with their initials before providing the ballots to absentee voters.7
And finally, it is undisputed that elections officials are required to verify that
absentee ballots were endorsed by the issuing clerks when the officials vote and
record absentee ballots on election day.8 None of that is at issue here.

¶17 The disputed issue is about the consequence if a ballot that is cast in
an election is missing the required endorsement by the inspector or clerk. More
specifically, the issue is whether such ballots should be counted in the election, or
whether such ballots must instead be rejected. In some cases, courts have referred
to this type of inquiry as turning on whether the statutory requirement is
“mandatory” or “directory.” See, e.g., Gradinjan v. Boho, 29 Wis. 2d 674, 683,

6
See WIS. STAT. § 7.37(4) (governing the in-person ballot distribution procedure, and
providing that, at polling places that utilize paper ballots or electronic voting systems in which
ballots are distributed to electors, “2 inspectors shall be assigned to take charge of the official
ballots,” and “shall write their initials on the back of each ballot and deliver … one ballot
properly endorsed by each of them” to “each elector as [the elector] enters the voting booth”);
WIS. STAT. § 6.80(2)(d) (governing the mechanics of in-person election-day voting, and
providing: “If an elector receives a ballot which is not initialed by 2 inspectors, or is defective in
any other way, the elector shall return it to the inspectors. If the initials are missing, the
inspectors shall supply the missing initials. If the ballot is defective, they shall destroy it and
issue another ballot to the elector.”).
7
See WIS. STAT. § 6.87(1) (governing the process for issuing absentee ballots, and
providing in relevant part: “Upon proper request [for an absentee ballot] made within the period
prescribed [by statute], the municipal clerk or a deputy clerk authorized by the municipal clerk
shall write on the official ballot, in the space for official endorsement, the clerk’s initials and
official title.”).
8
See WIS. STAT. § 6.88(3)(a) (governing the process for voting and recording absentee
ballots at the polls and providing: “Unless the ballot is cast under [WIS. STAT. § 6.95, which
addresses procedures for challenged electors], the inspectors shall verify that the ballot has been
endorsed by the issuing clerk.”); see also WIS. STAT. § 7.52 (providing a similar process for
voting and recording absentee ballots at a central location).

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No. 2024AP1233

139 N.W.2d 557 (1966) (“where the legislature has provided in explicit language
that absentee ballots shall not be counted unless certain provisions of the statute
are complied with, compliance with those provisions is mandatory”); see also
Roth v. La Farge School District Bd. of Canvassers, 2001 WI App 221, ¶34, 247
Wis. 2d 708, 634 N.W.2d 882 (concluding that the statutory requirement that a
ballot cast at a polling place contain the initials of two elections inspectors is
“directory,” and that the board of canvassers erred during a recount when it
rejected a ballot that was initialed by just one inspector).9

¶18 The Board of Canvassers and the circuit court both determined that
the absence of clerk or inspector initials on a ballot is not, by itself, a basis for
rejecting a ballot. Gonfiantini argues that the Board and the court were wrong and
that unendorsed ballots are a “nullity,” but she fails to cite any statute that supports
her argument.

¶19 The pertinent statutes that address whether an unendorsed ballot
should be rejected are WIS. STAT. § 6.80 (which governs the mechanics of in-
person election-day voting); WIS. STAT. § 7.37 (which governs inspectors’ duties,
including the distribution of in-person ballots); WIS. STAT. § 6.88 (which governs

9
In the reply brief she filed in this court, Gonfiantini addresses Roth for the first time in
these proceedings and attempts to distinguish it on the ground that the ballot that was challenged
in Roth was signed by one elections inspector, which, Gonfiantini asserts, constitutes “substantial
compliance” with a directory endorsement requirement. We reject Gonfiantini’s argument about
Roth for two reasons. First, to the extent that Gonfiantini is now arguing that, even if the
endorsement requirement is merely directory, she should prevail because there was not
substantial compliance, she forfeited any such argument. See Swartwout v. Bilsie, 100 Wis. 2d
342, 346 n.2, 302 N.W.2d 508 (Ct. App. 1981) (“We will not, as a general rule, consider issues
raised by appellants for the first time in a reply brief.”). Second, we do not read the Roth court’s
determination that the ballot in that case substantially complied with the applicable law as turning
on the fact that it bore one set of inspector initials. See Roth v. La Farge School District Bd. Of
Canvassers, 2001 WI App 221, ¶¶33-34, 247 Wis. 2d 708, 634 N.W.2d 882.

