February 14, 2018- State of New Mexico v. Jason Gwynne, No. A-1-CA-34082

1 	IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: Februazy 14, 2018
4 NO. A-1-CA-34082
5 	STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 	Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v.
8 JASON GWYNNE,
9 	Defendant-Appellant.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
11 	Mark T. Sanchez, District Judge
12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 	Santa Fe, NM
14 Charles J. Gutierrez, Assistant Attorney General
15 	Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
18 Kimberly Chavez Cook, Assistant Appellate Defender
19 	Santa Fe, NM
20 for Appellant
Filed
Court of Appeals of New Mexico
2/14/2018 1:26:54 PM
Office of the Clerk
Mark Reynolds

1 	OPINION
2 HANISEE, Judge.
3 	{I} 	Defendant Jason Gwynne was convicted by a jury of two counts (Counts 2 and
4 3) of manufacturing child pornography, a second degree felony, and one count (Count
5 	1) of possession of child pornography, a fourth degree felony. He was sentenced to
6 nineteen-and-one-half years in prison-nine years for each of the manufacturing
7 counts, and eighteen months for possession-less time served. Defendant raises
8 numerous issues on appeal, which we summarize as follows: (1) his conviction for
9 possession must be vacated to avoid violation of his right to be free from double
10 jeopardy; (2) multiple evidentiary errors deprived him of a fair trial; 	(3) his
11 	convictions for manufacturing child pornography are unconstitutional because the
12 Legislature lacks a rational basis for criminalizing his particular alleged conduct
13 	(recording a sex act with a consenting sixteen-year-old girl) where the same conduct
14 with an eighteen-year-old would not be a crime; and (4) there was insufficient
15 	evidence to support his convictions. We disagree with Defendant and affirm his
16 convictions and sentence.
17 BACKGROUND
18 {2} 	In January 2013 Defendant, at the time thirty-five years old, was living in a
19 one-bedroom trailer with his then-sixteen-year-old stepdaughter (Stepdaughter),

1 whose mother had passed away in September 2012. Defendant allowed a sixteen-
2 year-old friend (Friend) of Stepdaughter who had run away from home to stay with
3 them. Stepdaughter slept on the pullout couch in the living room, while Defendant
4 and Friend slept in the only bedroom. One night, Stepdaughter observed what she
5 believed was Friend performing oral sex on Defendant in the trailer's bedroom and,
6 after confronting Friend, reported the incident to an adult and later spoke with law
7 enforcement. Stepdaughter reported to law enforcement that Friend and Defendant
8 were "having a sexual affair" and that she had seen "naked pictures of unknown girls
9 [of unknown age] on Defendant's cell phone."
10 {3} 	Law enforcement conducted a search 	of Defendant's residence, 	seized
11 	Defendant's phone, and downloaded three videos depicting Friend engaged in sexual
12 acts. Defendant was initially charged with one count of sexual exploitation of
13 	children (possession) contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-6A-3(A) (2007, amended
14 2016). 1 After law enforcement officers further investigated the matter and obtained
15 	evidence indicating that Defendant was the male participant in what the officers
16 believed were self-recorded videos where Defendant was engaged in sexual acts with
17 Friend, Defendant was additionally charged with two counts of sexual exploitation
18 	1
For purposes 	of this opinion, the 2007 	version 	of this statute will be
19 referenced.
2

1 of children (manufacturing) in violation of Section 30-6A-3(D). 2 Defendant denied
2 both having a sexual relationship with Friend and that he was the male participant in
3 the video. At trial, the central issue to be decided was the identity of the male
4 participant in the videos.
5 	{4} 	The 	State's 	first 	witness 	was 	Stepdaughter, 	whose 	testimony primarily
6 established (I) -when and why Friend had come to live with Stepdaughter and
7 Defendant, (2) where Friend slept in the trailer, and (3) what prompted Stepdaughter
8 to make a report concerning Friend and Defendant to authorities. Additionally, after
9 the district court denied Defendant's motion in limine to exclude testimony by
10 Stepdaughter regarding her observation 	of a prior sexual 	encounter between
11 	Defendant and Friend, Stepdaughter was allowed to testify that she once observed
12 Friend performing oral sex on Defendant in the bedroom of the trailer.
13 2Defendant was not charged with any crime based on the underlying act of
14 engaging in sexual intercourse with Friend because Friend was over sixteen years old,
15 	which is the age of consent in New Mexico. See NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11 ( G)(l) (2009)
16 (providing that it is a fourth degree felony to sexually penetrate "a child thirteen to
17 sixteen years of age when the perpetrator is at least eighteen years of age and is at
18 least four years older than the child and not the spouse of that child" (emphasis
19 added)); State v. Samora, 2016-NMSC-031, 130, 387 P.3d 230 (stating that "at age
20 sixteen the alleged victim had passed the age of consent"). However, for purposes of
21 	the Sexual Exploitation of Children Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 30-6A-1 to -4 (1984, as
22 amended through 2016), a "child" is considered to be anyone "under eighteen years
23 	of age." Section 30-6A-3.
3

