Represenaciones Disticuciones, Res/cross-app.. V. Maritime Mngmnt Svcs, Inc., App/cross-res..

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
REPRESENTACIONES Y
DISTRIBUCIONES EVYA, S.A. DE C.V.,
a Mexican Corporation; and
INSTALACIONES ELETROMECANAIS,
CIVILES Y ELETROMECANAIS, SA. DE
C.V., a Mexican Corporation,
Respondents/Cross-Appellants,
GLOBAL EXPLORER, LLC, a
Washington LLC; GLOBAL
ENTERPRISES, LLC, a Washington LLC
MARITIME MANAGEMENT SERVICES,
INC., a Washington Corporation,
Appellants/Cross-Respondents,
TREVOR and JANE DOE STABBERT,
and the marital community composed
thereof; JUAQUIN PERRUSQUIA, a
citizen of Mexico,
Defendants,
FRANK AND JANE DOE STEUART,
and the marital community composed
thereof,
Cross-Respondents.
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated
with No. 66813-7-1
DIVISION ONE
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
FILED: March 4, 2013
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Grosse, J. — Where a trial court has evaluated the evidence in a bench
trial, 	review 	of that 	decision 	is 	limited 	to 	determining whether 	substantial
evidence supports the trial court's findings of fact and whether those findings
support the court's conclusions of law. 	Here, substantial evidence supported the
trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law that Global breached the

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/2
contract when it withdrew its ship resulting in damages and 	loss of profits for
Representaciones y Distribuciones Evya, SA. de C.V. (EVYA).
Both Maritime Management Services, Inc. (MMS) and Global are liable for
the 	proven 	damages 	incurred 	as 	a 	result 	of 	their 	conversion 	of 	EVYAs
equipment that remained on board when the ship withdrew without off-loading
that equipment. 	Additionally, we find no merit to EVYAs cross appeal.
The trial court is affirmed.
FACTS
The facts are well known to the parties and we will not restate them here
except as is necessary to the decision. 	In 2005, EVYA formed a joint venture
with 	Instalaciones 	Electromecanais, 	Civiles y Electromecanais, 	SA. 	de 	C.V.
(IECESA) to bid 	on a contract for 	Petroleos 	Mexicanos (PEMEX). 	PEMEX
awarded the 24 million dollar contract to perform the inspection, maintenance,
and repair services on oil platforms and pipelines to EVYA. 	To accomplish this
task, EVYA needed a ship from which it could launch divers to perform these
contractual duties. Global Explorer, LLC, through its agents, Trevor and Richard
Stabbert, marketed its ship as one that met the specifications designed in the
PEMEX 	contract. 	Global 	Explorer, 	LLC 	is a 	cancelled 	company, whose
successor 	in 	interest 	is 	Global 	Enterprises, 	LLC. 	Sole 	manager 	of both
companies is Frank Steuart and the sole owner of both companies is Steuart
Investment Company (Global). 	Global retained MMS to manage the ship. 	The
ship's captain and crew were employees of MMS. 	EVYA chartered the ship from
Global Explorer, LLC on October 6, 2005 for $26,500.00 per day for a fixed-term,

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/3
410-day charter that spanned the period from October 14, 2005 to November 18,
2006.
On May 13, 2006, the captain ceased all diving operations. 	On May 16,
2006, EVYA's monthly payment for Invoice 161 became due. 	On May 30, Global
terminated the charter. 	A few days later, the ship off-loaded EVYA's personnel,
but not EVYA's equipment, at the Mexican port of Dos Bocas.
As a result of losing the ship, EVYA was unable to complete the contract
with PEMEX and was subject to a performance bond penalty. 	EVYA expended
monies 	to 	litigate and 	negotiate 	with PEMEX to 	avoid 	paying 	the 	penalty.
Additionally, some of the equipment that remained on the ship had been rented
by EVYA and was subject to extensive late fees.
EVYA sued Global for breach of contract and lost profits. 	EVYA also sued
MMS and Global for conversion of its equipment. 	In a bench trial, the court found
Global breached the contract and was liable for the lost profits and the money
EVYA 	expended 	on 	attorney 	fees 	to 	prevent 	PEMEX 	from 	exercising the
performance bond. 	Additionally, the trial court awarded damages against both
Global and MMS for conversion. 	Global and MMS appeal. 	EVYA cross appeals,
contending the trial court failed to include certain damages and erred in not
awarding it punitive damages.
We review a bench trial where the trial court has evaluated the evidence
to determine whether substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings of
fact 	and 	whether 	those 	findings 	support 	the 	court's 	conclusions 	of 	law.1
Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of
1 Standing Rock Homeowners Ass'n v. Misich, 106 Wn. App. 231, 242-43, 23
P.3d 520 (2001).