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the process for voting and recording absentee ballots on election day); WIS. STAT.
§ 7.51 (which governs the process for canvassing elections results); and WIS.
STAT. § 9.01 (which governs the recount procedure). As we now explain, when
read together, these statutes unambiguously establish that the lack of inspector or
clerk initials on a ballot is not by itself a reason for rejecting the ballot, whether in
an initial canvass or during a recount. Unendorsed ballots must be counted in the
election unless there is a reason beyond the lack of an endorsement to reject them,
such as when the total number of ballots exceeds the total number of electors
recorded in the poll books.

¶20 We begin with WIS. STAT. §§ 6.80 and 7.37, which, as noted, govern
the mechanics of in-person voting and the distribution of ballots to electors.
Specifically, § 7.37(4) provides that in-person ballots shall be initialed by two
elections inspectors, and § 6.80(2)(d) provides that, if an elector notices that the
ballot the elector was given was not initialed by two inspectors, the elector “shall
return” the ballot to the inspectors to be properly endorsed. Thus, although the
statute provides a mechanism that an elector can use to correct the error, it does
not provide any consequence, such as a later rejection of the in-person ballot, if the
elector does not notice the error and fails to correct it.

¶21 We now turn to WIS. STAT. § 6.88, which is critical to our analysis
because § 6.88(3)(b) specifically lists the reasons that absentee ballots should be
rejected. As we now explain, § 6.88 does not authorize elections officials to reject
absentee ballots that were not initialed by the issuing clerk.

¶22 We first summarize how ballots are processed pursuant to WIS.
STAT. § 6.88. Section 6.88(3)(a) sets forth a public process, in which inspectors
examine the absentee envelopes and ballots and mark the poll lists. More

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specifically, inspectors “announce the name of the absent elector” and examine the
envelope to “find that the certification has been properly executed, the applicant is
a qualified elector of the ward or election district, and the applicant has not voted
in the election.” See § 6.88(3)(a). If all of those findings are made, the inspectors
mark the poll list to indicate that an absentee ballot has been cast by the elector.
See § 6.88(3)(a). The inspectors then open the envelope and “verify that the ballot
has been endorsed by the issuing clerk.”10 See § 6.88(3)(a).

¶23 After the envelope and ballot are inspected, “[t]he inspectors shall
then deposit the ballot into the proper ballot box and enter the absent elector’s
name … on the poll list,” so long as there is no reason to reject the ballot. WIS.
STAT. § 6.88(3)(a). Section 6.88(3)(b) specifically lists reasons for rejecting an
absentee ballot:

When the inspectors find that a certification is
insufficient,[11] that the applicant is not a qualified elector
in the ward or election district, that the ballot envelope is
open or has been opened and resealed, that the ballot
envelope contains more than one ballot of any one kind or,
[with exceptions that are not pertinent here], that the
certificate of a military or overseas elector who received an
absentee ballot by facsimile transmission or electronic mail
is missing, or if proof is submitted to the inspectors that an
elector voting an absentee ballot has since died, the
inspectors shall not count the ballot. The inspectors shall

10
Under some circumstances, an elector may also be required to enclose proof of the
elector’s residence with their absentee ballot, and inspectors will verify whether “proof of
residence is enclosed.” See WIS. STAT. § 6.88(3)(a).
11
The “certification” that is referenced here is the printed certificate on the absentee
ballot envelope, which is signed by the elector and a witness. The form of the certificate is
discussed in WIS. STAT. § 6.87(2).

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endorse every ballot not counted on the back, “rejected
(giving the reason).”…[12]

¶24 As is evident from the text, WIS. STAT. § 6.88(3)(b) does not identify
a missing endorsement as a reason that an absentee ballot can be rejected. See
Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶46 (“In construing or interpreting a statute the court is
not at liberty to disregard the plain, clear words of the statute.” (citation omitted));
Benson v. City of Madison, 2017 WI 65, ¶32, 376 Wis. 2d 35, 897 N.W.2d 16
(generally speaking, when the legislature specifically lists certain reasons, we
assume that the list is exhaustive and that the legislature intended to exclude other
reasons). Thus, even if inspectors determine that an absentee ballot was not
properly endorsed by the issuing clerk, the ballot should be deposited in the ballot
box and counted in the election.13

¶25 We now consider WIS. STAT. § 7.51, which governs the process for
canvassing votes after the polls close. This section is also critical to our analysis
because it identifies the one circumstance in which a ballot (whether in-person or
absentee) may be set aside due to the lack of an endorsement. That one
circumstance is when it is necessary to set ballots aside in order to reconcile the
number of ballots with the number of electors that cast ballots in the election.

