In re O.L., Juvenile

VERMONT SUPREME COURT Case No. 23-AP-366
109 State Street
Montpelier VT 05609-0801
802-828-4774
www.vermontjudiciary.org

Note: In the case title, an asterisk (*) indicates an appellant and a double asterisk (**) indicates a cross-
appellant. Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.

ENTRY ORDER

APRIL TERM, 2024

In re O.L., Juvenile } APPEALED FROM:
(K.W., Mother* & E.L., Father*) }
} Superior Court, Addison Unit,
} Family Division
} CASE NO. 22-JV-00413
Trial Judge: David R. Fenster

In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

Mother and father appeal the termination of their parental rights in their daughter O.L.,
born in December 2017. We affirm.

In March 2022, the State filed a petition alleging that four-year-old O.L. was a child in
need of care or supervision (CHINS). The family division placed her in the custody of the
Department for Children and Families (DCF) under an emergency care order, and custody was
continued with DCF following a temporary care hearing. In April 2022, the court found that
O.L. was CHINS at the time of the State’s petition based on parents’ stipulation that their active
substance abuse, lack of stable housing, and difficulty providing safe care for O.L. placed her at
risk of harm.

In a July 2022 disposition order, the court adopted a permanency goal of reunification
with both parents by November 2022.* The disposition case plan called for parents to, among
other things, immediately engage in substance-abuse treatment.

The State filed a petition to terminate parents’ rights in November 2022. After a hearing
on the petition held over two days in April and June 2023, the court issued a written decision
containing the following factual findings.

The primary concern in the case was parents’ substance abuse and the impact it had on
their ability to provide appropriate care for O.L. Before O.L. entered DCF custody, father’s

*
The disposition case plan including this target reunification date was filed in May 2022.
Because parents failed to appear at the initial disposition hearing later the same month, the court
delayed adoption of the case plan to allow them an opportunity to file objections. No such
objections were filed.
family members were providing a significant amount of her daily care, including supervising
parents’ care of O.L. to maintain her safety.

Between March and June of 2022, neither parent engaged in substance-abuse treatment.
They were inconsistent in attending visits with O.L. and, when they did attend, they appeared to
be under the influence. Between June and October of the same year, parents did not visit O.L. at
all and DCF was unable to locate them.

Mother went to Valley Vista in October 2022 but left before completing the treatment
program. She was incarcerated in March 2023 and remained so on the first day of the
termination hearing the following month. After her release on conditions in May 2023, mother
successfully completed the Serenity House program. This marked the first time since the
inception of the case that mother actively engaged in substance-abuse treatment other than what
may have been enforced through her incarceration.

By the final day of the termination hearing in June 2023, mother was living with family,
working, attending counseling, and had a sober coach. She did not sign a release for her
counselor to speak with DCF. Although mother was doing well and had a significant support
system in place when the hearings concluded, she had only maintained her sobriety in the
community for about a month. During that time, she participated in between three and five
supervised visits with O.L. These visits went well and were constructive for O.L., who noticed a
change in mother. However, mother was just beginning to reestablish her relationship with O.L.
after a significant absence from her life.

Father entered Serenity House in fall 2022 but left before completing the program. He
was incarcerated during both days of the termination hearing and had not seen O.L. since June
2022. He had yet to actively engage in substance-abuse treatment other than what may have
been enforced during his incarceration. Father believed he would soon be released to participate
in substance-abuse treatment and then transition to treatment court, but this had not yet
transpired.

Both parents had significant unresolved felony and misdemeanor charges. In testifying
about the circumstances leading up to the CHINS petition, they continued to minimize both the
risks their substance abuse posed to O.L. and the substantial family support they received in
caring for her.

O.L. was placed with one of the family members who had been providing this support.
When O.L. first came into custody, she was missing several developmental milestones. She
subsequently made significant progress and was well-adjusted and thriving in her placement.
O.L.’s foster parent was willing to adopt her and supported maintaining a healthy relationship
between O.L. and parents.

