State v. Joseph A. Johnson

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
February 15, 2022
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2020AP1396-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CF357

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

JOSEPH A. JOHNSON,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for Dunn
County: ROD W. SMELTZER, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Nashold, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).

¶1 PER CURIAM. Joseph Johnson appeals a judgment convicting him
of possession of child pornography and an order denying his postconviction
No. 2020AP1396-CR

motion. Johnson argues that the circuit court erred by denying his motion to
suppress evidence of child pornography on his cell phone because that evidence
was derived from his compelled statements and because no independent source for
that evidence existed. Johnson also argues that he is entitled to a new trial based
on: (1) a newly discovered log written by his extended supervision agent; (2) his
trial counsel’s failure to discover the log; and (3) the State’s failure to disclose the
log in discovery. We reject Johnson’s arguments and affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Johnson was previously convicted of three counts of first-degree
sexual assault of a child. In late July 2016, Johnson was on extended supervision
for those convictions when his supervising agent, Denise Campbell, received an
anonymous tip that Johnson possessed “smart” cell phones containing “possible
child pornography” and that Johnson was in contact with a twelve-year-old boy.
At that time, Johnson’s rules of supervision prohibited him from possessing any
cell phone not authorized by his agent. Campbell later testified that Johnson was
not authorized to possess a cell phone with internet capabilities.

¶3 On July 26, 2016, after receiving the anonymous tip, Campbell went
to Johnson’s home and took him into custody for the suspected rules violation.
Johnson and his fiancée subsequently turned over four cell phones to Campbell,
three retrieved from Johnson’s home and one from his vehicle. Three days later,
on July 29, Campbell questioned Johnson at the Dunn County Jail, and he
admitted that one of the phones might contain child pornography.

¶4 After receiving instructions from her supervisor, Campbell then
provided the cell phones to Maloree Switlick, an investigator with the Menomonie
Police Department. Switlick immediately applied for and obtained a warrant to

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search the cell phones. As relevant to this appeal, Switlick averred in her search
warrant affidavit:

3. Denise Campbell stated it was brought to her attention
by a reliable source that Joseph A. Johnson had more than
one cell phone in his possession. Campbell did a search of
Johnson’s residence and four cell phones were recovered
and at least three of which have internet access capabilities.
Johnson is not to be on the internet as part of his parole
rules. Johnson also admitted to contacting a 12-year-old
boy.

4. Johnson has served 8 years in prison from 7/30/2004 to
8/12/2012 for First Degree Sexual Assault of a Child.
Johnson was charged for inappropriately touching females
between the ages of 6-11. He was convicted in Clark
County Court for three counts and 17 were read-in.
Johnson is on Extended Supervision until 2020.

5. Campbell also stated Johnson admitted to possibly
having child pornography on his cell phone from a while
back. Johnson told Campbell that the child pornography
was not his, but if it’s on the phone it would be from a
friend who previously used the phone.

¶5 Before viewing data from the cell phones, Switlick interviewed
Johnson at the jail. Johnson agreed to speak with Switlick after being read
Miranda warnings,1 and he stated that the “large” Samsung phone was his primary
cell phone and that he did not believe the phone contained any child pornography.2
Switlick later reviewed data from Johnson’s “Samsung Galaxy Note 4,” and she
discovered several suspected images of child pornography. The State
subsequently charged Johnson with six counts of possession of child pornography.

1
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
2
Two of the four cell phones obtained from Johnson’s possession were Samsung
phones: a Samsung Galaxy Note 4 and a Samsung TracFone.

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¶6 Johnson moved to suppress all evidence and derivative evidence
related to his statements to Campbell, arguing that they were compelled because
he “was required by the terms of his extended supervision to provide a truthful and
accurate description of his whereabouts and activities.” As such, he contended
that the probable cause for the search warrant was unlawfully based on his
compelled statements. Johnson further argued that “there is no legitimate source
wholly independent of [his] compelled statements” to Campbell and relied upon in
the search warrant affidavit.

¶7 The circuit court held an evidentiary hearing on the suppression
motion. Campbell testified that on July 20, 2016, she had received “an
anonymous tip that [Johnson] was in possession of two or three cell phones; two
of them which were smart phones which contained possible child pornography,
and he was also in contact with a 12-year-old boy.” When asked whether the
anonymous source wished to remain anonymous, Campbell testified, “Yes. I
didn’t even get a name.” Campbell further stated, however, that she was aware the
source was “an acquaintance” of Johnson.