12
WISCONSIN STAT. § 6.88(3)(b) goes on to set forth the procedure for securing rejected
ballots.
13
We observe that WIS. STAT. § 7.52 sets forth similar procedures that are used if the
municipality passes an ordinance providing that, in lieu of recording, voting, and canvassing
absentee ballots at the polling places, the municipal board of absentee ballot canvassers will
canvass all absentee ballots. The differences between § 7.52 and the polling location procedures
set forth in WIS. STAT. § 6.88 are not material to the disputed issues here. Using language that is
identical in all relevant respects to § 6.88(3)(a) and (b), § 7.52(3)(a) provides that the “absentee
ballot canvassers shall verify that the ballot has been endorsed by the issuing clerk,” and
§ 6.88(3)(b) identifies reasons for rejecting absentee ballots. Those reasons do not include
missing clerk initials.

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¶26 WISCONSIN STAT. § 7.51 provides, in relevant part, that the
inspectors use the poll list to determine the number of electors who cast ballots in
the election. See § 7.51(2)(a). The inspectors then determine the number of
ballots that were cast. See § 7.51(2)(a). If the number of ballots cast is equal to or
less than the number of electors who cast ballots, the inspectors proceed to count
the ballots and report the results. See § 7.51(e).

¶27 However, the canvassers have a problem that needs to be resolved if
“the number of ballots exceeds the number of voting electors as indicated on the
poll list.” See WIS. STAT. § 7.51(2)(c). To address that situation, § 7.51(2)(c) and
(e) provide a process for drawing down the number of ballots until it equals the
number of electors. And, as we now explain, that process may target any ballots
that were not properly endorsed by the election inspectors or clerk.
Section 7.51(2)(c) provides, in relevant part:

Whenever the number of ballots exceeds the number of
voting electors as indicated on the poll list, the inspectors
shall place all ballots face up to check for blank ballots. In
this paragraph, “blank ballot” means a ballot on which no
votes are cast for any office or question. The inspectors
shall mark, lay aside and preserve any blank ballots.
Except in municipalities where absentee ballots are
canvassed under [WIS. STAT. §] 7.52,[14] if the number of
ballots still exceeds the number of voting electors, the
inspectors shall place all ballots face down and proceed to
check for the initials. The inspectors shall mark, lay aside
and preserve any ballot not bearing the initials of 2

14
Again, WIS. STAT. § 7.52 provides similar procedures that are to be used if absentee
ballots are canvassed in a central location, rather than at the polling places. The minor
differences between the canvassing procedures in § 7.52 and WIS. STAT. § 7.51 are not material to
the disputed issues here. Using language that is in all relevant respects identical to § 7.51,
§ 7.52(4)(c) makes evident that unendorsed ballots might be set aside if necessary to reconcile the
number of absentee ballots and the number of absentee electors voting in the election.

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inspectors or any absentee ballot not bearing the initials of
the municipal clerk.…[15]

Thus, as § 7.51 makes evident, the only reason that a missing endorsement would
result in a ballot not being counted in the election-day canvass is if it is necessary
to put the unendorsed ballot aside to reconcile the number of ballots with the
number of electors who are recorded as having cast ballots in the election.

¶28 Finally, we turn to WIS. STAT. § 9.01(b), which provides detailed
procedures for conducting a recount. As with the election-day canvassing
procedures, § 9.01(b) provides that unendorsed ballots may be set aside in a
recount only if the number of ballots exceeds the number of voters, and only after
other measures are taken to reconcile the numbers of electors and ballots.
Section 9.01(1)(b) provides, in relevant part (with a special focus on
subdivision 4.d.):

The recount shall proceed for each ward or municipality as
follows:

1. The board of canvassers shall first compare the
poll lists and determine the number of voting electors.

2. The board of canvassers shall then examine the
absentee ballot envelopes. Any defective absentee ballot
envelopes shall be laid aside, properly marked and
carefully preserved. The number of voters shall be reduced
by the number of ballot envelopes set aside under this
subdivision. An absentee ballot envelope is defective only
if it is not witnessed or if it is not signed by the voter or if
the certificate accompanying an absentee ballot that the
voter received by facsimile transmission or electronic mail
is missing.

15
Although not directly relevant here, WIS. STAT. § 7.51(2)(e) goes on to provide a
procedure for randomly drawing down ballots if, after setting aside any blank ballots and ballots
that are missing inspector or clerk initials, “the number of ballots still exceeds the total number of
electors recorded on the poll list.”

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3. The board of canvassers shall then examine the
container or bag containing the ballots to be certain it has
not been tampered with ….