The family division found a change in circumstances justifying modification of the
previous disposition order because, at the time the case plan called for reunification, neither
parent had achieved sobriety or had contact with O.L. for approximately five months. The court
then weighed the factors set forth in 33 V.S.A. § 5114(a) and concluded that termination of
parents’ rights was in O.L.’s best interests. Most significantly, it found that O.L. had an
immediate need for permanency given her young age and the time she had already spent in DCF
custody and that despite parents’ recent progress, significant obstacles still prevented them from
meeting that need. Among other things, the court noted that parents were in the early stages of
sobriety, needed to reestablish relationships with O.L., and had serious unresolved charges which
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could impact their future ability to parent. It also found that parents’ failure to fully
acknowledge the risks their substance use posed to O.L. raised significant concerns about their
ability to continue following through with the case plan. The court ordered the termination of
parents’ rights, and this appeal followed.

When the State moves to terminate parental rights after initial disposition, the family
division must first consider whether there has been a change of circumstances. See In re M.P.,
2019 VT 69, ¶ 24, 211 Vt. 20 (citing 33 V.S.A. § 5113(b)). When this threshold is met, the court
goes on to consider whether termination is in the child’s best interests using the factors set forth
at 33 V.S.A. § 5114(a). In re C.L., 2021 VT 66, ¶ 18, 215 Vt. 341. “[T]he most important of
[these factors] is ‘the likelihood that the parent will be able to resume or assume parental duties
within a reasonable period of time,’ ” measured from the perspective of the child’s needs. Id.
(quoting 33 V.S.A. § 5114(a)(3)). Provided that the court applied the appropriate standard, we
will not disturb its findings unless they are clearly erroneous, and will affirm its conclusions if
supported by those findings. In re G.S., 153 Vt. 651, 652 (1990) (mem.).

On appeal, neither parent challenges the court’s determination that there was a change in
circumstances sufficient to modify the initial disposition order. Instead, both argue that the
family division erred in concluding that termination of their respective parental rights was in
O.L.’s best interests. Mother contends that the court’s best-interests analysis was neither
forward-looking nor centered on O.L.’s perspective and challenges several of the underlying
findings as clearly erroneous. Father argues that the court failed to construe the best-interests
factors in accordance with the statutory purpose to preserve the family.

We turn first to mother’s argument that several of the court’s findings were clearly
erroneous. “When findings are attacked on appeal, our role is limited to determining whether
they are supported by credible evidence,” and “[w]e leave it to the sound discretion of the family
court to determine the credibility of witnesses and to weigh the evidence.” In re A.F., 160 Vt.
175, 178 (1993).

First, mother argues that the court erred in finding that the fifteen months O.L. had spent
in DCF custody by the conclusion of the termination hearing represented a significant part of her
life. However, mother does not challenge the court’s finding that O.L. was just over four years
old when she was placed in DCF custody and, at the time of the final hearing, was five-and-a-
half and had been in custody for over a year. The time O.L. spent in custody therefore
represented approximately one-fifth of her young life, and the court did not exceed the scope of
its discretion in characterizing this period as significant. Cf. In re C.L., 2021 VT 66, ¶ 18 (noting
that reasonableness of period in which parent is likely to be able to resume parental duties “is
measured from the perspective of the child’s needs, and may take account of the child’s young
age”).

Mother next challenges the court’s finding that significant obstacles prevent her from
meeting O.L.’s immediate need for permanency. She points to the progress she made prior to the
conclusion of the termination hearing and argues that there is no evidence that she could not
parent while sober. She also contends that the court’s subsidiary findings regarding her need to
reestablish a relationship with O.L. and the possible impact of her pending charges are clearly
erroneous.

Mother asserts that she and O.L. have a loving relationship which survived their fifteen-
month separation and, as a result, the court erred in finding that she and O.L. were just beginning
to reestablish a relationship. However, the court’s recognition that mother and O.L. love one
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another did not compel a finding that their relationship was not impacted by mother’s period of
absence from O.L.’s life. The DCF worker assigned to the case testified that mother was in the
very early stages of recovery from a severe addiction and needed time to develop insight into the
impact that addiction had on her relationships with others; in her view, mother would need to do
“a lot” of work to try to restore a healthy parent-child relationship with O.L. Because the court’s
finding is supported by the evidence, we will not disturb it on appeal.

