Noris v. Allstate Insurance

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL
VALUE.  IT SHOULD NOT BE CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING EXCEPT
AS PROVIDED BY RULE 239(d)(2), SCACR.

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA

In The Court of Appeals

Keisha Norris,       
Appellant,

v.

Allstate Insurance Company,       
Respondent.

Appeal From Spartanburg County

J. Derham Cole, Circuit Court Judge

Unpublished Opinion No. 2005-UP-124

Heard January 12, 2005 – Filed February
17, 2005

AFFIRMED

Andrew N. Poliakoff, of Spartanburg, and M. Celia Robinson,
of Columbia, for Appellant.

W. Francis Marion, Jr., of Greenville, for Respondent.

HUFF, J.:  Keisha Norris, sister
of the deceased, Tony Woodward, appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
to Allstate Insurance Company from an action for declaratory judgment as to
whether Allstate provided insurance coverage for a shooting incident resulting
in Tony Woodward’s death.  We affirm.

FACTUAL/PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In June 1999, Ricky Hull, a passenger
in an automobile operated by Roshaun Hall, shot and killed Tony Woodward, a
pedestrian walking down a street in Spartanburg County.  The vehicle driven
by Roshaun Hall was insured by Allstate Insurance Company.  Ricky Hull subsequently
pled guilty to murder, while Hall pled guilty to assault with intent to kill. 

Norris, Woodward’s sister, brought this
declaratory judgment action to determine whether the Allstate policy on Hall’s
vehicle covered the incident.  Both parties filed motions for summary judgment. 
The trial court, relying on State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Bookert,
337 S.C. 291, 523 S.E.2d 181 (1999), granted Allstate’s motion for summary judgment
finding the incident was not “foreseeably identifiable with the normal use of
an automobile.”  The court further found the insuring language in the policy
that included “loading or unloading” of the insured vehicle did not apply to
provide coverage as there was no evidence an accident occurred when the vehicle
was being loaded or unloaded.  The trial court subsequently denied Norris’ motion
for reconsideration.  This appeal followed.

LAW/ANALYSIS

Norris argues Woodward’s
injuries were sustained while the insured vehicle was being put to the normal
and foreseeable use of transportation, and the vehicle was an active accessory
to the injuries such that coverage from the policy applies under South Carolina
law.  We disagree.

This case is controlled
by our Supreme Court’s decision in State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Bookert,
337 S.C. 291, 523 S.E.2d 181 (1999).  In reversing this court’s decision finding
coverage, the Supreme Court in Bookert determined injuries to Bookert’s
son were not “foreseeably identifiable with the normal use of an automobile”
where the assailant shot Bookert’s son from an automobile as her son was about
to enter a restaurant.  The Supreme Court noted the following stipulated facts
in Bookert:

Mary’s son, respondent Michael
Bookert, is an insured under Mary’s policy.  Michael and some friends stopped
at a Hardee’s, where two soldiers and about fifteen other young men became involved
in an altercation.  Michael and his friends left and went to a McDonald’s, as
did some of the fifteen men from Hardee’s.  The two soldiers, who were armed,
picked up a third soldier and drove to the McDonald’s where they circled the
parking lot, looking for the Hardee’s men.  As Michael was about to go in the
restaurant, he heard the soldiers yelling, and turned in their direction.  The
soldiers’ vehicle was stopped in the traffic lane with its motor running, one
soldier in the back holding a shotgun while the front passenger brandished a
handgun.  The vehicle jerked forward, the soldier wielding the shotgun fell,
and fired his gun.  Michael was not hit by the shotgun pellets, but while the
vehicle was still moving forward, the passenger fired the handgun striking Michael
with a bullet in each leg.

Id. at 292-93, 523 S.E.2d
at 181-82. 

Norris attempts to distinguish
Bookert from the facts of this case asserting that in Bookert,
the car was stopped with its engine running and the only movement of the vehicle
came when the car “jerked” at which point shots were fired.  Thus, Norris contends
the transportation requirement was not met in Bookert, accounting for
the court’s determination that there was no coverage.  We first note that the
Supreme Court did not rely on the transportation requirement in Bookert,
but instead relied on the foreseeability factor in denying coverage.  At any
rate, the stipulated facts in Bookert do not indicate the vehicle was
stopped when Bookert’s son was shot.  To the contrary, the court clearly stated
Bookert’s son was shot “while the vehicle was still moving forward.”  Because
we can discern no material distinction from the facts at hand and the facts
in the Bookert case, we find no error in the trial judge’s determination
there was no coverage because the incident was not “foreseeably identifiable
with the normal use of an automobile.”