\
1 {5} 	The State next called Friend, who testified that she was the female in the videos
2 and that Defendant was the male. Friend admitted that she had previously stated that
3 the male in the video was someone other than Defendant, but at trial she testified that
4 her prior statement was a lie. Friend stated that she was aware that the video was
5 being made and that Defendant was the person taking the video using his own cellular
6 phone.
7 	{6} 	Deputy Victor Hernandez of the Lea County Sheriffs Department described
8 the investigation that followed Stepdaughter's report. He testified that when he went
9 to Defendant's home to investigate and questioned Defendant, Defendant denied
10 having sexual intercourse with Friend and told Deputy Hernandez that Friend slept
11 	on the couch. Deputy Hernandez's testimony also laid the foundation for the
12 admission of State's Exhibit 1-the videos downloaded from Defendant's phone,
13 	which Deputy Hernandez seized during his investigation.
14 {7} 	Detective Mark Munro of the Hobbs, New Mexico Police Department testified
15 	regarding the videos themselves and how he came to suspect that Defendant was both
16 the male participant in the videos and the person who manufactured the videos. He
17 explained that "the angle and the manner [in] which [the video] was recorded was
18 consistent with a participant recording the video." He testified that while only the
19 face of the female in the videos was "readily apparent," the abdomen and genitals of
4

1 the male participant were visible and contained what Detective Munro described as
2 "a consistent abnormality to the abdomen, ... some sort of a scar or possibly a tatto·o"
3 in each of the videos. He then explained that as part of his investigation he reviewed
4 photographs of Defendant's unclothed torso that were taken by Deputy Hernandez
5 and watched the videos again, comparing the images in the video of the male
6 participant's abdominal area to the photographs of Defendant. Because Friend, who
7 initially told law enforcement that Defendant was the male in the videos, changed her
8 story and identified another person as the male participant, Detective Munro also
9 personally examined and photographed the torso of the other suspect in order to
10 compare it to the videos. Detective Munro explained that he "freeze frame[d] and
11 	pull[ed] ... screenshot[s]" from the videos in order to be able to compare the images
12 	in the videos with the photographs of Defendant and the other suspect. Based on his
13 	comparison of the videos-including the screenshot images-and the photographs,
14 Detective Munro believed thatthe photograph ofDefendant was "consistent" with the
15 	person that he saw in the video and that the other suspect was not the person in the
16 video.
17 	{8} 	The district court admitted, and the State published to the jury, the videos in
18 their entirety, the photographs of Defendant's and the other suspect's respective
19 torsos, and the screenshot images taken from the three videos showing the male
5

1 participant's abdominal area. The jury found Defendant guilty on all counts, and
2 Defendant appealed.
3 DISCUSSION
4 I. 	Defendant's Convictions for Manufacturing and Possession 	of Child
5 	Pornography Do Not Violate His Right to Be Free From Double Jeopardy
6 	U oder the Facts of This Case
7 	{9} 	"The constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy protects against both
8 successive prosecutions and multiple punishments for the same offense." State v.
9 	Contreras, 2007-NMCA-045,, 19, 141 N.M. 434, 156 P.3d 725 (internal quotation
10 marks and citation omitted). There are two types of"multiple punishments" cases: ( 1)
11 	"double[]description" cases, in which the defendant is charged with violations of
12 multiple statutes or statutory subsections that may or may not be deemed the same
13 	offense for double jeopardy purposes; and (2) "unit of prosecution" cases, in which
14 a defendant is charged with multiple violations of the same statute based on a single
15 	course of conduct. Statev. DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ,25, 139N.M. 211,131 P.3d
16 61; see State v. Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, , 	14, 137 N.M. 447, 112 P.3d 1104
17 (observing that the courts "treat statutes written in the alternative as separate statutes"
18 for double jeopardy purposes). This is a "double description" case because Defendant
19 challenges his convictions under two different subsections of Section 30-6A-3:
6

1 Subsection (A) (possession) and Subsection (D) (manufacturing). 3 See Franco, 2005-
2 NMSC-013, ~ 14.
3 {10} 	In "double description" cases, we apply the two-part test set forth in Swafford
4 v. State, 	1991-NMSC-043, ~ 9, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223. We "first examine
5 whether the defendant's conduct was unitary, meaning that the same criminal conduct
6 is the basis for both charges." Contreras, 2007-NMCA-045, ~ 20 (internal quotation
7 marks and citation omitted). "If the conduct is not unitary, then the inquiry is at an
8 end and there is no double jeopardy violation." Id. (internal quotation marks and
9 citation omitted). "If the conduct is unitary, however, then the second part of the
10 analysis is to determine if the Legislature intended to punish the offenses separately."
11 	State v. Silvas, 2015-NMSC-006, ~ 9, 343 P.3d 616.
12 {11} 	Defendant 	argues 	that 	the 	conduct 	underlying 	the 	manufacturing 	and
13 	possession of child pornography charges "was clearly unitary[.]" The State argues it
14 was not. We agree with the State.
15 3While Defendant was convicted of two separate manufacturing counts under
16 	Section 30-6A-3(D)-one for each of two videos containing child pornography that
17 the jury concluded Defendant manufactured-he does not challenge those convictions
18 	as violating the Double Jeopardy Clause under our "unit of prosecution" cases. He
19 only challenges his conviction under Section 30-6A-3(A) for possession of child
20 pornography as being duplicative of one of the two manufacturing counts.
7

1 {12} 	"In analyzing whether a defendant's conduct is unitary, we look to whether
2 [the] defendant's acts have sufficient indicia of distinctness." Contreras, 2007-
3 NMCA-045, 	, 	21 	(internal 	quotation 	marks 	and 	citation 	omitted). 	"In 	our
4 consideration of whether conduct is unitary, we have looked for an identifiable point
5 at which one of the charged crimes had been completed and the other not yet
6 committed." DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-Ol 1,, 27. "[W]e will not find that a defendant's
7 conduct is unitary where the defendant completes one of the charged crimes before
8 committing the other." Contreras, 2007-NMCA-045,, 21. We also "consider such
9 factors as proximity in time and space, similarities, the sequencing of the acts,
10 intervening events, and the defendant's goals for and mental state during each act."
11 	State v. Vance, 2009-NMCA-024,, 13, 145 N.M. 706,204 P.3d 31. Importantly, "the
12 question of whether a defendant's conduct is unitary is not limited by the [s]tate's
13 	legal theory, but rather depends on the elements of the charged offenses and the facts
14 presented at trial." Contreras, 2007-NMCA-045,, 21 (internal quotation marks and
15 	citation omitted). Thus, "[t]he proper analytical framework is whether the facts
16 presented at trial establish that the jury reasonably could have inferred independent
17 factual bases for the charged offenses." Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, , 	7 (internal
18 quotation marks and citation omitted). "We therefore first review the elements of the
8