4.a. When the container or bag has been checked, it
shall be opened and the contents removed. The board of
canvassers shall, without examination other than what is
necessary to determine that each is a single ballot, count the
number of ballots in the container or bag, excluding ballots
removed under [WIS. STAT. §] 7.51(2)(e).[16]

b. The board of canvassers shall then, for each
opened absentee ballot envelope that was laid aside as
defective under subd. 2., without inspection, randomly
draw one absentee ballot from the container or bag. In
differentiating absentee ballots from other ballots, the board
of canvassers shall presume that a ballot initialed only by
the municipal clerk [or other specified officials] is an
absentee ballot. If there are more defective absentee ballot
envelopes than there are probable absentee ballots, all of
the probable absentee ballots shall be removed from the
container or bag. Additional ballots shall be removed only
if the number of remaining ballots still exceeds the number
of voting electors recorded under subd. 1., reduced by the
number of defective envelopes set aside under subd. 2. All
ballots removed shall not be counted, but shall be marked
as to the reason for their removal, set aside and carefully
preserved.

c. If, after completing the steps set forth in
subd. 4.b., the number of ballots still exceeds the number of
voters, the board of canvassers shall place all ballots face
up to check for blank ballots. Any blank ballots shall be so
marked, set aside and carefully preserved.

d. If, after completing the steps set forth in
subd. 4.c., the number of ballots still exceeds the number of
voters reduced by the number of defective envelopes set
aside under subd. 2., the board of canvassers shall place all
ballots face down to check the initials. Any ballot not
properly initialed by 2 inspectors or any absentee ballot
not properly initialed by the municipal clerk [or other
specified officials] shall be temporarily set aside and the
board of canvassers shall, without inspection, randomly

16
Although not relevant here, WIS. STAT. § 7.51(2)(e) is the random draw down
procedure that is discussed at supra, n.15.

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draw from these ballots as many as are necessary to reduce
the number of ballots to equal the number of voters. Any
ballots removed for lack of initials shall not be counted but
shall be marked, set aside and carefully preserved.

e. If, after completing the steps set forth in
subd. 4.d., the number of ballots still exceeds the number of
voters reduced by the number of defective envelopes set
aside under subd. 2., the remaining ballots shall be
[randomly drawn down]. These ballots shall not be
counted but shall be marked as having been removed by the
canvassers on recount due to an excess number of ballots,
set aside and carefully preserved.

5. When the number of ballots and voters agree, or
after noting that the number of voters exceeds the number
of ballots, the board of canvassers shall return all ballots to
be counted to the ballot box …. The recount shall then
begin.

(Emphasis added.) Section § 9.01(1)(b) goes on to provide that a candidate “may
object to the counting of any ballot,” § 9.01(1)(b)11., but it does not provide that
the lack of an endorsement, alone, is a basis for a board of canvassers to reject any
ballot.

¶29 Gonfiantini does not meaningfully address any of these statutory
provisions in her appellate briefing. Indeed, she does not even cite WIS. STAT.
§ 6.88(3)(b) or WIS. STAT. § 9.01(1)(b) in her opening brief, other than to note that
the circuit court found their language to be dispositive. And she makes no attempt
to explain how her argument could be reconciled with the unambiguous language
of § 6.88(3)(b), § 9.01(1)(b), or the other statutes we have discussed, which
demonstrate that a ballot (whether cast in-person or absentee) will not be rejected
for lack of endorsement alone.

¶30 To support her position, Gonfiantini instead cites WIS. STAT. § 6.84,
which declares the “legislative policy” regarding absentee voting. Section 6.84
provides that, “to prevent the potential for fraud and abuse,” § 6.84(1), certain

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provisions regulating absentee voting should be construed as “mandatory,”
§ 6.84(2). Section 6.84(2) further provides that “[b]allots cast in contravention of
the procedures specified” in those mandatory sections “may not be counted” or
“included in the certified result of any election.” One significant problem with
Gonfiantini’s reliance on § 6.84 is that the endorsement requirement of WIS. STAT.
§ 6.87(1) is not among the mandatory provisions listed in § 6.84(2).17
Accordingly, § 6.84 actually undermines Gonfiantini’s argument that unendorsed
absentee ballots should not be counted under the circumstances here.

¶31 Gonfiantini also cites WIS. STAT. § 6.93, which provides that “[t]he
vote of any absentee elector may be challenged for cause” and that the elections
inspectors “shall have all the power and authority given them to hear and
determine the legality of the ballot the same as if the ballot had been voted in
person.” This statute provides no assistance to Gonfiantini because, as we have
explained, there is no statute that allows or requires any ballot, whether in-person
or absentee, to be rejected solely on the ground that it was not endorsed by an
inspector or clerk.

¶32 To be sure, there was a time in Wisconsin history when the
applicable statutes expressly directed elections inspectors to reject any absentee
ballots that had not been endorsed by the issuing clerk. More specifically, WIS.
STAT. § 11.62 (1965-66) provided, in pertinent part: “[I]f [an absentee] ballot
does not contain the name or initials of the clerk of the issuing town, city, village
or county, or [other officials designated by statute], such vote shall not be

17
The mandatory provisions identified by WIS. STAT. § 6.84(2) are WIS. STAT. §§ 6.86,
6.87(3)-(7), and 9.01(1)(b)2. and 4.