¶8 Campbell also testified that when she confronted Johnson at his
home, he initially told her that he only had one flip phone—i.e., his TracFone—
and he denied having any other phones. Once in custody, however, Johnson
admitted to Campbell that there might be two additional phones in his home, and
he described where to find the phones. Johnson’s fiancée retrieved the two phones
located in the home and provided them to Campbell. Johnson’s fiancée also then
informed Campbell that Johnson had “another big black cell phone.” Campbell
asked Johnson about that phone, but “he denied having it.” Johnson’s fiancée later
found that black cell phone in Johnson’s vehicle and provided it to Campbell.
Johnson does not contest or dispute that the “big black cell phone” described by

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his fiancée and found by her in his vehicle was the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 that
ultimately contained child pornography.

¶9 Switlick also testified at the suppression hearing. She stated, among
other things, that she researched Johnson’s criminal history and relied on
information provided by Campbell in order to draft the search warrant and
affidavit. In particular, she stated that Campbell had told her she “received an
anonymous—reliable anonymous tip,” and Switlick learned that Johnson was not
supposed to access the internet as a condition of his supervision.

¶10 Johnson did not testify or present any evidence at the hearing.
Johnson did, however, file an affidavit after the hearing. Johnson averred, among
other things, that when Campbell questioned him in jail, she provided him a
statement form on which he could write a statement, and that form “indicated that
I was required to be truthful and that any information I provided could not be used
in criminal proceedings.” Johnson further asserted that Campbell interviewed him
approximately four times between his arrest and his interview with Switlick, and
that each time “Campbell stated that I was required to be truthful and if not then I
could be revoked.”3

¶11 The circuit court denied Johnson’s motion to suppress. The court
found that an anonymous source had informed Campbell that Johnson had
“pornographic materials on his … cell phones.” The court also found that one of
the phones “had been turned over by an independent source—I believe it was the

3
When Campbell was asked whether she had informed Johnson during her interview
with him on July 29, 2016, that “his extended supervision would be revoked if he decided to
remain silent when law enforcement questioned him[,]” Campbell testified, “Absolutely not.”

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person that lived with Mr. Johnson at the residence ….” The court concluded that
“when you take the totality of the information and how it was collected,” there
was a sufficient independent source for the information that Johnson provided in
his statements to Campbell.

¶12 Johnson subsequently pled no contest to one count of possession of
child pornography, and the other five counts were dismissed and read in. The
circuit court sentenced Johnson to four years’ initial confinement and five years’
extended supervision.

¶13 Johnson later filed a postconviction motion, renewing the arguments
in his suppression motion. Soon thereafter, Johnson filed a supplemental
postconviction motion. He asserted that he discovered a July 26, 2016 event log
written by Campbell, which stated that Campbell “received info from agent Sandy
Frigo who was informed [that Johnson] had two cell phones and was in contact
with a 12[-]year[-]old boy.” Johnson argued that the log “clearly shows Agent
Campbell was untruthful in her testimony,” and “that Agent Campbell did not
have any prior information about child pornography other than compelled
statements made by Mr. Johnson ….” He further contended that he should be
granted a jury trial (and, impliedly, be allowed to withdraw his plea)
because: (1) Campbell’s log was newly discovered evidence; (2) his trial counsel
was ineffective for not discovering the log; and (3) the district attorney improperly
failed to disclose the log.

¶14 The circuit court held a Machner hearing,4 and Johnson’s trial
counsel testified regarding his representation of Johnson, including his lack of
4
State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

knowledge regarding the event log. No other witnesses testified. As relevant to
this appeal, the court issued a written order granting Johnson’s request to suppress
his statements to Campbell, but denying his request to suppress his statements to
Switlick or to suppress evidence obtained from the search warrant. In addition,
the court denied Johnson’s request for a trial in an oral ruling, concluding that
Johnson’s trial counsel was not ineffective and that the newly discovered evidence
would not have changed the outcome of the case. Johnson now appeals.

