State v. Jeffrey L. Ionescu

2019 WI App 68

COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN
PUBLISHED OPINION

Case No.: 2018AP1620-CR

†Petition for Review Filed

Complete Title of Case:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

JEFFREY L. IONESCU,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.†

Opinion Filed: November 13, 2019
Submitted on Briefs: August 15, 2019

JUDGES: Neubauer, C.J., Reilly, P.J., and Gundrum, J.
Concurred:
Dissented:

Appellant
ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the defendant-appellant, the cause was submitted on the
briefs of Jorge R. Fragoso, assistant state public defender of Milwaukee.

Respondent
ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was submitted on the
brief of Tiffany M. Winter, assistant attorney general, and Joshua L. Kaul,
attorney general.
2019 WI App 68

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
November 13, 2019
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2018AP1620-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CF1005

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

JEFFREY L. IONESCU,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Waukesha County:
LEE S. DREYFUS, JR., Judge. Affirmed.

Before Neubauer, C.J., Reilly, P.J., and Gundrum, J.

¶1 GUNDRUM, J. Jeffrey Ionescu appeals from his judgment of
conviction for burglary, challenging the circuit court’s denial of his motion to
suppress evidence. Specifically, he claims New Berlin Police Officer
James Ament, a K-9 officer, violated his Fourth Amendment rights when Ament
No. 2018AP1620-CR

and his trained tracking dog, Condor, entered onto the yard of Ionescu’s mother
without a warrant while tracking a burglar, Ionescu. Because we conclude
Ament’s entry was lawful as he was in “hot pursuit” of Ionescu, we affirm.

Background

¶2 Following Ament and Condor’s tracking of a burglary suspect
through multiple yards, onto the property of Ionescu’s mother, and ultimately up
to the door of a motor home in which Ionescu stayed, Ionescu was arrested and
charged with multiple offenses. He brought a motion to suppress evidence
asserting that Ament and Condor could not lawfully enter onto his mother’s yard
without a warrant. An evidentiary hearing was held, at which the following
relevant evidence was presented.

¶3 Ament testified that shortly after 4 a.m. on June 6, 2016, he was
dispatched to a New Berlin home due to a report of a burglary in progress. Ament
was informed that the homeowner had heard noises in his garage, investigated, and
found an individual inside of his vehicle. Upon Ament’s arrival at the home, the
homeowner informed Ament that the burglary suspect had fled, cutting west
across the homeowner’s yard. Due to the dew on the ground, Ament “could see
one set of footprints heading where the homeowner said he saw the suspect last
run.”

¶4 Ament and Condor began tracking the burglary suspect,1 and:

1
Ament testified that he and Condor were trained and certified as a team, with Condor
being “specifically trained … to continue to follow [a subject’s] scent in the air as well as along
the track.” Condor is also “able to scent discriminate, so [Ament] c[ould] tell him to follow [a]
specific person’s track and not [just] any person he runs into.”

2
No. 2018AP1620-CR

Condor takes me down the road and we lose that track
on the road because it is very difficult to track there.
However, at a point he does again locate a track that heads
through a series of backyards. During that time at various
points I can see one set of footprints in that dew based on
the conditions of the grass that are sometimes apparent and
sometimes not. Condor is filling in those gaps.

The set of footprints was consistent with those Ament observed leaving the
homeowner’s residence, “seem[ed] to follow a direct series,” and was the only set
Ament saw in the area. Ament and Condor traversed approximately ten to twelve
backyards, losing the track one more time, but finding it “and verify[ing] with
footprints again.” After tracking for twenty to thirty minutes and approximately
2000 feet, Ament and Condor followed the track largely along the property line
between two properties, from the back of the properties to the front. A motor
home was parked in the front of one of these properties. Coming up the property
line to “the edge of the motor home,” Condor “immediately [took] a hard left turn”
and Ament “c[ould] see those same footprints. The dog as well as the footprints
go directly to the … door of that motor home.” Condor “sat and stared at the
door,” which informed Ament that Condor had “finished his track and he thinks
that the person is in there.”

¶5 An officer who was with Ament knocked on the door of the motor
home, but there was no answer. They then walked to the front door of the house
on the property and made contact with Ionescu’s mother, who indicated she owned
the residence and the motor home but that Ionescu “stayed” in the motor home.
She willingly opened the motor home for the officers and gave them permission to
enter. According to the criminal complaint, the officers found Ionescu as well as a
watch that had been stolen from the homeowner’s vehicle.

3
No. 2018AP1620-CR

¶6 The circuit court found that the pursuit began “in very close
proximity” to when the burglary occurred.