16
No. 2024AP1233

accepted or counted.” (Emphasis added.) Likewise, the original version of WIS.
STAT. § 6.88(3)(b) (1967-68), which was created in 1966 to replace § 11.62
(1965-66), contained similar language, specifically providing that, if an absentee
ballot “does not contain the initials of the clerk of the issuing municipality, … the
vote shall not be accepted or counted.” See § 6.88(3)(b) (1967-68) (created by
1966 Wis. Laws, ch. 666). (Emphasis added.)

¶33 However, in 1970, the legislature enacted a bill that eliminated the
statutory language that had previously directed elections inspectors to reject
absentee ballots that were unendorsed. See 1969 Wis. Laws, ch. 420 (amending
WIS. STAT. § 6.88(3)(b) (1965-66)). The elimination of that language from
§ 6.88(3)(b) (1965-66) was the only change that the bill made to any statute.18 It is
evident that, by eliminating the provision that addressed unendorsed absentee

18
The text of the bill, which we reproduce in full with stricken text indicating language
that was removed from the statute, provided that WIS. STAT. § 6.88(3)(b) (1967-68) was amended
to read:

6.88(3)(b) When the affidavit or certification is found to be
insufficient, the applicant is not a qualified elector in the
precinct, the ballot envelope is open or has been opened and
resealed, the ballot envelope contains more than one ballot of
any one kind, the ballot does not contain the initials of the clerk
of the issuing municipality, or if due proof appears to the
inspector that an absentee elector has since died, the vote shall
not be accepted or counted. Every ballot not counted shall be
indorsed on the back, “rejected (giving the reason).” Each
rejected ballot shall be reinserted into the affidavit envelope in
which it was delivered and the affidavit envelopes and ballots
shall be enclosed and securely sealed in an envelope marked for
rejected absentee ballots. The inspectors shall indorse the
envelope, “defective ballots” with a statement of the precinct and
date of the election, signed by the inspectors and returned to the
same official in the same manner as official ballots voted at the
election.

1969 Wis. Laws, ch. 420.

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No. 2024AP1233

ballots, the legislature intended to change how unendorsed absentee ballots would
be treated under Wisconsin statutes. See Lang v. Lang, 161 Wis. 2d 210, 220, 467
N.W.2d 772 (1991) (we presume that the legislature “intends to change the law”
when it amends a statute). Therefore, statutory history confirms that unendorsed
ballots should not be rejected on that basis alone. See Richards v. Badger Mut.
Ins. Co., 2008 WI 52, ¶22, 309 Wis. 2d 541, 749 N.W.2d 581 (“[a] review of
statutory history,” which “encompasses the previously enacted and repealed
provisions of a statute,” is “part of a plain meaning analysis”).

¶34 At times, Gonfiantini seems to suggest that we can or should
interpret the statutes differently “under the facts of this case,” where the
application of the rule determines the outcome of the election and a different rule
would produce a different result. If Gonfiantini is making that argument, it is not
only frivolous, but also deeply troubling. If the statutory standards governing
which ballots should and should not be counted in an election were subject to a
different interpretation in close elections if the party challenging a ballot might
benefit from the deviation, the result would be an abandonment of the rule of law.

B. The Logic Decision

¶35 In the absence of statutory support for her argument, Gonfiantini
points to a single parenthetical found in Logic, 277 Wis. 2d 421. Yet, as the Board
of Canvassers and the circuit court have explained, the Logic decision does not
lend any support to Gonfiantini’s argument.

¶36 By way of background, Logic was a candidate in a mayoral election,
and the initial vote tally had Logic tied with his opponent. Id., ¶2. Logic’s
opponent sought a recount and was declared the winner, and Logic appealed the
recount decision to the circuit court. Id. However, Logic did not serve his appeal

18
No. 2024AP1233

on his opponent as required by WIS. STAT. § 9.01(6)(a), and the circuit court
dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. Id., ¶¶1-2.

¶37 Logic then sought review in the court of appeals. He argued, among
other things, that the statutory service requirement was directory rather than
mandatory, and he cited Gradinjan to support his assertion that the service
requirement should be interpreted as directory “in order to preserve the
electorate’s will.” Id., ¶5 (citing Gradinjan, 29 Wis. 2d at 682). As noted above,
Gradinjan held that compliance with statutory provisions is mandatory if the
legislature provides “that absentee ballots shall not be counted unless [the
provisions] are complied with,” but that other provisions should be interpreted as
directory to “preserve the will of the elector.” Gradinjan, 29 Wis. 2d at 682-83.

