State v. Keith X. Hoffman

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
September 9, 2021
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2021AP271-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2020CF353

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

V.

KEITH X. HOFFMAN,

DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Portage County:
THOMAS B. EAGON, Judge. Reversed and cause remanded for further
proceedings.

Before Kloppenburg, Fitzpatrick, and Nashold, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2021AP271-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. The State appeals a circuit court judgment
dismissing a criminal complaint charging Keith Hoffman with stalking under WIS.
STAT. § 940.32(2) (2019-20).1 The court had previously dismissed an earlier
complaint after declining to find probable cause at the preliminary hearing. The
sole issue we decide is whether the allegations in the new complaint are sufficient
to establish probable cause that Hoffman committed the stalking offense charged.
We agree with the State that the allegations are sufficient. Accordingly, we
reverse the circuit court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.

Background

¶2 In June 2020, the State filed a complaint charging Hoffman with
stalking “Harriet” in violation of WIS. STAT. § 940.32(2).2 As relevant here, the
elements of stalking are, in summary form: (1) the defendant engaged in an
intentional course of conduct directed at a particular person; (2) the course of
conduct would have caused a reasonable person in the same circumstances to
suffer serious emotional distress; (3) the defendant’s acts caused the person to
suffer serious emotional distress; and (4) the defendant knew or should have
known that one or more of the acts would have this effect. See § 940.32(2);
WIS JI—CRIMINAL 1284.

1
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise
noted.

The parties use the pseudonym “Harriet,” and so shall we. See WIS. STAT.
2

RULE 809.86(4).

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No. 2021AP271-CR

¶3 The circuit court held a preliminary hearing on the June 2020
complaint and, at the conclusion of the hearing, declined to find probable cause.
That case was dismissed.

¶4 The State filed a new complaint that included the allegations from
the original complaint and additional allegations. According to the allegations,
Harriet reported to police that Hoffman had been stalking her for approximately
three years. Harriet said that Hoffman would sit and watch her while she worked
at the YMCA, where he was a member; that Hoffman would send her messages
and pictures through social media “every day,” including pictures of his penis
“[m]any times”; that in one instance, his penis had a ruler drawn on it; and that
Hoffman once showed up at Harriet’s dorm room uninvited. There were also
allegations that Hoffman became angry at Harriet for talking to other males at
work, and that he asked her, “why the fuck are you talking to other guys?” In
addition, Hoffman attempted numerous times to hack into Harriet’s student email
account.

¶5 The complaint also included allegations that Harriet tried to ignore
Hoffman’s communications, but felt she had to be civil to him due to her job at the
YMCA. Harriet accepted Hoffman’s social media invitations because she did not
want to get in trouble at work for being rude to Hoffman in light of his status as a
YMCA member. When Harriet tried to delete Hoffman from her accounts, he
“made a huge deal of it at the YMCA,” so she added him back. On one occasion,
when Harriet was talking to a coworker about Hoffman, Hoffman became very
angry and started yelling and swearing at Harriet.

¶6 Additionally, the complaint included new allegations relating to a
restraining order entered against Hoffman at the request of Harriet. It contained

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No. 2021AP271-CR

several paragraphs alleged to be excerpts from Harriet’s application for a
temporary restraining order against Hoffman. Several of the allegations provided
further details regarding Hoffman’s conduct and Harriet’s reactions to his conduct.
Harriet alleged that Hoffman yelled at her at work for talking to coworkers after
she blocked him on social media, and that she added him back to her social media
“to keep the peace.” Harriet also alleged: “He started sending me dick pictures,
one time he even drew a ruler on his penis. I told him to stop. I received a ‘snap’
from him asking me to ‘suck his cock.’ I got fed up and permanently blocked him
on everything.” Harriet further alleged that, after she learned of Hoffman’s
attempts to hack into her school account, she cried and felt “extremely
uncomfortable” and “made myself sick from all the stress.” She met with the dean
of students at her university and had to obtain new accounts and a new cell phone
number.

¶7 Hoffman moved to dismiss the new complaint. He argued that the
complaint allegations failed to establish probable cause to support a stalking
charge. He argued in the alternative that dismissal was appropriate under WIS.
STAT. § 970.04.3 The circuit court granted Hoffman’s motion and dismissed the
new complaint.

Discussion

¶8 The State argues that the circuit court erred in dismissing the new
complaint. The State contends (1) that the complaint established probable cause

3
WISCONSIN STAT. § 970.04 provides that, “[i]f a preliminary examination has been had
and the defendant has been discharged, the district attorney may file another complaint if the
district attorney has or discovers additional evidence.”