As soon as the homeowner had contact with the individual
that took off, [he] called the police and they responded in
short order…. They see a track going the direction the
homeowner described as the individual took off in and they
began following it.... The officers were following what
would be a current track or believed to be a current track.
Ultimately, it led to the Ionescu property.

The court denied the suppression motion, expressing that it was “satisfied” the
circumstances that “led up to the contact and the search w[ere] appropriate.”2
Ionescu pled to the burglary charge, was sentenced, and now appeals.

Discussion

¶7 Ionescu contends Ament violated his Fourth Amendment rights “by
bringing a trained police dog onto the curtilage of his home” without a warrant.3
We conclude the circuit court did not err in denying his suppression motion

2
The circuit court also concluded that Ionescu lacked standing to challenge the police
entry onto his mother’s property. On appeal, Ionescu’s precise standing argument is unclear, but
he appears to ultimately claim that he has standing because he lived in the motor home and the
motor home was parked within the curtilage of the house. We assume, without deciding, that he
has standing.
3
In his written motion to suppress evidence, Ionescu wrote that he was challenging the
“warrantless entry onto [his] property, which led to the search of” the motor home. At the
hearing on the motion, his counsel clarified:

[T]he part of the case that we’re challenging is … the officers
ent[rance onto] the property with the dog that was sniffing the
supposed footprints … that was an illegal search. Once the dog
then alerts on the vehicle, and the search continues from there,
we’re not challenging that portion. So, the portion we’re
challenging is the entry on to the property of the sniffing dog
with the officers.

4
No. 2018AP1620-CR

because Ament and Condor’s entry onto the yard of Ionescu’s mother was lawful
despite the absence of a warrant. This is so because Ament and Condor were in
“hot pursuit” of the suspect, Ionescu, whom they had probable cause to believe
had recently committed the jailable offense of burglary.

¶8 “The review of a circuit court’s order granting or denying a
suppression motion presents a question of constitutional fact. We will uphold the
court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, but we independently
apply constitutional principles to those facts.” State v. Coffee, 2019 WI App 25,
¶6, 387 Wis. 2d 673, 929 N.W.2d 245 (citation omitted), review granted, 2019 WI
100, __ Wis. 2d __, __ N.W.2d __. Here, neither party argues that any of the
court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous. Thus, we apply the relevant
constitutional principles to the facts.

¶9 Under the Fourth Amendment, warrantless searches inside a home or
its curtilage4 are presumptively unreasonable and unlawful. Florida v. Jardines,
569 U.S. 1, 6 (2013); State v. Weber, 2016 WI 96, ¶18, 372 Wis. 2d 202, 887
N.W.2d 554. Such searches are reasonable and lawful, however, when there is
probable cause to believe a jailable offense has been committed and an exigent
circumstance exists. State v. Ferguson, 2009 WI 50, ¶¶19, 29, 317 Wis. 2d 586,
767 N.W.2d 187. An exigent circumstance exists “when ‘it would be
unreasonable and contrary to public policy to bar law enforcement officers at the

4
The curtilage of the home—“the area immediately surrounding and associated with the
home”—is regarded as “part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.” Florida v.
Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 6 (2013) (citation omitted).

5
No. 2018AP1620-CR

door,’” id., ¶19 (citation omitted), or, in this case, at the edge of the curtilage.
Here, we are concerned only with the exigent circumstance of hot pursuit.

¶10 Our state supreme court and the United States Supreme Court have
both recognized that “law enforcement officers may make a warrantless entry onto
private property ... to engage in ‘hot pursuit’ of a fleeing suspect.” Weber, 372
Wis. 2d 202, ¶28 (quoting Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403 (2006)).
“The basic ingredient of the exigency of hot pursuit is ‘immediate or continuous
pursuit of [a suspect] from the scene of a crime.’” Weber, 372 Wis. 2d 202, ¶28
(alteration in original) (citing State v. Richter, 2000 WI 58, ¶32, 235 Wis. 2d 524,
612 N.W.2d 29).

¶11 Ionescu argues Ament was not in hot pursuit when he and Condor
entered onto the yard of Ionescu’s mother because the burglary victim “was only
able to tell the police in which direction the suspect had fled,” the track Ament and
Condor followed was “invisible,” and it took police “5 to 10 minutes … to arrive”
after the burglary and “the tracking exercise took 25 to 30 minutes” and covered
approximately 2000 feet. The officers reached the motor home, he states, “30 to
40 minutes after the reported burglary,” traveling “at a speed of approximately .75
miles per hour.” Ionescu insists “there was no immediacy to the tracking” because

6
No. 2018AP1620-CR

“[a]t no point did the police see [Ionescu] or accelerate their tracking in order to
catch up to him.” We are not swayed.5