¶38 This court rejected Logic’s reliance on Gradinjan for two reasons.
First, we concluded that the statutory service requirement was an “electorate-will
neutral requirement.” Thus, we determined, the “will-of-the-electorate rule” had
no bearing on the matter. Logic, 277 Wis. 2d 421, ¶6. Second, we stated that
“even under the ‘will of the electorate’ rule,” the Gradinjan court recognized that
“votes will be discarded … if noncompliance with the election law is not de
minimis.” Id., ¶7. We concluded that Logic’s appeal of the recount decision had
been properly dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Id., ¶¶7, 9.

¶39 None of these core points from Logic have any direct bearing on
Gonfiantini’s argument about unendorsed ballots, and Gonfiantini does not rely on
them. She instead purports to rely on the Logic court’s parenthetical summary of
the holding of the Gradinjan case. In that parenthetical, the Logic court
summarized the holding of Gradinjan as follows: “requirement that absentee
ballots bear either the name or the initials of the town clerk is to prevent possible

19
No. 2024AP1233

fraud; thus, absentee ballots without either the town clerk’s name or initials may
not be counted.” Id., ¶7 (citing Gradinjan, 29 Wis. 2d at 682-83).

¶40 The cited parenthetical from Logic accurately summarizes the
rationale of the Gradinjan decision, which accurately reflected the statutes in
1966, when Gradinjan was decided. As mentioned, the statutes in 1966 explicitly
provided that absentee ballots without the name or initials of the issuing clerk
“shall not be accepted or counted.” See supra, ¶32 (discussing WIS. STAT. § 11.62
(1965-66)). The Gradinjan court explained that the legislature explicitly made
that provision mandatory, and had a rational basis for doing so. Gradinjan, 29
Wis. 2d at 682-83. As Gradinjan explained, the provision was not
unconstitutional because “the legislature could determine that fraud … could much
more readily be perpetrated by use of an absentee ballot than under the safeguards
provided at a regular polling place.” Id. at 684.

¶41 However, as we have also explained, the legislature amended
Wisconsin’s elections laws after Gradinjan was decided, and in so doing, the
legislature specifically eliminated the statutory language that had previously
instructed inspectors to reject unendorsed absentee ballots. See supra, ¶33
(discussing 1969 Wis. Laws, ch. 420). By eliminating the statutory language on
which the Gradinjan court relied, the legislature changed the substantive law on
which Gradinjan’s interpretation and analysis was based.

¶42 Gonfiantini argues that, by summarizing Gradinjan’s analysis of the
then-existing statutes in a parenthetical, the Logic court was somehow certifying
that the substantive law undergirding Gradinjan’s analysis continued to remain in
full force and effect, even though the statutory language that was the source of that
substantive law had been eliminated by legislative amendment before Logic was

20
No. 2024AP1233

decided. That is, Gonfiantini contends that the Logic court’s summary of
Gradinjan “brings the rule that ‘absentee ballots without … initials may not be
counted’ into the [current] statutes.” This argument is fatuous. As stated, when
the legislature acts to remove substantive language from the statutes, we assume
that it intended to change the law. See Lang, 161 Wis. 2d at 220. If a judge could
reinstate a repealed statute merely by summarizing the rationale of a prior judicial
decision, then courts would be legislating from the bench, whether by intention or
through inadvertence.

¶43 Gonfiantini also contends that, by summarizing Gradinjan’s holding
in a parenthetical, the Logic court set out to establish an “analytical framework”
for determining which election law provisions are mandatory and which are
directory. More specifically, Gonfiantini contends, the analytical framework that
Logic established “draw[s] on the jurisprudential framework for differentiating
fundamental and technical defects under the rules of civil procedure,” and must be
used to decide which ballots should be counted and which should be rejected.
This argument is not consistent with any reasonable reading of the Logic decision.
In Logic, we were called upon to determine whether the circuit court had
jurisdiction to hear an appeal of a recount decision, not to establish a new
“analytical framework” for resolving disputes over which ballots should be
counted in an election. As cases that include Gradinjan recognize, disputes over
whether a ballot should be counted are resolved by interpreting the pertinent
statutory language. Gradinjan, 29 Wis. 2d at 682-83.

21
No. 2024AP1233

C. Gonfiantini’s Additional Arguments

¶44 In addition to her arguments about the Logic decision, Gonfiantini
also advances several arguments that raise the specter of fraud. None are
meritorious.