1 charged offenses and then consider whether the [s]tate presented sufficient facts at
2 trial in order to support the elements ofboth crimes." Vance, 2009-NMCA-024, 113.
3 {13} 	Here, the jury was given three different jury instructions-one for each of the
4 manufacturing charges, and one for the possession charge-containing the elements
5 the State had to prove in order for Defendant to be convicted of Counts 1-3. On the
6 first manufacturing charge (Count 2), the jury was instructed that the essential
7 elements 	it had to 	find 	included that Defendant (1) manufactured 	(2) 	child
8 pornography (3) on or about January 26, 2013. On the second manufacturing charge
9 (Count 3 ), the jury was instructed that it had to find that Defendant ( 1) manufactured
10 (2) child pornography (3) on or about January 18, 2013. And on the possession
11 	charge (Count 1), the jury was instructed that it had to find Defendant ( 1) had child
12 pornography (2) in his possession (3) on or about January 28, 2013. On their faces,
13 	these instructions required the State to prove different elements-and thus different
14 facts-based 	on 	the 	charges 	stemming 	from 	acts 	on 	three 	different 	dates:
15 	manufacturing on January 18, manufacturing on January 26, and possession on
16 January 28. 4 Notably, Defendant does not contend that the jury relied on the same
17 4We note that Defendant's double jeopardy argument relies on an outdated
18 criminal information-the third amended criminal information filed in January 2014
19 rather than the corrected third amended criminal information filed in May 2014-that
20 did not contain these distinct dates but instead identified January 28, 2013, as the date
21 	on which all alleged prohibited conduct occurred.
9

1 evidence to convict Defendant of possession and manufacturing, nor, as we next
2 explain, would such a contention be availing. Cf id. 1 14. We tum to the evidence
3 presented at trial. See id. 1 15.
4 	{14} 	As to the manufacturing counts, Friend testified that Defendant was the person
5 who recorded (i.e., manufactured) the videos and that the videos show her-a "child"
6 under Section 30-6A-3(D)-and Defendant having sex (i.e., the videos were of child
7 pornography). Detective Munro testified regarding the videos recovered from
8 Defendant's phone that (1) the video titled "video 005"-which formed the basis for
9 Count 2-had a "creation date" of January 26, 2013; and (2) the video titled "video
10 006"-which formed the basis for Count 3-had a "creation date" of January 18,
11 	2013. This evidence alone was sufficient to support each of the distinct elements
12 contained in Counts 2 and 3.
13 	{15} 	Regarding the possession charge-which was based not on any particular video
14 but rather on what the State describes as Defendant's "possession of a collection of
15 	child pomography" 5
-the State presented altogether different evidence to establish
16 the elements of possession than that used to support the manufacturing charges.
17 5The State originally relied on the video titled "us" to form the basis for the
18 possession charge. However, the final criminal information filed prior to trial
19 removed the specific reference to video "us" from the possession count and based the
20 charge on Defendant's knowing and intentional possession of "any visual or print
21 	medium depicting" child pornography.
10

1 Deputy Hernandez testified that he executed a search warrant at Defendant's home
2 on January 28, 2013, during which he seized Defendant's phone. He further testified
3 that three videos were downloaded from the phone, meaning that it could be
4 reasonably 	inferred that the videos 	existed on the 	phone-and thus were 	in
5 Defendant's possession-on or about January 28 when the phone was seized from
6 Defendant. Detective Munro, in addition to testifying that the videos had been created
7 at an earlier point in time (i.e., on January 18 and 26, 2013), testified that two of the
8 videos-those titled "us" and "video005"-had been "duplicated," meaning that a
9 second copy of each video had been saved on the phone. Furthermore, all of the
10 videos that were downloaded from the phone seized on January 28, 2013, were
11 	published to the jury; those videos showed Friend engaged in a prohibited sexual act
12 (to wit, sexual intercourse). See § 3 0-6A-2(A)( 1) (defining "prohibited sexual act" as
13 	including, among other acts, "sexual intercourse").
14 	{16} 	From this, the jury could independently infer that Defendant completed a
15 	separate act-possession of child pornography-that was sufficiently distinct from
16 the previously completed acts of manufacturing because the acts of manufacturing
17 and possession were separated not only in time but also by the intervening event of
18 the duplication of the videos. See Vance, 2009-NMCA-024, ,r,r 13, 17; Contreras,
19 2007-NMCA-045, ,r,r 19, 22-23 (rejecting a double jeopardy challenge to convictions
11