Norris also claims that the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment because the policy in question covered “loading and
unloading” of a vehicle, thereby expanding the coverage to include the negligent
loading of dangerous passengers.  We disagree.

The Allstate policy provides coverage for “claims
for accidents arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use, loading or unloading
of an insured auto.”  Norris argues that Hall was negligent or reckless in “loading”
Hull as a passenger when he had knowledge that Hull had dangerous propensities
and the trial court therefore erred in granting summary judgment to Allstate. 
We refuse to accept this illogical construction.  Woodward was not injured by
any activity that occurred during the actual loading or unloading of Hull, nor
was he injured as a result of any activity necessary or integral to the loading
or unloading of Hull.  See Home Indem. Co. v. Harleysville Mut. Ins.
Co., 252 S.C. 452, 457, 166 S.E.2d 819, 822 (1969) (where a policy includes
a loading and unloading provision, the “complete operation” doctrine provides
the test to determine whether unloading has commenced is whether the acts in
progress at the time of the accident were necessary and integral to the movement
of goods from the vehicle, whether they would have occurred but for the need
to move the goods, and whether they were closely related in time and space to
the actual movement of goods from the vehicle).  Further, even though the “loading
and unloading” provision is an expansion of coverage, coverage is still only
expanded to “claims for accidents arising out of . . . loading or unloading
of an insured auto.”  Such a negligent loading theory as advocated by Norris
“gloss[es] over the critical causal relation test.”  Nationwide Mut. Ins.
Co. v. Brown, 779 F.2d 984, 988 (4th Cir. 1985).  The accident
upon which insurance coverage is claimed must bear a causal relation or connection
with the loading or unloading of the insured automobile.  Here, there simply
is no such connection.

For the foregoing reasons, the order of the trial
court granting summary judgment to Allstate is

AFFIRMED.

CURETON, AJ., concurs.

BEATTY, J.:  Although I agree with the majority’s
finding that we are bound by the holding in State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance
v. Bookert, 337 S.C. 291, 523 S.E.2d 181 (1999), I write separately to express
some concerns regarding the similarities in this case to valid prior caselaw.

In Wausau Underwriters Insurance Company
v. Howser, 309 S.C. 269, 422 S.E.2d 106 (1992), the victim’s car was bumped
and she was eventually shot by an unknown driver of another car.  In answering
a question certified from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth
Circuit, our state supreme court found a causal connection, holding the victim’s
injuries arose out of the use of the assailant’s vehicle:  “Only through use
of his vehicle was the assailant able to closely pursue Howser, thereby enabling
him to carry out the pistol assault.  The gunshot was the culmination of an
ongoing assault, in which the vehicle played an essential and integral part.” 
Howser, 309 S.C. at 273, 422 S.E.2d at 108.

Our state supreme court similarly found
a causal connection in Home Insurance Company v. Towe, 314 S.C. 105,
441 S.C.2d 825 (1994).  In that case, the passenger in Towe’s moving car threw
a bottle at a road sign and inadvertently struck the victim on his tractor. 
Our state supreme court determined there was a causal connection between the
use of Towe’s automobile and the victim’s injuries:  “The use of the automobile
placed Alexander in the position to throw the bottle at the sign and the vehicle’s
speed contributed to the velocity of the bottle increasing the seriousness of
McCaskey’s injuries.”  Towe, 314 S.C. at 107, 441 S.E.2d at 827.

I am unable to distinguish the facts of
the present case from Howser and Towe.  The victim in the present
case was pursued and shot by assailants in a moving vehicle.  The vehicle played
an “essential and integral part” of the assault, allowing the assailants to
closely pursue the victim.  I find Bookert to be in conflict with Howser
and Towe.  Absent Bookert, I would be inclined to find there was
a “causal connection” between the use of the vehicle and the shooting of the
victim because the use of the vehicle played such an integral role in this case. 
The Bookert court found that the gun shot injuries were not foreseeably
identifiable with the normal use of the vehicle.  Bookert, 337 S.C. at
293, 523 S.E.2d at 182.  Since the decision in Bookert (1999), it is
arguable that drive-by shootings are foreseeably identifiable with the normal
use of a vehicle. [1]   The use
of a motor vehicle is a necessary part of a drive-by shooting.

Until our Supreme Court overrules Howser,
we must assume that the fact that an assailant fired a gun from an automobile
does not automatically defeat coverage by the automobile’s insurer.  Although
it is certainly arguable that today, drive-by shootings are foreseeably identifiable
with the normal use of an automobile, I nevertheless believe this court is bound
by the finding in Bookert of no causal connection.  Accordingly, I concur.

[1] According to unofficial data from SLED, drive by shootings in South
Carolina have increased from 2 in 1999 to 41 in 2003 (the latest figures available).