DISCUSSION

I. Independent source and inevitable discovery doctrines

¶15 Whether a violation of constitutional rights possibly warranting the
suppression of evidence has occurred is a question of constitutional fact. State v.
Reed, 2018 WI 109, ¶51, 384 Wis. 2d 469, 920 N.W.2d 56. When presented with
a question of constitutional fact, we will uphold the circuit court’s findings of
historical fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. We then independently apply
constitutional principles to those facts. Id.

¶16 The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the
State from using compelled testimony of a person on criminal supervision, and
any evidence directly or indirectly derived from such testimony, in a subsequent
criminal investigation. State v. Quigley, 2016 WI App 53, ¶46, 370 Wis. 2d 702,
883 N.W.2d 139. A defendant seeking to exclude prior statements based upon his
or her Fifth Amendment privilege must establish that the statements at issue are
testimonial, compelled and incriminating. State v. Mark, 2006 WI 78, ¶16, 292
Wis. 2d 1, 718 N.W.2d 90.

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

¶17 Johnson argues that his statements to Campbell were compelled,
incriminating and testimonial. In particular, he contends that his rules of
supervision required that he inform Campbell of his activities and that he provide
true, accurate and complete information in response to inquiries by Department of
Corrections (DOC) staff. Johnson further argues that the statement he wrote to
Campbell on July 29, 2016, contained language stating that he

must account in a truthful and accurate manner for my
whereabouts and activities, and that failure to do so is a
violation for which I could be revoked. I have also been
advised that none of this information, or any evidence
derived therefrom, can be used against me in criminal
proceedings.

¶18 In response, the State argues that Johnson failed to satisfy his burden
of proving that his statements to Campbell were compelled. The State contends
that Johnson failed to present sufficient evidence during the suppression
proceedings because he did not present his rules of supervision or his July 29,
2016 written statement and because he did not testify. The State further contends
that Johnson’s posthearing affidavit was insufficient because it was not subject to
cross-examination and because the circuit court made no findings regarding the
affidavit.

¶19 Indeed, the circuit court did not make any findings related to
Johnson’s affidavit. Nor did it determine what Johnson was instructed when
providing his statements to Campbell and Switlick. The court acknowledged
Johnson’s argument that his statements were compelled and that he was promised
his statements would not be used in criminal proceedings, but the court
nevertheless concluded that “there was [a] sufficient independent source of that
information.” Consistent with the court’s analysis at the suppression hearing, we

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

assume, without deciding, that Johnson’s statements were compelled in violation
of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.5

¶20 Johnson argues that his statements to Campbell, and any evidence
derived from those statements, must be suppressed because the State failed to
show that it obtained such evidence “from a legitimate source wholly independent
of [his] compelled statements.” Johnson contends that “Campbell would not have
known there was child pornography on the phones without [his] statements to
her.” He further argues that the anonymous call “did NOT discuss anything about
child pornography.”

¶21 In response, the State argues that it would have inevitably discovered
the child pornography on Johnson’s phone because the State had enough
information, independent of Johnson’s statements, to establish probable cause for
a warrant to search Johnson’s phone. The State contends that Johnson’s fiancée
was an independent source establishing Johnson’s possession of the phone that
contained child pornography. The State also contends that the anonymous tip was
an independent source for establishing that Johnson possessed additional phones in

5
In a footnote, Johnson argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for not submitting
his rules of supervision and his affidavit into the record because “there was no evidence in the
record of his rules and statement.” We reject this argument. Campbell testified during the
suppression hearing—while reading from Johnson’s rules of supervision—that Johnson was
required to “provide true, accurate, and complete information in response to the queries by the
[DOC] staff.” Campbell also testified that Johnson was given his rules of supervision. Thus,
contrary to Johnson’s arguments, the record contained evidence of his relevant rules of
supervision.

In addition, even if trial counsel was deficient for not filing Johnson’s affidavit before the
hearing, such deficient performance was not prejudicial. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 694 (1984) (“The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”). As we
explain later, law enforcement would have inevitably discovered the child pornography on
Johnson’s phone without relying on Johnson’s allegedly compelled statements.

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

violation of his rules of supervision, that he was in contact with a twelve-year-old
boy, and that he possessed child pornography on one of his phones.