¶45 Gonfiantini argues that there was not “substantial evidence” to
support the Board’s assumption that the lack of initials on the unendorsed ballots
was due to poll worker or clerk error, rather than fraud.19 But Gonfiantini misses
the point—it was her burden to identify a reason that the ballots should be
rejected, and if she intended to claim that they were fraudulently cast, Gonfiantini
had the opportunity, and the obligation, to provide evidentiary support for that
claim. See WIS. STAT. § 9.01(5) (providing that a candidate requesting a recount
can make offers of evidence, and that a board of canvassers can receive exhibits
from any party and take witness testimony). As noted, the statutes do not require
or allow ballots to be rejected based on the lack of inspector or clerk initials alone,
and therefore we do not consider the lack of an endorsement, alone, to be prima
facie evidence of fraud. See also Roth, 247 Wis. 2d 708, ¶33 (stating that the
statutes “create a mechanism by which fraud will be assumed only when the
number of ballots and electors are unequal”).

¶46 In her appellate briefing, Gonfiantini appears to tacitly acknowledge
that she does not have any evidence that the ballots are unendorsed for a reason
other than poll worker or clerk error. To that end, she asserts in passing that she

19
The Board of Canvassers and Stevens argue that Gonfiantini forfeited this argument
by not raising it in the complaint she filed in the circuit court. Although this may be a fair
assessment of the complaint, we nevertheless address Gonfiantini’s argument about “substantial
evidence” since it is readily rejected as contrary to established law.

22
No. 2024AP1233

should have been allowed discovery to challenge the Board’s assumption about
the reason that the ballots were not initialed. We reject this argument for at least
two reasons. First, it is not at all clear that any formal mode of discovery is
available in a circuit court review of a recount proceeding under WIS. STAT.
§ 9.01(6).20 Second, beyond the bare assertion in her response to the motion to
dismiss that it would be “a disservice” to dismiss the case “without any
discovery,” Gonfiantini did not ask the circuit court to allow her to conduct
discovery to support her assertions about fraud.

¶47 Finally, Gonfiantini asserts that “[i]t would be verging on nearly
statistically impossible[] that the difference in the vote totals should be exactly the
number of unendorsed … ballots, and that all three of those … ballots should be
voted for the same candidate.” Although not clear, Gonfiantini might be arguing
that her assertion about what is “statistically impossible” constitutes some kind of
evidence. If so, there are many problems with this argument. Among other
things, Gonfiantini does not present any statistical analysis that would back up her
assertions. See State v. Burch, 2021 WI 68, ¶28, 398 Wis. 2d 1, 961 N.W.2d 314
(requiring expert testimony when “the underlying issue is ‘not within the realm of
ordinary experience of [hu]mankind’” (citation omitted)). And there are reasons
to doubt the accuracy of the inputs on which Gonfiantini’s conclusory assertion
about statistical improbability is based. For example, the Board did not comment
on whether, apart from the three ballots for Stevens that Gonfiantini challenged,

20
WISCONSIN STAT. § 9.01(7)(b), which governs the scope of the circuit court
proceeding, provides that “the matter shall be summarily heard and determined,” and that the
“provisions of [WIS. STAT.] chs. 801 to 806 which are inconsistent with a prompt and expeditious
hearing do not apply to appeals under this section.” Likewise, § 9.01(8)(c) provides that, with
limited exceptions, “[t]he court may not receive evidence not offered to the board of canvassers”
during the recount proceeding.

23
No. 2024AP1233

there were any other ballots that lacked inspector or clerk initials. The record does
not contain the actual ballots that were cast in the election, but it may well be that
there were unendorsed ballots for Gonfiantini that Stevens did not challenge—
either because Stevens did not need to reduce Gonfiantini’s vote count in order to
prevail in the election, or because she knew that such a challenge would lack merit
based on the unambiguous language of the relevant statutes.

¶48 In sum, for all of these reasons, we reject Gonfiantini’s arguments
and affirm the circuit court’s order dismissing her appeal.

II. Stevens’ Motion for Costs, Fees, and Reasonable Attorney Fees

¶49 Stevens asks us to enter an order pursuant to WIS. STAT.
§§ 809.25(3) and 895.044(5) determining that Gonfiantini commenced and
continued a frivolous appeal. In the brief supporting her motion, Stevens
represents that she served drafts of the motion and brief on Gonfiantini’s attorney
well in advance of filing those documents in this court. Gonfiantini did not
withdraw her appeal, and instead filed a response to the motion, in which she
reiterates the arguments that we have rejected in the discussion above.