1 for possessing and trafficking cocaine where the state had "provided the jury with
2 sufficient factual bases for finding that [the d]efendant possessed the cocaine both
3 before and after he sold some if it[,]" and holding that the conduct supporting
4 possession 	and 	trafficking 	was 	not 	unitary). 	Ignoring 	the 	evidence 	of
5 duplication-which implies a later action by Defendant taken in order to continue to
6 possess the copied videos-Defendant argues that he "took no additional steps to
7 commit the crime of possession; the cell phone stored the recording automatically."
8 But that is not what the evidence presented at trial indicates. Moreover, as in
9 	Contreras, we conclude that "it is extremely unlikely that the jury based its verdict
10 on a theory that 	[the d]efendant only possessed" the videos 	at the time he
11 	manufactured them. 2007-NMCA-045, 'if 23. Rather, the evidence established that
12 Defendant continued to possess the videos after he had completed the act of
13 	manufacturing them and that the State's basis for charging Defendant with possession
14 was separate and independent from the bases for charging him with manufacturing.
15 	{17} 	We hold that Defendant's separate acts of manufacturing and possessing child
16 pornography were not unitary under the facts of this case because there was distinct
17 evidence from which "the jury reasonably could have inferred independent factual
18 bases for the charged offenses." Vance, 2009-NMCA-024, 'if 17 (internal quotation
12

1 marks and citation omitted). Thus, Defendant's convictions do not violate his right
2 to be free from double jeopardy.
3 II. 	Evidentiary Errors
4 {18} 	Defendant argues that multiple evidentiary errors deprived him of a fair trial.
5 Specifically, he contends that the district court erred in admitting: (1) Stepdaughter's
6 testimony that she had witnessed a prior sexual encounter between Defendant and
7 Friend; (2) Detective Munro's opinion testimony-including his comparison of
8 photographs ofDefendant' s torso with screenshot images from the videos-regarding
9 his belief that Defendant was the male participant in the videos; and (3) Deputy
10 Hernandez's statements indicating there was another "victim" in the case. We address
11 	each of Defendant's claimed evidentiary errors in tum and conclude that even
12 assuming error occurred, it was harmless, not cumulative, and does not require
13 	reversal.
14 A.
15
16 	{19}
Stepdaughter's Testimony Regarding Defendant's and Friend's Prior
Sexual Encounter
Defendant filed 	a motion in 	limine 	seeking to 	exclude 	Stepdaughter's
17 testimony "concerning what she perceived as sexual activity between [D]efendant and
18 	[Friend]" on a prior occasion. The district court denied the motion, and Stepdaughter
19 was allowed to testify as follows. On one occasion, Stepdaughter saw Friend "moving
20 up and down" in the bedroom around ten o'clock at night and that Defendant, who
13

1 was also in the bedroom, had his pajama pants pulled down "more than they
2 should've been." Based on that observation, she confronted Friend about whether
3 Friend was having a sexual relationship with Defendant. Stepdaughter thereafter
4 reported to an adult her "concerns about [Friend] ... and things going on at [the]
5 house" and spoke with law enforcement a few days after making her initial report.
6 {20} 	DefendantarguesthatunderRule 11-404(B)NMRA, Stepdaughter's testimony
7 about a prior sexual contact between Friend and Defendant should not have been
8 admitted because it was offered for the prohibited purpose of showing that because
9 Defendant "had relations with [Friend] on one day, he was more likely to act in
10 conformity on the day the video was made[,]" and because its probative value was
11 	outweighed by its prejudicial effect. See State v. Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ~ 40,
12 	145 N.M. 	733, 204 P.3d 748 (explaining that appellate courts "consider two
13 	paramount factors in deciding whether the district court abused its discretion in
14 admitting [Rule 11-404(B)] evidence: whether the [s]tate made a sufficient showing
15 	that the evidence would serve a legitimate purpose other than to show character ...
16 and whether the probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
17 prejudice or other factors" (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). The State
18 	argues that the testimony was "properly admitted for purposes of establishing
19 Defendant's identity and opportunity to film a sexual act with [Friend.]"
14

1 {21} 	While the State is correct that proving "identity" is a proper purpose for which
2 otherwise 	inadmissible Rule 	1 l-404(B) 	evidence may 	be 	admitted, 	it is 	the
3 proponent's burden "to cogently inform the court-whether the trial court or a court
4 on appeal-the rationale for admitting the evidence to prove something other than
5 propensity. In other words, more is required to sustain a ruling admitting other-acts
6 evidence than the incantation of the illustrative exceptions. contained in the Rule."
7 State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ~ 25, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828 (alteration,
8 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). We are not convinced that the State
9 has met its burden, particularly given that "[t]he identity exception to Rule 11-404(B)
10 may be invoked when identity is at issue and when the similarity of the other [act]
11 	demonstrates a unique or distinct pattern easily attributable to one person." State v.
12 Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ~ 14, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896 (emphasis added)
13 	(alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted) .. The State, without
14 pointing to anything in Stepdaughter's testimony that demonstrates a unique or
15 	distinct pattern that would be easily attributable to Defendant, merely argues that
16 "because Defendant and [~riend] were engaged in a sexual relationship at the time the
17 videos were manufactured and the videos depict[] sexual acts between [Friend] and
18 	a male, it becomes more likely that Defendant is the male in the video." Additionally,
19 the State fails to establish that "opportunity" was even a fact in issue, meaning that
15

1 it could not have served as the basis for the admission of the testimony. See Gallegos,
2 2007-NMSC-007, 1133-35 (rejecting "opportunity" as a basis for admitting Rule 11-
3 404(B) evidence where the undisputed facts established that the defendant had an
4 opportunity to commit the charged acts).
5 	{22} 	However, even assuming, without deciding, that the district court's admission
6 of Stepdaughter's testimony was contrary to Rule 11-404(B), we conclude that such
7 error was harmless. See State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, 1 25, 275 P.3d 110
8 (explaining that even if evidence is improperly admitted, such error "is not grounds
9 for a new trial unless the error is determined to be harmful"); State v. Griscom, 1984-
10 NMCA-059, 11 16-18, 101 N.M. 377, 683 P.2d 59 (proceeding to a harmless error
11 	analysis without first resolving the primary evidentiary challenge). That is because
12 after evaluating "all of the circumstances surrounding the error"-including "the
13 	importance of the erroneously admitted evidence in the prosecution's case"-as well
14 as "evidence of [Defendant's] guilt separate from the error[,]" we conclude that there
15 	is not a "reasonable probability the error affected that verdict." Tollardo, 2012-
16 NMSC-008, 1136, 43 (alteration, emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation
17 omitted).
18 	{23} 	The primary evidence supporting Defendant's convictions for manufacturing
19 of child pornography came from (1) Friend's testimony that Defendant was the male
16