¶22 As an initial matter, the parties generally argue past each other on
this issue, perhaps due, in part, to the nature of the circuit court’s ruling. See
supra ¶11. Johnson argues that the independent source doctrine does not apply,
while the State argues that the inevitable discovery doctrine does apply.6 These
two doctrines are “related but distinct.” State v. Anker, 2014 WI App 107, ¶25,
357 Wis. 2d 565, 855 N.W.2d 483. Ultimately, for reasons we explain, we agree
with both parties, which inures to the State’s benefit. The independent source
doctrine does not apply, but the inevitable discovery doctrine does apply and
provides a basis for us to affirm.

¶23 To explain, “the independent source doctrine requires proof that the
tainted evidence was actually discovered by independent and lawful means; that
is, it was ‘obtained independently from activities untainted by the initial
illegality.’” Quigley, 370 Wis. 2d 702, ¶51 (citation omitted). “As applied to
circumstances where an application for a warrant contains both tainted and
untainted evidence, the issued warrant is valid if the untainted evidence is
sufficient to support a finding of probable cause to issue the warrant.” See State v.
Carroll, 2010 WI 8, ¶44, 322 Wis. 2d 299, 778 N.W.2d 1. A search warrant

6
We recognize that the State did not argue inevitable discovery to the circuit court and
that the court, in turn, did not discuss the inevitable discovery doctrine. We may nonetheless
consider the State’s new argument seeking to uphold the court’s decision. See Blum v. 1st Auto
& Cas. Ins. Co., 2010 WI 78, ¶27 n.4, 326 Wis. 2d 729, 786 N.W.2d 78 (“[I]t is well-established
law in Wisconsin that an appellate court may sustain a lower court’s ruling ‘on a theory or on
reasoning not presented to the lower court.’” (citation omitted)). Moreover, we are not
constrained to the circuit court’s reasoning in affirming or denying its order. State v. Smiter,
2011 WI App 15, ¶9, 331 Wis. 2d 431, 793 N.W.2d 920 (2010).

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

affidavit provides probable cause for a search when, under the totality of the
circumstances, it sets forth “a substantial basis for concluding that there was a fair
probability that a search of the specified premises would uncover evidence of
wrongdoing.” State v. Jackson, 2016 WI 56, ¶79, 369 Wis. 2d 673, 882 N.W.2d
422 (citation omitted).

¶24 Here, the State discovered child pornography on Johnson’s phone
pursuant to a search warrant that contained tainted evidence—i.e., Johnson’s
statements admitting “to contacting a 12-year-old boy” and “to possibly having
child pornography on his cell phone from a while back.” The only relevant
untainted allegations remaining in the affidavit are: (1) that Johnson possessed
cell phones with internet capabilities in violation of his rules of supervision; and
(2) that Johnson had previously been convicted of three counts of first-degree
sexual assault of a child. The State does not argue, nor can we conclude, that
probable cause existed to search Johnson’s cell phones based solely on the
untainted allegations in the search warrant affidavit. The evidence obtained from
Johnson’s phone was therefore not admissible under the independent source
doctrine.

¶25 Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, however, “evidence
obtained during a search which is tainted by some illegal act may be admissible if
the tainted evidence would have been inevitably discovered by lawful means.”
Id., ¶47 (citation omitted). For evidence to be admissible under the inevitable
discovery doctrine, the State must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
it inevitably would have discovered the evidence sought to be suppressed. Id.,
¶66. The following factors may be considered as indicia of inevitability:

(1) a reasonable probability that the evidence in question
would have been discovered by lawful means but for the

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police misconduct; (2) that the leads making discovery
inevitable were possessed by the government at the time of
the misconduct; and (3) that prior to the unlawful search the
government also was actively pursuing some alternate line
of investigation.

Id., ¶¶60, 66. These factors, however, are not “indispensable elements of proof.”
Id., ¶66. Because the State argues that it would have had sufficient independent
information to secure a search warrant for Johnson’s Samsung Galaxy Note 4 cell
phone, we first consider what lawfully obtained information could have been
alleged in the State’s search warrant affidavit.

¶26 Like the search warrant affidavit Switlick prepared, the State would
have been able to allege that Johnson had previously been convicted of three
counts of first-degree sexual assault of a child and that he was not authorized
under his rules of supervision to possess a cell phone with internet capabilities.
Such information was lawfully obtained through Switlick’s independent research
into Johnson’s criminal history and through Campbell’s personal knowledge of
Johnson’s rules of supervision.