¶12 As the circuit court noted, and Ionescu acknowledges, Ament and
Condor began tracking the burglary suspect just minutes after he fled from the
homeowner’s garage. After learning in which direction the suspect fled, they
engaged in an immediate and continuous pursuit, beginning from the burglarized
homeowner’s property and ending at the motor home. While Ionescu refers to the
track Ament and Condor followed as “invisible,” this characterization is not
entirely accurate as the track was at times visible to Ament in that he could see
footprints in the dew that “seem[ed] to follow a direct series.” Furthermore,
Condor was trained to use his sense of smell to track, and the scent track, while
not visible, was clearly present. As Ament testified, he and Condor followed the
track up the property line to “the edge of the motor home” when Condor
“immediately [took] a hard left turn and [Ament] c[ould] see those same
footprints.” Ament observed “[t]he dog as well as the footprints go directly to the
… door of that motor home.”

¶13 Ionescu also complains that Ament only learned from the
homeowner the direction in which the burglary suspect fled and did not himself

5
Ionescu asserts that Ament and Condor’s warrantless entry onto his mother’s yard is
prohibited by Jardines, 569 U.S. 1. Jardines does not aid Ionescu as the only questions in that
case were whether law enforcement’s use of a drug-sniffing dog in the curtilage of a home
constituted a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and whether the property
owner had implicitly authorized such a search, see id. at 10-11, neither of which are issues in this
case. Furthermore, the officers in Jardines were on a fishing expedition based upon an
“unverified tip” that marijuana was being grown in the home, id. at 3, whereas in this case,
Ament had probable cause to believe a burglary had been committed and that, based upon the
footprints and the scent, the burglary suspect had entered the yard of Ionescu’s mother and,
ultimately, the motor home.

7
No. 2018AP1620-CR

see the suspect fleeing. This complaint goes nowhere as our supreme court held in
Richter, 235 Wis. 2d 524, ¶¶33-36, that such observation by law enforcement is
not required. In Richter, as in this case, a police officer responded to a report of a
home burglary in progress. Upon the officer’s arrival at the scene, the victim told
the officer she had observed the suspect flee her home and enter a nearby home.
Id., ¶1. In pursuit of the suspect, the officer subsequently entered that home
without a warrant. Id., ¶¶6-7. We concluded the exigency of hot pursuit did not
apply because “[t]he violation was observed by a witness, not the officer, and
some period of time elapsed between the time [the officer] arrived at the scene and
the time he approached” the home the victim had observed the burglar enter. State
v. Richter, 224 Wis. 2d 814, 821, 592 N.W.2d 310 (Ct. App. 1999). On appeal,
our supreme court disagreed, holding that a police officer need not “personally
observe the crime or the fleeing suspect” for the exigency of hot pursuit to justify
a warrantless entry. Richter, 235 Wis. 2d 524, ¶¶32-33. The court added:

[The officer] responded to a dispatch and picked up the trail
of a fleeing suspect from an eyewitness account. His
response to the scene of the crime was immediate, and his
pursuit of the suspect was immediate and continuous upon
his arrival on the scene and rapid collection of information
regarding the whereabouts of the suspect. There is no
evidence in this record of any delay in [the officer’s]
response or pursuit that would have interrupted the
immediacy and continuity of the situation and therefore
dissipated the exigency. We conclude that [the officer’s]
entry was justified by the exigent circumstance of hot
pursuit.

Id., ¶36. These words neatly fit the case now before us and apply to it with equal
force.

¶14 While Ionescu also argues this was not a hot pursuit because it took
twenty-five to thirty minutes for Ament and Condor to successfully track Ionescu
to the motor home, “at a speed of approximately .75 miles per hour,” these

8
No. 2018AP1620-CR

observations do not undermine the hot pursuit analysis. Tracking a suspect’s
footprints and scent in the dark is necessarily a time-consuming task, and the
amount of time will of course depend on how far the suspect has fled. As our state
supreme court has recently reaffirmed, “[t]he ‘touchstone of the Fourth
Amendment is reasonableness,’ and ‘[r]easonableness ... is measured in objective
terms by examining the totality of the circumstances.’” Weber, 372 Wis. 2d 202,
¶34 (quoting Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 39 (1996)). For that reason, we find
persuasive the following language from our decision in State v. Palmersheim,
No. 2018AP746-CR, unpublished slip op. ¶28 (WI App Oct. 31, 2018), in which
we considered an officer’s warrantless entry by breaking a garage safety beam
with his foot in order to prevent the garage door from closing and the suspect from
evading apprehension:

Whether a pursuit of a criminal suspect is a “hot”
pursuit depends on the particular circumstances of each
case. If a suspect is speeding away in a vehicle, hot pursuit
will no doubt involve an officer following the suspect in a
vehicle, quite possibly, but not necessarily, at a high rate of
speed. If a suspect is running through back yards and
alleys attempting to escape from an officer, the officer will
likely need to engage in a hot-pursuit foot race requiring
speeds near that of a sprint. If the pursuit goes longer, that
sprint may turn to a more paced foot race, yet still be a hot
pursuit. If an officer is pursuing a suspect and the suspect
tries to close a door, garage door or otherwise, to prevent
apprehension, hot pursuit will necessarily include
preventing the door from being closed.