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/4
its truth.2 	Evidence may be substantial even if there are other reasonable
interpretations 	of the evidence.3 	Appellate 	courts 	defer to the trial 	court's
determinations on the persuasiveness of the evidence, witness credibility, and
conflicting testimony.4 	We will 	not disturb a trial court's ruling if substantial,
though conflicting, evidence supports its findings of facts.5
Breach of Contract
Global argues that 	EVYA 	repudiated the 	contract when 	it conducted
unsafe diving operations, failed to obtain the necessary insurance, and failed to
make an 	installment payment after Global had shut down diving operations.
Global's claims are without merit. 	After a five week trial, the trial court issued 26
pages of findings of fact and conclusion of law, setting forth the evidence relied
on in 	reaching 	its decision that Global 	breached the contract. 	The record
demonstrates that it was Global not EVYA who committed the breach. 	Global
removed the vessel because it desired to obtain more money for its rental. 	None
of Global's assertions against EVYA have any merit. 	We have reviewed the
record 	and 	find 	that substantial 	evidence supports 	each 	of the 	trial court's
findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Post-Judgment Interest Rate
The trial court awarded Washington's 12 percent post-judgment interest
rate. 	Global argues that the court should have applied the lower interest rate
2 Hegwine v. Lonoview Fibre Co.. Inc., 132 Wn. App. 546, 555-56, 132 P.3d 789
(2006).
3 Sherrell v. Selfors, 73 Wn. App. 596, 600-01, 871 P.2d 168(1994).
4 Snvder v. Havnes, 152 Wn. App. 774, 779, 217 P.3d 787 (2009).
5 Merriman v. Cokelev. 168 Wn.2d 627, 631, 230 P.3d 162 (2010).

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/5
applicable in maritime cases as set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1961.6 	This argument
has no merit. 	28 U.S.C. § 1961 applies to federal district courts.
Conversion
The trial court found both Global and MMS liable for converting EVYA's
equipment when the ship left the Mexican port. 	The law of conversion is the
same for Washington and maritime law. 	"'Conversion' is the 'act of willfully
interfering 	with 	any 	chattel, 	without lawful 	justification, 	whereby 	any 	person
entitled thereto is deprived of the possession of it.'"7 	Conversion has its roots in
the common law action of trover.8 Trover "'redressed an interference with one's
interest 	in a 	chattel 	that 	was 	substantial 	enough 	to 	justify compelling 	the
wrongdoer to pay for it as in a forced sale.'"9
Global and MMS argue that there was no conversion because EVYA
refused to off-load its own equipment, various port preconditions to off-loading
the equipment prevented them from doing so, and that their intent to off-load the
equipment at the Port of Veracruz was foiled because engine problems caused
them to divert the ship to Texas for emergency repairs.
Steuart ordered the ship to head to Dos Bocas. The ship arrived on June
2, and docked on June 3, 2006. 	MMS refused to off-load the ship because they
6 28 U.S.C. § 1961 	applies to admiralty and maritime cases. 	Post-judgment
interest is computed at "a rate equal to the weekly average 1-year constant
maturity Treasury yield, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, for the calendar week preceding" the date ofjudgment.
7 Brown ex rel. Richards v. Brown, 157 Wn. App. 803, 239 P.3d 602 (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting Consulting Overseas Mgmt. Ltd. v. Shtikel,
105 Wn. App. 80, 83, 18P.3d 1144(2001)).
8 Alhadeff v. Meridian on Bainbridoe Island, LLC, 167 Wn.2d 601, 619, 220 P.3d
1214(2009).
9 Potter v. Washington State Patrol, 165 Wn.2d 67, 78, 196 P.3d 691 (2008)
(quoting lolesias v. United States, 848 F.2d 362, 364 (2d Cir. 1988)).