¶27 The State would have also been able to allege that Johnson
possessed a cell phone with internet capabilities in violation of his rules of
supervision. Such evidence was lawfully obtained—independent of Johnson’s
statements—because although Johnson explicitly denied having the Samsung
Galaxy Note 4 cell phone, Johnson’s fiancée independently discovered that cell
phone in Johnson’s vehicle and provided it to Campbell.

¶28 Lastly, the State would have been able to allege that an anonymous
source informed Campbell that Johnson: (1) possessed cell phones with internet
capabilities; (2) possessed possible child pornography on his cell phones; and
(3) was in contact with a twelve-year-old boy. Such information was lawfully

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

obtained and independent of Johnson’s statements because Campbell received the
anonymous tip before speaking to Johnson regarding these matters. Although
Johnson argues that the anonymous tip “did NOT discuss anything about child
pornography,” Johnson ignores Campbell’s testimony and the circuit court’s
corresponding factual finding to the contrary.7 Campbell testified that she
received an anonymous tip that Johnson’s cell phones contained possible child
pornography. The court similarly found that an anonymous source informed
Campbell that Johnson possessed “pornographic materials on his … cell phones.”
Accordingly, the court’s finding in that regard was not clearly erroneous.

¶29 When considering the totality of these allegations, a warrant-issuing
judge would have been able to conclude that there was a fair probability a search
of Johnson’s cell phones would have uncovered evidence of wrongdoing—i.e.,
possession of child pornography. See Jackson, 369 Wis. 2d 673, ¶79. Again,
Campbell learned from an anonymous source that Johnson possessed possible
child pornography on his cell phones. That allegation is further buttressed by
Johnson’s prior convictions for first-degree sexual assault of a child, which
demonstrate past sexual interests in children; by his possession of a cell phone
with internet capabilities in violation of his rules of supervision; and by the overall
reliability of the anonymous source.

¶30 Johnson argues that the anonymous tip, including the allegation of
possible child pornography on his cell phone, does not support a finding of

7
Indeed, we note that Johnson’s argument in his reply brief against application of the
inevitable discovery doctrine is largely based on the notion that Campbell never received this
information from an anonymous tip but, rather, from another agent. This argument, which is
based on Campbell’s event log, fails for the reasons we provide below, and any reliance on it to
gainsay Campbell’s testimony in this regard likewise fails.

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

probable cause because it could not be corroborated without Johnson’s compelled
statements. We disagree. When evaluating hearsay information provided in a
search warrant affidavit, a court may consider the veracity of the hearsay declarant
as well as the basis for the declarant’s knowledge. State v. Romero, 2009 WI 32,
¶¶19-20, 317 Wis. 2d 12, 765 N.W.2d 756. The State can demonstrate an
anonymous declarant’s veracity by establishing the reliability of the particular
information furnished. Id., ¶21. In particular, “[t]he reliability of the information
may be shown by corroboration of details ….” Id. “If a declarant is shown to be
right about some things, it may be inferred that he [or she] is probably right about
other facts alleged.” Id.

¶31 Here, the State obtained sufficient corroborating evidence—
independent of Johnson’s statements—to establish the reliability of the
anonymous source. Not taking into account the cell phones that Johnson admitted
to possessing, Campbell was able to corroborate the anonymous tip that Johnson
possessed a cell phone with internet capabilities because Johnson’s fiancée
independently discovered the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 phone in Johnson’s vehicle
and provided it to Campbell. Because the anonymous source was correct that
Johnson possessed a cell phone with internet capabilities, a warrant-issuing judge
would have been able to infer that the anonymous source was right about other
facts alleged, including that Johnson possessed child pornography and was in
contact with a twelve-year-old boy. See id. Moreover, the reliability of the
anonymous source is further supported by Campbell’s knowledge that the source
was an acquaintance of Johnson.

¶32 Finally, we consider the relevant factors of the inevitable discovery
doctrine in the context of this case. Again, the State had obtained sufficient
evidence, through independent means, to establish probable cause for a search

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warrant. Much of that evidence was obtained and known before Johnson made
any of the statements at issue. Although the cell phone containing child
pornography—i.e., the Samsung Galaxy Note 4—was first discovered in
Johnson’s possession after his initial statements to Campbell, Johnson denied
possessing that phone, and Johnson’s fiancée independently discovered the phone
and turned it over to Campbell. The State therefore possessed the necessary leads
to make discovery inevitable by the time it used Johnson’s statements in the search
warrant affidavit. Even if Johnson had not made any statements, a reasonable
probability exists that the State would have recovered the cell phone at issue
(which undisputedly had internet capabilities), obtained a search warrant, and
discovered evidence of child pornography on that phone.