Mother also contends that the court’s finding that her pending charges could impact her
ability to parent was unduly speculative. However, in assessing the likelihood that mother would
be able to resume parental duties within a reasonable period, the court was necessarily engaged
in a “forward-looking” analysis focused on mother’s “prospective ability” to parent O.L. In re
N.L., 2019 VT 10, ¶ 9, 209 Vt. 450. As we have long recognized, juvenile proceedings often call
for courts to make “difficult predictions about the future,” and “[b]est judgment, rather than
perfection, is our standard.” In re J.D., 165 Vt. 440, 444-45 (1996). Given the forward-looking
nature of the inquiry at issue, the court did not err in recognizing the possibility that mother’s
serious pending charges could result in her incarceration, impacting her prospective ability to
provide day-to-day care for O.L.

Nor did the progress mother made prior to the final day of the hearing preclude the
court’s finding that significant obstacles still prevented her from meeting O.L.’s immediate need
for permanency. The court recognized mother’s progress but found that she was not yet in a
position to parent full-time for a variety of reasons, including her nascent sobriety and need to
reestablish a relationship with O.L. It was for the trial court, not this Court, to weigh this
evidence. In re A.F., 160 Vt. at 178.

Finally, mother argues that the court’s best-interests analysis was neither appropriately
forward-looking nor focused on O.L.’s perspective. See In re N.L., 2019 VT 10, ¶ 9 (explaining
that assessment of likelihood parent can resume parental duties in reasonable period is both
“forward-looking” and measured “from the perspective of the child’s needs”). However, she
offers no support for these contentions beyond her disagreement with the court’s findings
regarding her prospective ability to parent and the significance of the time O.L. spent in DCF
custody. As set forth above, those findings are supported by the evidence. The findings in turn
support the court’s conclusion that termination of mother’s parental rights was in O.L.’s best
interests. That mother takes a different view of the evidence is not a basis to conclude that the
court abused its discretion in terminating her parental rights. See In re S.B., 174 Vt. 427, 429
(2002) (mem.) (“Our role is not to second-guess the family court or to reweigh the evidence, but
rather to determine whether the court abused its discretion in terminating . . . parental
rights . . . .”).

Father contends that the court erred in terminating his parental rights instead of
fashioning a remedy which would allow O.L. to retain her connection with him while assuring
her safety, thereby preserving the family unit in an alternative form. In connection with this
argument, he notes that the best-interests criteria must be construed in accordance with the
statutory purpose “to preserve the family and to separate a child from his or her parents only
when necessary to protect the child from serious harm or in the interests of public safety.” 33
V.S.A. § 5101(a)(3).

However, preservation of the family is just one of several purposes the Legislature
directed courts to consider in construing the statute. See 33 V.S.A. § 5101(a). Among these is
the purpose “to ensure that safety and timely permanency for children are the paramount

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concerns in the administration and conduct of” termination proceedings. Id. § 5101(a)(4)
(emphasis added). Father does not challenge the court’s findings that O.L. had an immediate
need for permanency and substantial obstacles prevented him from meeting this need. The court
concluded that this weighed heavily in favor of the conclusion that it was in O.L.’s best interests
to terminate his parental rights. “[T]he court is not obligated to ‘preserve the family’ at the
expense of a child’s best interests.” In re D.S., 2014 VT 38, ¶ 31, 196 Vt. 325. And though
father argues that the court should have created some other, unspecified remedy to retain his
connection with O.L. while assuring her safety, “[w]e have repeatedly rejected the claim . . . that
the court must consider less drastic alternatives to termination once it has determined the parent
to be unfit and unable to resume his or her parental responsibilities.” In re G.F., 2007 VT 11,
¶ 20, 181 Vt. 593 (mem.). The court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that it was in
O.L.’s best interests to terminate father’s parental rights.

Affirmed.

BY THE COURT:

Karen R. Carroll, Associate Justice

William D. Cohen, Associate Justice

Nancy J. Waples, Associate Justice

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