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-I / 6
would need to use welding equipment that required a special permit, called a "hot
permit." 	However, Manuel Reyes Galindo, the agent hired by Global to arrange a
crew to off-load the equipment and coordinate with the port, testified otherwise.
Galindo testified that he had hired a crew, but the crew was not used and further
that there was no impediment to the ship unloading the cargo. 	Additionally, on
June 6, Richard Stabbert sent an e-mail to his stepson, Trevor Stabbert, that he
was notified that the port and customs did not refuse to off-load and did not deny
the hot permit.
Also on June 6, 2006, MMS informed Steuart/Global that they needed to
devise another plan because their agent informed them that a hot permit was not
needed and MMS did not need permission to off-load the equipment. 	MMS and
Global knew that EVYA was seeking court action and e-mails between the ship
and Steuart indicated the desire to leave before being prevented from doing so.
MMS suggested the plan to designate Veracruz as the next port and then divert
the ship to Texas.
When the ship departed from Dos Bocas, the captain had no intention of
returning to Mexican waters and planned to divert as soon as possible to Texas,
where it made 	repairs and 	rented the ship out for over $40,000.00 a day
commencing on July 1. 	Two hours after the ship left port with the Veracruz
destination, the captain changed the destination to the ECO-1 platform. 	A supply
boat from 	PEMEX arrived 	and 	material 	belonging 	to 	EVYA was 	mistakenly
unloaded. 	The ship's next off-loading of equipment occurred in Texas.
The trial court correctly found that EVYA was not in breach of the contract
and therefore had no obligation to off-load their equipment from the ship and

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/7
even 	if such an 	obligation 	existed, 	the circumstances created 	by MMS and
Global made it impossible for them to do so.
In August 2006, Global arranged for the return of some of the equipment
to EVYA, IECESA, and some of the vendors.
MMS argues that even if the equipment is found to have been converted,
it is not responsible for the conversion because it was acting under orders from
Global. 	One who joins in and knowingly assists in the conversion of property is
liable for the tort, even though he receives no direct benefit therefrom and even
though he acted as an agent for another.10 	There was substantial evidence to
indicate that MMS and its agents took part in the deception of EVYA. 	The string
of e-mails between the Stabberts and Steuart clearly indicated that MMS could
have 	off-loaded 	the 	equipment. 	Those 	e-mails 	show 	that 	MMS in 	effect
conspired with Steuart to get the ship out of port before the Mexican authorities
could stop it. 	MMS and its own agents on the scene knew that the equipment
was capable of being 	off-loaded 	and that there was 	no 	hot permit or other
obstruction preventing them from off-loading the equipment.
Substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding that both MMS and
Global 	were 	liable 	for 	the 	conversion 	of the 	equipment 	and 	the 	damages
sustained because of such conversion.
Cross Appeal
EVYA cross appeals claiming that the trial court erred in failing to award
punitive damages and in not including damages for sums it had expended in
paying Invoice 161 and monies used to settle commercial claims.
10 Dodson v. Economy Eguip. Co., 188 Wash. 340, 343, 62 P.2d 708 (1936).
7

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1 / 8
Punitive Damages
EVYA contends the trial court erred in not awarding it punitive damages
when the trial court opined that the "deliberate and planned conduct to terminate
the contract in order to obtain a higher charter rate and to leave the area where
plaintiffs could have recovered their property . . . warranted] an award of punitive
damages." 	In any event, the court noted that EVYA did not argue an award of
punitive damages at trial. 	Further, maritime law embraces the general rule of
contract law that punitive damages are not available for breach of contract except
"where the defendant's actions constitute an independent tort in addition to being
a breach 	of contract."11 	And as the second circuit noted, although "punitive
damages may be awarded under general maritime law," in the maritime context
"'[pjunitive damages are not recoverable for a breach of contract unless the
conduct constituting the breach is also a tort for which punitive damages are
recoverable.'" 	"This rule applies although the breach is intentional or even when
it has been effected with malicious intent."12
Damages
EVYA 	next 	claims 	that 	the 	trial 	court 	erred 	in 	failing 	to 	include 	a
$371,000.00 payment that it 	made on Invoice 	161 	and the $292,638.00 	in
commercial claims against IECESA, its subcontractor. The trial court was correct
in not including these amounts in damages. 	Had the contract been completed,
the $371,000.00 would have been paid as part of the charter and EVYA's profit
line would 	be 	the 	same. 	Likewise the 	trial court's 	decision 	to 	not 	include
11 Gamma-10 Plastics. Inc. v. American President Lines. Ltd., 32 F.3d 1244,
1257 (8th Cir. 1994).
12 Thvssen. Inc. v. S.S. Fortune Star, 777 F.2d 57, 62-63 (2nd Cir. 1985) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 355 (1979)).
8

No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1 / 9
lECESA's commercial claims for $292,638.00 was correct because those claims
would have been costs incurred had the contract been honored. 	EVYA does not
cite to any part of the record which would contradict this finding. 	A review of the
record reveals that the claims made against IECESA were for labor, equipment,
and other work related claims that would have been performed had the contract
been completed. The trial court's findings and conclusions are supported by the
record.
In conclusion, substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings of
fact which in turn support its conclusions of law. 	Accordingly, we affirm the trial
court in all respects.
syWu. 	^
WE CONCUR:
a/