1 participant in the videos and that he was the person recording the videos of the two
2 of them having sexual intercourse, and (2) the videos themselves and the photographs
3 of Defendant's torso showing a distinct scar, which were admitted at trial and shown
4 to the jury over no objection. The primary evidence supporting Defendant's
5 conviction for possession of child pornography came from ( 1) Deputy Hernandez's
6 testimony regarding seizing Defendant's phone, which contained the videos, from
7 Defendant's residence on January 28, 2012, and (2) the videos themselves, which
8 contained child pornography. From the State's closing argument, it is clear that the
9 State attributed little, if any, importance to Stepdaughter's challenged testimony. On
10 numerous occasions, the State emphasized the aforementioned unchallenged pieces
11 	of evidence as being what supported the charges against Defendant. On only one
12 occasion did the State, in passing, refer to Stepdaughter's statement that Stepdaughter
13 	once saw "something going on in the bedroom." In fact, it was defense counsel who,
14 during closing, repeatedly reminded the jury of the evidence he sought to exclude
15 	when he first stated, "[Stepdaughter] is so outraged because she sees a head bobbing
16 up 	and 	down 	that 	she 	feels 	compelled to 	report 	it[,]" 	and 	later 	reiterated,
17 "[Stepdaughter] said the reason she was outraged is because she could see a fully-
18 	dressed young lady with her head going up and down, and that's the reason
19 	[Stepdaughter] was propelled out into reporting this."
17

1 {24} 	In the context of all of the evidence presented at trial, we cannot say that there
2 is a reasonable probability that Stepdaughter's testimony describing her observation
3 	of a 	sexual 	encounter between Friend and Defendant contributed to 	any 	of ·
4 Defendant's convictions. See id. 1 46 (explaining that "because an error may be
5 prejudicial with respect to one conviction, but harmless with respect to another,·
6 courts must separately assess the effect the error may have had on each of the
7 defendant's convictions"). We thus hold that any error that occurred in admitting
8 Stepdaughter's testimony was harmless and does not support reversal.
9 B. 	Detective Munro's and Deputy Hernandez's Testimony
10 	{25} 	Defendant alleges three evidentiary errors related to the testimony ofDetective
11 	Munro and Deputy Hernandez. First, Defendant contends that the district court erred
12 in allowing Detective Munro to engage in "image-to-image comparison" and "digital
13 	manipulation" of the photographs ofDefendant' s torso and the screenshot images that
14 Detective Munro made from the videos without first qualifying Detective Munro as
15 	an expert. Next, Defendant alternatively argues that Detective Munro's testimony-if
16 deemed lay opinion-was inadmissible because it was not "helpful to a factual issue
17 in dispute." Finally, regarding Deputy Hernandez's testimony, Defendant argues that
18 Deputy Hernandez's "repeated references to a 'second victim' result[ed] in undue
18

1 prejudice." Because the parties dispute whether certain of these challenges were
2 preserved, we begin by identifying the applicable standard of review.
3 {26} 	Defendant concedes that he failed to preserve his challenge to Deputy
4 Hernandez's testimony, as well as his challenge to the admission of Detective
5 Munro's testimony adjusting the screenshot images and comparing those images to
6 the photograph of Defendant's torso as lay opinion. Absent preservation, we only
7 review for plain error. See State v. Bregar, 2017-NMCA-028, 128, 390 P.3d 212,
8 cert. denied, _-NMCERT-_ (No. S-1-SC-36258, Feb. 7, 2017) ("If an appellant
9 fails to object to the admission of evidence below, on appeal we will only review for
10 plain error[.]"). With regard to the admission of alleged improper expert testimony
11 	by Detective Munro, while not clear, Defendant appears to suggest that he preserved
12 his challenge to the admission of that testimony; however, his failure to comply with
13 	the requirements ofRule 12-318(A)(4) NMRA renders his argument waived. Rule 12-
14 318(A)(4) requires that as to each argument made on appeal, the appellant's brief in
15 	chief "shall contain a statement of the applicable standard of review . . . and a
16 statement explaining how the issue was preserved in the court below, with citations
17 to authorities, record proper, transcript of proceedings, or exhibits relied on."
18 Defendant neither explains how the issue was preserved nor argues that we should
19 apply an abuse of discretion standard. See Bregar, 2017-NMCA-028, 128 (explaining
19