¶33 Although the State may not have shown that it was actively pursuing
an alternate line of investigation—independent of the search warrant that was
obtained—before searching the cell phone at issue, such a showing is not required
for application of the inevitable discovery doctrine. See Jackson, 369 Wis. 2d
673, ¶¶62, 65-66 (recognizing that inevitable discovery may still be established
without showing an active pursuit of an alternate line of investigation). Campbell
was actively investigating the anonymous tip prior to obtaining any statements
from Johnson. Because the anonymous source stated that Johnson’s cell phones
might contain possible child pornography, it appears likely that Campbell would
have still turned the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 over to Switlick if Johnson had not
made any statements, and that Switlick would have obtained a warrant to search
the phone. The State has therefore established, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that it inevitably would have discovered the child pornography on

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

Johnson’s phone. The circuit court did not err by denying Johnson’s motion to
suppress evidence obtained from his cell phone.8

II. Plea withdrawal claims

¶34 Johnson next argues that he is entitled to a jury trial because: (1) his
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to discover Campbell’s event log; (2) the
log constitutes newly discovered evidence; and (3) the State failed to disclose the
log. Johnson seemingly fails to discern, however, that he must first withdraw his
plea before he can proceed to trial. We nonetheless recognize that ineffective
assistance of counsel, newly discovered evidence, and discovery violations may
warrant plea withdrawal. See State v. Harris, 2004 WI 64, ¶39, 272 Wis. 2d 80,
680 N.W.2d 737 (recognizing a manifest injustice resulting from ineffective
assistance of counsel or discovery violations); State v. McCallum, 208 Wis. 2d
463, 473, 561 N.W.2d 707 (1997) (recognizing a manifest injustice based on the
existence of newly discovered evidence). Accordingly, we construe Johnson’s
arguments as seeking plea withdrawal, and we address them in turn.

¶35 Johnson argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
investigate and to obtain the log in Campbell’s file. He contends that because his
suppression motion was based upon Campbell’s statements, his counsel had a duty
to review Campbell’s file. Johnson further contends that if counsel had obtained

8
Johnson seems to suggest, at various times in his briefing, that his statements to
Campbell and Switlick, on their own, should have been suppressed. He fails, however, to
distinguish those arguments from his main argument that the evidence obtained from the
Samsung Galaxy Note 4 should be suppressed. He therefore has failed to develop those
arguments, and we decline to address them further. See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47,
492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992) (we need not address undeveloped arguments). We do note,
however, that the circuit court granted Johnson’s request to suppress his statements to Campbell
in the written order following Johnson’s postconviction motion.

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

the log, he could have impeached Campbell and proven that she did not have
independent information regarding the presence of child pornography on his
phone. Johnson argues that the log “clearly shows Agent Campbell was untruthful
in her testimony” and that it “would have changed the outcome of the motion
hearing because it showed that Agent Campbell was not told by the ‘independent
and anonymous witness’ that Mr. Johnson possessed child pornography.”

¶36 To demonstrate constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant must show: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) that
the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. State v. Sholar, 2018 WI 53,
¶32, 381 Wis. 2d 560, 912 N.W.2d 89. We need not address both components of
this inquiry if the defendant does not make a sufficient showing on one.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697 (1984). In determining whether
counsel’s performance was prejudicial, we evaluate whether “there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Sholar, 381 Wis. 2d 560, ¶33 (citation
omitted).

¶37 Contrary to the fundamental premise in Johnson’s arguments, the
newly discovered log does not establish that Campbell lied about the anonymous
tip, nor does it contradict her testimony. Rather, it shows that Campbell received
information from Agent Frigo that Johnson had two cell phones and that he was in
contact with a twelve-year-old boy. As the State aptly observes, Campbell could
have received information from both the anonymous source and Frigo, or some
other reasonable explanation could have existed for the log entry. But because
Johnson did not call Campbell as a witness at the Machner hearing to explain her
log, he can only speculate as to whether Campbell lied at the suppression hearing.
Without any evidence establishing that Campbell lied, and because the log is not

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

inconsistent with Campbell’s testimony, Johnson has not demonstrated a
reasonable probability that the result of his suppression motion would have been
different if counsel had discovered the log. See Sholar, 381 Wis. 2d 560, ¶33.
Johnson has therefore failed to show that his counsel’s performance was
prejudicial to his defense.