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No. 2021AP271-CR

that Hoffman committed the stalking crime charged, and (2) that the complaint
included new evidence and was therefore permissible under WIS. STAT. § 970.04.

¶9 Hoffman now concedes that the new complaint was permissible
under WIS. STAT. § 970.04. Hoffman contends, however, that the circuit court
properly dismissed the complaint for lack of probable cause.

¶10 Accordingly, the sole issue we decide is whether the allegations in
the new complaint are sufficient to establish probable cause that Hoffman
committed a stalking offense under WIS. STAT. § 940.32(2). For the reasons that
follow, we conclude that the allegations are sufficient.

¶11 “The sufficiency of a complaint is a matter of law that we review de
novo.” State v. Barman, 183 Wis. 2d 180, 201, 515 N.W.2d 493 (Ct. App. 1994).
“A complaint is sufficient when the alleged facts, together with reasonable
inferences drawn from them, allow a reasonable person to conclude that a crime
was probably committed by the defendant.” Id. We address only whether the
complaint allegations establish probable cause, not “whether the facts as pleaded
would establish guilt according to some higher standard.” See State v. Grimm,
2002 WI App 242, ¶20 n.6, 258 Wis. 2d 166, 653 N.W.2d 284.

¶12 The applicable stalking statute provides that “[w]hoever meets all of
the following criteria is guilty of a Class I felony” stalking offense:

(a) The actor intentionally engages in a course of
conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a
reasonable person under the same circumstances to suffer
serious emotional distress or to fear bodily injury to or the
death of himself or herself or a member of his or her family
or household.

(b) The actor knows or should know that at least
one of the acts that constitute the course of conduct will
cause the specific person to suffer serious emotional

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No. 2021AP271-CR

distress or place the specific person in reasonable fear of
bodily injury to or the death of himself or herself or a
member of his or her family or household.

(c) The actor’s acts cause the specific person to
suffer serious emotional distress or induce fear in the
specific person of bodily injury to or the death of himself or
herself or a member of his or her family or household.

WIS. STAT. § 940.32(2).

¶13 As noted above, the elements of stalking under this statute, as
relevant here, can be summarized as follows: (1) the defendant engaged in an
intentional course of conduct directed at a particular person; (2) the course of
conduct would have caused a reasonable person in the same circumstances to
suffer serious emotional distress;4 (3) the defendant’s acts caused the person to
suffer serious emotional distress; and (4) the defendant knew or should have
known that one or more of the acts would have this effect. See WIS. STAT.
§ 940.32(2); WIS JI—CRIMINAL 1284.

¶14 “Course of conduct” in this context means “a series of 2 or more acts
carried out over time, however short or long, that show a continuity of purpose,”
including, as most relevant here, any of the following acts:

1. Maintaining a visual or physical proximity to the
victim.

2. Approaching or confronting the victim.

3. Appearing at the victim’s workplace or
contacting the victim’s employer or coworkers.

4. Appearing at the victim’s home ….

4
The statute provides that “‘[s]uffer serious emotional distress’ means to feel terrified,
intimidated, threatened, harassed, or tormented.” See WIS. STAT. § 940.32(1)(d).

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No. 2021AP271-CR

….

7. Sending material by any means to the victim ....

WIS. STAT. § 940.32(1)(a).5

5
WISCONSIN STAT. § 940.32(1)(a) provides in full:

(a) “Course of conduct” means a series of 2 or more acts
carried out over time, however short or long, that show a
continuity of purpose, including any of the following:

1. Maintaining a visual or physical proximity to the
victim.

2. Approaching or confronting the victim.

3. Appearing at the victim’s workplace or contacting the
victim’s employer or coworkers.

4. Appearing at the victim’s home or contacting the
victim’s neighbors.

5. Entering property owned, leased, or occupied by the
victim.

6. Contacting the victim by telephone or causing the
victim’s telephone or any other person’s telephone to ring
repeatedly or continuously, regardless of whether a conversation
ensues.

6m. Photographing, videotaping, audiotaping, or,
through any other electronic means, monitoring or recording the
activities of the victim. This subdivision applies regardless of
where the act occurs.

7. Sending material by any means to the victim or, for
the purpose of obtaining information about, disseminating
information about, or communicating with the victim, to a
member of the victim’s family or household, or an employer,
coworker, or friend of the victim.