1 that "if an evidentiary issue is preserved by objection, we review the district court's
2 decision to admit or exclude for an abuse of discretion"). Moreover, Defendant does
3 nothing more than describe three instances during trial when defense counsel objected
4 during Detective Munro's testimony. Critically, Defendant wholly fails to establish
5 that the grounds for those objections-one of which Defendant concedes was, in fact,
6 "inaudible"-are the same that provide the basis for his challenges on appeal. Thus,
7 we do not consider his appellate arguments to be properly preserved. See State v.
8 Baca, 1997-NMSC-045, ~ 13, 124 N.M. 55, 946 P.2d 1066, overruled on other
9 grounds by State v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, ~ 36, 146 N.M. 357,210 P.3d 783
10 ("An objection that does not state the grounds for the objection preserves no issue for
11 	appeal."); Bregar, 2017-NMCA-028, ~ 29 ("[F]or an objection to preserve an issue
12 	for appeal, it must appear that the appellant fairly invoked a ruling of the district court
13 	on the same grounds argued in the appellate court." (alterations, internal quotation
14 marks, and citation omitted)); State v. Gonzales, 2011-NMCA-007, ~ 19, 149 N.M.
15 	226, 247 P.3d 1111 (stating that "this Court has no duty to review an argument that
16 is not adequately developed"). We therefore review Defendant's challenges to
17 Detective Munro's testimony for plain error. See Bregar, 2017-NMCA-028, ~ 28.
20

1 Plain Error
2 {27} 	"Plain error is an exception to the general rule that parties must raise timely
3 objection to improprieties at trial, and therefore it is to be used sparingly~" State v.
4 Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-027, ,-r 15, 145 N.M. 719, 204 P.3d 44 (internal quotation
5 marks and citation omitted). "Under the plain error rule, there must be ( 1) error, that
6 is (2) plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights." State v. Hill, 2008-NMCA-117,
7 ,-r 21, 144 N.M. 775, 192 P.3d 770 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
8 "We apply the rule only in evidentiary matters and only if we have grave doubts about
9 the validity of the verdict, due to an error that infects the fairness or integrity of the
10 judicial proceeding." Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-02 7, ,-r 15 (internal quotation marks and
11 	citation omitted). Appellate courts do not "use the plain error rule to review the
12 validity of the admission of [erroneously admitted] testimony." State v. Contreras,
13 	1995-NMSC-056, ,-r 24, 120 N.M. 486, 903 P.2d 228. "We must be convinced that
14 admission 	of the testimony constituted an injustice that created grave doubts
15 	concerning the validity of the verdict." Id. ,-r 23 (internal quotation marks and citation
\
16 omitted). "In determining whether there has been plain error, we must examine the
17 alleged errors in the context of the testimony as a whole." Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-
18 	027, ,-r 15 (omission, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
21

1 Detective Munro's Testimony
2 	{28} 	Detective Munro's primary purpose at trial was to explain how, as a result of
3 his investigation, he concluded that Defendant was the male participant in the videos.
4 Detective Munro did so by first describing the personal observations he made from
5 watching the videos. He testified that while only the face of the female in the videos
6 was "readily apparent," the abdomen and genitals of the male participant were visible
7 and contained what Detective Munro described as a "consistent abnormality to the
8 abdomen, ... some sort of scar or possibly a tattoo" in each of the videos. He then
9 explained that he reviewed photographs of Defendant's unclothed torso that were
10 taken by a fellow investigating officer and watched the videos again, comparing the
11 	images in the video of the male participant's abdominal area to the photographs of
12 Defendant. The State published the photographs taken of Defendant's abdominal
13 	area, which, Detective Munro testified, showed a "vertical scar that goes above and
14 below the belly button" that was similar to what Detective Munro observed on the
15 	videos. At that point in Detective Munro's testimony, the State published Exhibit
16 	I-containing the three videos-to the jury and asked that Detective Munro be
17 allowed to play the videos for the jury. One by one, the jury was shown each of the
18 three videos. After each video was played, Detective Munro explained that he made
19 	screenshots-also described as "freeze frames"-from the video, displayed the
22

1 screenshot, then pointed to the area on the screenshot showing the same "indentation"
2 or "abnormality" that Detective Munro had pointed out to the jury in the photographs
3 of Defendant. While publishing the screenshot images to the jury, Detective Munro
4 noted that the images as projected in the courtroom were "a little dark" and offered
5 to "lighten [the] image ifit could assist." As he was making the in-court adjustments
6 to the laptop display settings, Detective Munro explained that "without altering the
7 actual intent of it, I can adjust the brightness level and increase the contrast."
8 	{29} 	Defendant describes these adjustments as "digital manipulation" and "digital
9 alteration." Citing a Connecticut case, Statev. Swinton, 847 A.2d 921, 934-38 (Conn.
10 2004), he contends that "digital alteration of digital images is ... the province of
11 	expert testimony" 	and thus 	that Detective Munro's 	reliance 	on "specialized
12 knowledge" in "comparing [Defendant's] torso photos to the video[s]" was only
13 	admissible if he was first qualified as an expert. Defendant's argument is unavailing
14 for two reasons: first, because Swinton is distinguishable; and second, because
15 	Defendant misconstrues the nature of Detective Munro's testimony.
16 	{30} 	In Swinton, the defendant challenged the adequacy of the foundation for
17 admitting what he contended was "computer generated evidence"-specifically,
18 photographs of a bite mark that had been digitally enhanced using a computer
19 	software program. Id. at 934-36. The state argued that the photographs were not
23

1 "computer generated evidence" but were "mere 'reproductions'" and thus governed
- 2 by a different foundational standard that only required the testifying witness to be
3 able to verify that the photograph is "a fair and accurate representation of what it
4 depicts." Id. at 936-37. The court described the issue as being one that involved a
5 question of "the difference between presenting evidence and creating evidence." Id.
6 at 938. It agreed with the defendant that the photographs admitted were "computer
7 generated"-i.e., "created"-and not mere photographic reproductions and thus were
8 subject to different foundational requirements. Id. at 93 6, 93 8, 94 2-43. However, after
9 applying the proper test as announced in that case, the court concluded that the state
10 had laid a proper foundation to admit the evidence. Id. at 943-45.
11 	{31} 	Here, Defendant attempts to liken Detective Munro's in-court adjustments to
12 the laptop's display setting (for the purpose of improving the visibility of the image
13 	being projected to the jury) to the 	software-altered, i.e., 	computer-generated,
14 photographs in Swinton. According to Defendant, Detective Munro's testimony
15 	included the presentation of "altered photographs," but that is simply not what the
16 record indicates. The record is clear (1) that Detective Munro's screenshots were
17 nothing more than "freeze frames," i.e., images depicting single frames from the
18 video akin to pausing the video at a particular moment, and (2) that Detective Munro
19 did nothing more than alter the "brightness" setting on the laptop to control the
24