Id., ¶28. We further observed that there was

no indication Palmersheim ran from the officer, so hot
pursuit could be accomplished by the officer “stepp[ing] up
[his] pace” to “briskly walk[ing] and hustl[ing] up” to try to
catch Palmersheim. The officer then stopped the closing of
the garage door as part of his pursuit. The manner in which
the officer engaged in hot pursuit was appropriately
measured to the manner Palmersheim used to try to evade
the officer.

9
No. 2018AP1620-CR

Id., ¶29.

¶15 In the case now before us, there is no evidence to suggest Ament and
Condor did not follow the footprints and scent as speedily as efficiency and
effectiveness would allow. The manner in which Ament pursued Ionescu “was
appropriately measured” to the manner Ionescu used to try to evade apprehension.
See id. Hurrying the tracking process, as Ionescu argues was necessary for this to
be a hot pursuit, would no doubt have frustrated the very pursuit Ament and
Condor were trying to effectively accomplish.6 Based upon the circumstances of
this case, the speed at which the pursuit occurred in no way lessened its “hot”
nature, and Ionescu identifies no legal support to suggest otherwise.7

¶16 In this case, Ament immediately and continuously pursued the
burglary suspect, Ionescu, so he would not evade capture. Ament was promptly
dispatched to the scene of the crime. He was shown the direction in which the
suspect had run and began tracking the suspect with Condor. Ament and Condor
were at no time on a mere fishing expedition, traipsing through yards in hopes of
finding some evidence leading to the suspect. Rather, they had the evidence,
which evidence amounted to probable cause to believe a burglary had occurred
and the footprints were those of the suspect—the explanation of the homeowner
that his home had been burglarized, his indication as to the direction the suspect

6
We are reminded of a well-used military adage: “Slow is smooth, and smooth is fast.”
7
See United States v. Holland, 511 F.2d 38, 44 (6th Cir. 1975) (an approximately thirty-
minute pursuit of a bank-robbery suspect by following tracks in the snow and utilizing vehicular
travel to multiple houses satisfied the hot pursuit exception); United States v. Franklin, No. 5:11-
CR-42-KKC, slip op. at 3, 10 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 31, 2011) (officers’ forty-five-minute to one-hour
pursuit, tracking the suspect’s footprints in the snow for approximately a mile-and-a-half,
satisfied the hot pursuit exception).

10
No. 2018AP1620-CR

had run, and the trail of footprints and scent from the homeowner’s property to the
motor home. The pursuit remained continuous from the moment it began at the
burglarized homeowner’s property until Condor sat outside the motor home door
to indicate the suspect was inside. The pursuit was indeed a hot pursuit satisfying
this Fourth Amendment exception to the warrant requirement. 8 Ament and
Condor’s entry onto the yard of Ionescu’s mother for the purpose of tracking the
burglary suspect’s footprints and scent up to the motor home door was reasonable
and thus lawful.9

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.

8
See, e.g., People v. Beverford, No. B195779, slip op. at 2-6 (Cal. Ct. App.
Apr. 22, 2008) (hot pursuit justified warrantless entry where police dog tracked scent from gloves
believed to have been dropped by fleeing suspect to sliding glass door at rear of home); People v.
Joyner, 287 N.W.2d 286, 288-89 (Mich. Ct. App. 1979) (hot pursuit justified warrantless entry
“[i]n light of … rapid follow-up” of the crime and “no break in the chain of immediate pursuit”
by the tracking dog “used to trace defendant to the home”).
9
As our supreme court noted in State v. Weber, 2016 WI 96, ¶38, 372 Wis. 2d 202, 887
N.W.2d 554, the officer’s actions there “were calculated to accomplish no more than was
absolutely necessary to halt Weber’s escape” into his home. Ament’s actions here were similarly
calculated. Despite Condor clearly signaling that the burglary suspect had entered the motor
home, Ament did not then enter. Another officer with him knocked on the door and after
receiving no response, sought and received permission to enter the motor home from Ionescu’s
mother, who was the owner of the motor home and the property on which it was parked.

11