¶38 Johnson next argues that the log constitutes newly discovered
evidence. Newly discovered evidence may warrant plea withdrawal if the
defendant proves, by clear and convincing evidence, that: “(1) the evidence was
discovered after conviction; (2) the defendant was not negligent in seeking
evidence; (3) the evidence is material to an issue in the case; and (4) the evidence
is not merely cumulative.” McCallum, 208 Wis. 2d at 473. Upon proof of these
four criteria, the circuit court must then determine whether “a reasonable
probability exists that a different result would be reached in a trial.” Id.

¶39 Johnson does not develop any argument regarding the four criteria
for newly discovered evidence until his reply brief. Generally, we need not
consider undeveloped arguments or arguments developed for the first time in a
reply brief. See A.O. Smith Corp. v. Allstate Ins. Cos., 222 Wis. 2d 475, 492, 588
N.W.2d 285 (Ct. App. 1998); State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492
N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992). Regardless, as we have already explained regarding
Johnson’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the log does not establish that
Campbell lied during her testimony, nor does it contradict her testimony.
Therefore, the discovery of Campbell’s log does not establish a reasonable
probability of a different result at the suppression hearing. See McCallum, 208
Wis. 2d at 473.

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

¶40 Finally, Johnson argues that the State violated WIS. STAT.
§ 971.23(1)(e) (2019-20),9 and Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by failing
to disclose Campbell’s log before the suppression hearing. He contends that the
log “would have made a difference” because it would have shown that his
compelled statements were the only source of information that he possessed child
pornography on his phone.

¶41 While Johnson’s Brady arguments suffer from being undeveloped,
we reject them on the merits in any event. The timing requirements under WIS.
STAT. § 971.23(1) and Brady both relate to the scheduled trial date, not
suppression hearings. See Harris, 272 Wis. 2d 80, ¶¶36-37. Brady requires that
disclosure not come “so late as to prevent the defendant from receiving a fair
trial,” but it “does not require pretrial disclosure.” Harris, 272 Wis. 2d 80,
¶¶36-37 (citation omitted). Section 971.23(1), on the other hand, requires that
evidence be disclosed “within a reasonable time before trial.” In other words, the
evidence “must be disclosed within a sufficient time for its effective use.” Harris,
272 Wis. 2d 80, ¶37. “Thus, in regard to the timing of disclosure, § 971.23 is
broader than the constitutional requirements of Brady.” Harris, 272 Wis. 2d 80,
¶37.

¶42 Johnson’s jury trial was scheduled to begin on March 20, 2019.
Johnson, however, pled no contest on February 11, 2019—thirty-seven days
before trial. By pleading no contest rather than taking his case to trial, Johnson
made any disclosure of the log unnecessary. See WIS. STAT. § 971.23(1)

9
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise
noted.

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No. 2020AP1396-CR

(requiring disclosure “within a reasonable time before trial”). Moreover, had
Johnson not pled, the State could have disclosed Campbell’s log, even after
February 11, and still provided Johnson with “sufficient time for its effective
use”—i.e., filing another suppression motion. See Harris, 272 Wis. 2d 80, ¶37.
Therefore, even under the broader timing requirements of § 971.23(1), Johnson’s
arguments fail. Moreover, as we have already explained regarding Johnson’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Johnson has failed to show that he suffered
prejudice without Campbell’s log. See Harris, 272 Wis. 2d 80, ¶39 (allowing the
defendant to withdraw his plea only where the State’s violation of § 971.23(1) was
prejudicial to the defendant).

¶43 In sum, the circuit court did not err by denying Johnson’s
suppression motion because the State would have inevitably discovered the child
pornography on his cell phone. In addition, Johnson has failed to establish that he
is entitled to withdraw his plea due to ineffective assistance of counsel, newly
discovered evidence, or discovery violations.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

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