1 outward projection of the image. Unlike in Swinton, where the witness's testimony
2 included an in-court demonstration of how he used special software to manipulate the
3 bite-mark~photograph, id. at 935, i.e., there was no doubt that the photographs
4 themselves were altered before being presented to the jury, here, there is no evidence
5 that any of the images presented to the jury had been modified in any way. As noted
6 previously, Detective Munro even stated that the in-court adjustments he was making
7 were done "without altering the actual intent." We have little difficulty concluding
8 that the screenshots and Detective Munro's testimony were simply a means of
9 presenting evidence to the jury rather than the creation of new evidence that would
10 necessitate qualification as expert opinion. Cf id. at 938. As such, they did not
11 	constitute expert testimony, and we hold that there was no error in not qualifying
12 Detective Munro as an expert.
13 	{32} 	Defendant next argues that Detective Munro's testimony identifying Defendant
14 as the male in the videos was improper lay opinion because "the jury could watch the
15 	video[s] for itself," meaning that Detective Munro's testimony was not "helpful to
16 	[determining] a factual issue in dispute"-i.e., the identity of the male participant-as
17 required by Rule 11-701 NMRA. See Rule 11-701 (B) (providing that "testimony in
18 the form of an opinion is limited to one that is ... helpful ... to determining a fact
19 in issue"). This Court recently rejected a similar argument in State v. Sweat, 2017-
25

1 NMCA-069, ~~ 20-24, 404 P.3d 20, cert. denied, __-NMCERT-_ (No. S-1-SC-
2 36574, Aug. 16, 2017).
3 	{33} 	In Sweat, the issue was whether a detective was properly allowed to testify to
4 his opinion of the identity of the person shown in a surveillance video, which had
5 been admitted into evidence and was available for the jury to view. Id. ~~ 8, 21. The
6 defendant argued that "the surveillance video speaks for itself' and that allowing the
7 detective to offer his opinion "invaded the province of the jury" by not "allowing the
8 jury to view the surveillance video and draw its own conclusion." Id. ~ 21 (internal
9 quotation marks omitted). This Court concluded otherwise, adopting for purposes of
10 analysis the five-factor approach "deemed relevant to a determination of whether a
11 	lay witness is more likely than the jury to identify the defendant correctly" that was
12 articulated in People v. Thompson, 2016 IL 118667, ~ 41, 49 N.E.3d 393. Sweat,
13 	2017-NMCA-069, ~ 22 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Relevant to
14 the Sweat Court's analysis was, among others, the fifth factor: "the degree of clarity
15 	of the surveillance recording and the quality and completeness of the subject's
16 depiction in the recording." Id. ~~ 22, 24 (internal quotation marks and citation
17 omitted). In Sweat, this Court considered that the defendant "himself describe[ d] the
18 	quality of the surveillance video as 'grainy' and 'of poor quality' " in reaching its
19 conclusion that the detective's testimony regarding the identity of the person in the
26

I 	surveillance video was admi~sible because it was helpful to the jury.6 Id. ,r 24.
2 Likewise, here, Defendant describes the videos in question as "dark and grainy" and
3 asserts that "scarring or other details in the video are not clear ... when viewed on
4 a computer monitor." Thus," we conclude that Detective Munro's testimony was
5 admissible under Rule 11-70 I because it would have been "helpful ... to determining
6 a fact in .issue[,]" i.e., the identity of the male participant in the videos. Id. ,r 22
7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Because we hold that it was not error
8 to a<;imit Detective Munro's testimony, our review of Defendant's challenge on that
9 basis ends here. See Hill, 2008-NMCA-117, ,r 21 ("Under the plain error rule, there
10 must be (1) error, that is (2}plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights." (internal
11 	quotation marks and citation omitted)).
12 Deputy Hernandez's Testimony
13 	{34} 	As with 01.,1r plain-error review of Detective Munro's testimony, we begin by
14 examining the complained-of portion of Deputy Hernandez's testimony as a whole.
15 	See Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-027, ,r 15.
16 6While the Sweat Court also considered the presence of other factors, it stated
17 that "[t]he existence of even one of the[] factors indicates that there is some basis for
18 concluding that the witness is more likely to correctly identify the defendant from the
19 photograph than is the jury[,]" i.e., that the witness's testimony is admissible under
20 Rule 11-701 because it is helpful to the jury. Id. ,r 22.
27