8. Placing an object on or delivering an object to
property owned, leased, or occupied by the victim.

9. Delivering an object to a member of the victim’s
family or household or an employer, coworker, or friend of the
victim or placing an object on, or delivering an object to,
(continued)

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No. 2021AP271-CR

¶15 “These acts, in and of themselves, are not crimes.” See State v.
Hemmingway, 2012 WI App 133, ¶6, 345 Wis. 2d 297, 825 N.W.2d 303. Rather,
“[t]hese are legitimate acts which could become part of the stalking course of
conduct if they show a continuity of purpose and satisfy the elements of the
crime.” Id.

¶16 Hoffman argues that the allegations in the new complaint do not
establish probable cause to support two of the four elements of stalking under WIS.
STAT. § 940.32(2). Specifically, Hoffman argues that the allegations are
insufficient to establish probable cause for the first and fourth elements: that he
intentionally engaged in a course of conduct showing a continuity of purpose, and
that he knew or should have known that one or more of his acts would cause
Harriet to suffer serious emotional distress. We reject these arguments.6

¶17 As to the first element, Hoffman contends that his alleged acts do not
show a course of conduct with a continuity of purpose. Hoffman argues that the
acts occurred over the course of a few years and “do not support a conclusion that
this was anything but a typical, if rocky, attempt … to form a relationship or
friendship with Harriet.” We disagree.

property owned, leased, or occupied by such a person with the
intent that the object be delivered to the victim.

10. Causing a person to engage in any of the acts
described in subds. 1. to 9.
6
Hoffman does not appear to dispute that the allegations in the new complaint are
sufficient to establish probable cause for the second and third elements, namely, that his course of
conduct would have caused a reasonable person in Harriet’s circumstances to suffer serious
emotional distress, and that his actions caused Harriet to suffer serious emotional distress.
Regardless, we agree with the State that the allegations are sufficient as to these elements.

8
No. 2021AP271-CR

¶18 First, the statute expressly provides that the course of conduct may
be “carried out over time, however short or long.” See WIS. STAT. § 940.32(1)(a).
Second, Hoffman’s alleged acts are reasonably viewed as showing a continuity of
purpose in which Hoffman repeatedly targeted Harriet with unsolicited sexual
overtures and harassing conduct. We take into account Hoffman’s entire course of
conduct but conclude that several of his alleged acts are particularly relevant. To
summarize the most pertinent allegations and reasonable inferences therefrom,
Hoffman yelled and swore at Harriet at her workplace, either because she was
talking to coworkers about him or because she had blocked him on her social
media accounts; Hoffman repeatedly sent Harriet unwanted pictures of his penis,
including one in which a ruler was drawn on it; and Hoffman continued to send
Harriet pictures of his penis, along with the “snap” asking her to “suck his cock,”
even after she had “told him to stop.”7

¶19 As to the fourth element, the question is whether the allegations in
the complaint show probable cause that Hoffman knew or should have known that
“at least one of the acts that constitute the course of conduct will cause [Harriet] to
suffer serious emotional distress.” See WIS. STAT. § 940.32(2)(b). Hoffman
argues that the complaint allegations are not sufficient on this element because the
allegations show that Harriet was outwardly friendly toward him based on her
work obligations. Hoffman asserts that this “obscured his ability to know that she
was experiencing emotional distress.” He further asserts that the complaint
allegations show no indication that his behavior was bothering Harriet prior to the

7
As referenced above, the new complaint included the following allegations by Harriet:
“He started sending me dick pictures, one time he even drew a ruler on his penis. I told him to
stop. I received a ‘snap’ from him asking me to ‘suck his cock.’ I got fed up and permanently
blocked him on everything.”

9
No. 2021AP271-CR

time that she permanently blocked him on her social media accounts. For all of
these reasons, Hoffman argues that the complaint allegations do not show probable
cause on the knowledge element.

¶20 We reject Hoffman’s argument. Although some of the complaint
allegations support a conclusion that Harriet was generally friendly toward
Hoffman due to her work obligations, Hoffman does not persuasively argue that
he did not know that yelling and swearing at someone at his or her workplace
would cause the person to feel emotional distress. In addition, the other
allegations that we have already discussed separately support a reasonable
inference that Hoffman should have known that one or more of his alleged acts
would cause Harriet serious emotional distress. Hoffman’s argument ignores the
allegations supporting a reasonable inference that he continued to send Harriet
unwanted pictures of his penis, and at least one lewd message, even after Harriet
told him to stop.

¶21 In sum, for the reasons stated above, we reverse the circuit court’s
judgment of dismissal and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

By the Court.—Judgment reversed and cause remanded for further
proceedings.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

10