¶50 An attorney is required “to make a reasonable investigation of the
facts and law before filing an appeal.” Larson v. Burmaster, 2006 WI App 142,
¶45, 295 Wis. 2d 333, 720 N.W.2d 134 (citation and emphasis omitted). An
appeal is frivolous if “the party or the party’s attorney knew, or should have
known,” that it is “without any reasonable basis in law or equity and could not be
supported by a good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law.” WIS. STAT. §§ 809.25(3)(c)2. and 895.044(1)(b). Statutes
authorizing sanctions for frivolous filings serve an important function in helping to
“maintain[] the integrity of the judicial system and the legal profession.” Sommer

24
No. 2024AP1233

v. Carr, 99 Wis. 2d 789, 799, 299 N.W.2d 856 (1981). Nevertheless, this is “‘an
especially delicate area,’” and “court[s] must be cautious in declaring [actions or
appeals] frivolous” to avoid stifling the development of the law. Juneau County
v. Courthouse Emps., 221 Wis. 2d 630, 640, 585 N.W.2d 587 (1998) (citation
omitted).

¶51 For Stevens to prevail on her motion, we must conclude that
Gonfiantini’s “entire appeal is frivolous.” Thompson v. Ouellette, 2023 WI App
7, ¶44, 406 Wis. 2d 99, 986 N.W.2d 338. An appeal is frivolous in its entirety
when an element, issue, or argument “necessary to succeed on appeal” is
supported solely by frivolous arguments. Id. Whether an appeal is frivolous is a
question of law. Howell v. Denomie, 2005 WI 81, ¶9, 282 Wis. 2d 130, 698
N.W.2d 621.

¶52 Here, as we have explained, the disputed issue is a legal question
that turns on the unambiguous language of WIS. STAT. §§ 6.88(2)(a), 7.52(4), and
9.01(1)(b). In those statutory sections, the legislature expressly directed which
ballots should be counted and which should be rejected in Wisconsin elections and
recounts, including in the specific context raised here. It was not necessarily
unreasonable for Gonfiantini to challenge the unendorsed ballots during the
recount—the ballots should have been endorsed under WIS. STAT. §§ 6.87(1) and
7.37(4), and she had a right to challenge those ballots under § 9.01(5). However,
after the Board of Canvassers and the circuit court both rejected Gonfiantini’s
challenge on legal grounds based on unambiguous statutory language, it was
frivolous for Gonfiantini to appeal to this court, unless she could advance a legal
argument that the statutes do not mean what the Board and the circuit court said
they mean.

25
No. 2024AP1233

¶53 One indication of a frivolous appeal is if it is supported solely with
“irrelevant facts, statutes, and cases” or “innuendo.” Schapiro v. Security Sav.
and Loan Ass’n, 149 Wis. 2d 176, 441 N.W.2d 241 (Ct. App. 1989). Here,
Gonfiantini does not cite any statutory language that supports her argument that
unendorsed ballots should not be counted in an election, nor does she make any
nonfrivolous argument addressing the statutes that are dispositive. She instead
relies primarily on an argument that we have described as fatuous—that by citing
and summarizing a prior court of appeals decision, the Logic court resurrected the
now-repealed statutory language upon which the decision it summarized was
based. Gonfiantini’s misconstruction of the Logic decision further supports our
conclusion that her appeal is frivolous. See Larson, 295 Wis. 2d 333, ¶47 (an
appeal was frivolous when the appellant “cite[d] irrelevant authority and
misconstrue[d] the authority cited”). Finally, Gonfiantini makes unspecified
assertions that there could have been fraud in the election at the same time that she
acknowledges that she has no evidence of fraud. Under the circumstances, we
conclude that Gonfiantini’s appeal is supported solely by frivolous arguments and
innuendo, and that the entire appeal is frivolous. Pursuant to WIS. STAT.
§§ 809.25(3)(a) and 895.044(5), Stevens will be awarded the costs, fees, and
actual reasonable attorney fees she incurred in responding to Gonfiantini’s appeal
to this court.

¶54 The parties do not weigh in on who should be responsible for paying
the sanctions award. We have authority to direct that the award be assessed fully
against Gonfiantini, fully against her attorney, or against Gonfiantini and her
attorney alike. WIS. STAT. §§ 809.25(3)(b), 895.044(6). Under the circumstances
here, we conclude that Gonfiantini’s attorney will be solely responsible for the
award. It is an attorney’s responsibility to research the applicable law and advise

26
No. 2024AP1233

clients on the merits of legal arguments, and here, the lack of any nonfrivolous
legal argument should have been apparent to any attorney who undertook a
reasonable investigation into the merits of the appeal.

¶55 We therefore remand the matter to the circuit court to determine the
amount of costs, fees, and actual reasonable attorney fees and to enter an order
assessing that amount against Gonfiantini’s attorney.

CONCLUSION

¶56 For all of these reasons, we reject Gonfiantini’s arguments and
affirm. We separately grant Stevens’ motion for costs, fees, and actual reasonable
attorney fees based on our determination that Gonfiantini’s entire appeal to this
court is frivolous.

By the Court.—Order affirmed and cause remanded.

Recommended for publication in the official reports.

27