1 {35} 	During Deputy Hernandez's testimony, the State moved to admit into evidence
2 Exhibit 1, the CD containing the videos downloaded from Defendant's phone.
3 Defense counsel objected, arguing that the State had not laid a sufficient foundation
4 for the admission of the CD because it had not been established whether Deputy
5 Hernandez was the "police officer [that created the CD] or not." During defense
6 counsel's ensuing voir dire of Deputy Hernandez, defense counsel elicited from
7 Deputy Hernandez that the videos were taken off the cell phone using Cellebrite,7 and
8 that Deputy Hernandez was not the person who downloaded the videos onto the CD.
9 Based on this, defense counsel again objected to the CD's admission, arguing that the
10 	State had not established chain of custody. Even after the State established that
11 	Deputy Hernandez was present when the CD was created, took possession of the CD
12 after it was created, and could confirm that the data on the CD was identical to that
13 	on the cell phone, defense counsel continued to object to the CD's admission.
14 	{36} 	Defense counsel was allowed to continue his voir dire, during which he
15 	questioned Deputy Hernandez about the serial numbers of the seized cell phones that
16 Deputy Hernandez had recorded on the search warrant inventory. Defense counsel
17 7Later testimony from Detective Munro clarified that Cellebrite is a "forensic
18 	evidence recovery device" that (1) allows for the removal of information from a cell
19 phone onto a CD, USB, or other storage device, (2) prevents the cell phone and
20 information contained thereon from "being manipulated in any way" during the
21 	removal/copying process, and (3) generates a report and a CD on which the evidence
22 can be reviewed without risk of manipulating the cell phone.
28

1 then questioned Deputy Hernandez about information contained on the Cell~brite-
2 generated report, which contained numbers identifying each of the cell phones that
3 had been seized, and attempted to show that the serial numbers documented in the
4 search warrant inventory did not match the numbers contained in the Cellebrite
5 report. Deputy Hernandez, after comparing the documents, confirmed that the
6 numbers on the two documents did not match. Defense counsel, seizing upon what
7 he perceived as a fatal discrepancy, then challenged Deputy Hernandez to explain
8 how the court could admit "evidence of a cell phone that wasn't seized." Deputy
9 Hernandez responded by pointing out to defense counsel that the Cellebrite report in
10 question "has nothing to do with [Friend]" but rather contained the name of a
11 	different person, whom Deputy Hernandez referred to as "also a victim."
12 {37} 	Upon hearing Deputy Hernandez refer to another "victim," the district court
13 	immediately called a bench conference, asked counsel 	if the current line 	of
14 questioning should occur outside the presence of the jury, and excused the jury. The
15 	district court, attempting to clarify matters, asked counsel if the discrepancy in the
16 numbers was attributable to there being separate evidence related to another victim.
17 The prosecutor answered "no" and explained that the numbers did not match because
18 the Cellebrite report contained the phones' model numbers, not serial numbers. After
19 a short recess, defense counsel indicated he had no further voir dire and agreed to
29

1 allow the State to proceed with its direct examination of Deputy Hernandez. The State
2 then laid a foundation for the admission of and again moved to admit Exhibit 1,
3 which the district court then admitted over no objection.
_ 4 {38} 	In light of the context of Deputy Hernandez's testimony, we conclude that it
5 was not plain error to admit Deputy Hernandez's passing mention of another
6 "victim." As Defendant himself describes it, what he complains of is "essentially a
7 spontaneous 	statement"-one 	that 	the 	record 	indicates 	Deputy 	Hernandez
8 inadvertently made as he explained counsel's misinterpretation of documents on
_9 which the State relied for the admission of key evidence. While it may have been
10 error to allow Deputy Hernandez to testify as he did, and while such error could be
11 	deemed plain as evidenced by the district court's immediate reaction to the testimony,
12 we are unconvinced that admission of the testimony "constituted an injustice that
13 	creates grave doubts concerning the validity of the verdict." Hill, 2008-NMCA-117,
14 ,I 21 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). That is to say, the error did not
15 	"seriously 	affect[] 	the 	fairness, 	integrity 	or 	public 	reputation · of 	judicial
16 proceedings[,]" i.e., the substantial rights ofDefendant. State v. Paiz, 1999-NMCA-
17 	104, ,I 28, 127 N.M. 776, 987 P.2d 1163 (internal quotation marks and. citation
18 omitted); cf id ,I,I 26-29 (reversing the defendant's conviction because this Court
..
19 concluded that all three elements of the plain error test-"(1) error, that is (2).plain,
30

1 and (3) that affects substantial rights"-were present in that case). As such, we hold
2 that the admission of Deputy Hernandez's testimony was not plain error.
3 	{39} 	As a final matter regarding Defendant's challenge to Deputy Hernandez's
4 testimony, we briefly address Defendant's claim ofineffective assistance of counsel
5 that he appends to this argument. Defendant argues that "eliciting this [other 'victim']
6 evidence during an unnecessary voir dire [of Deputy Hernandez] without then seeking
7 a mistrial or at least a curative instruction constituted ineffective assistance of
8 counsel." We disagree.
9 	{40} 	"To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show: (1)
10 	'counsel's performance was deficient,' and (2) 'the deficient performance prejudiced
11 	the defense.'" State v. Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, 113, 136 N.M. 533, 101 P.3d 799
12 (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). Without passing on
13 	Defendant's arguments regarding the deficient-performance prong, we conclude that
14 Defendant has not met his burden of establishing a prima facie case for ineffective
15 	assistance of counsel based on his failure to explain how any alleged deficiency in
16 trial counsel's performance prejudiced him. Defendant does nothing more than quote
17 the standard for establishing prejudice 8, then states, "As argued above, [Deputy
18 	8
"[I]n order to satisfy the prejudice prong, it is necessary to show that there is
19 a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the
20 proceeding would have been different[.]" Patterson v. LeMaster, 2001-NMSC-O 13,
21 	~ 28, 130 N.M. 179, 21 P.3d 1032 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
31

1 Hernandez's references to a second·victim] was of an inherently prejudicial nature
2 and implicated prior acts of a similar nature to those charged, carrying an obvious
3 prejudicial impact." But "mere evidentiary prejudice is not enough." State v. Roybal,
4 2002-NMSC-027, 125, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. Because Defendant does nothing
5 more than point to evidentiary prejudice and fails to explain how any deficiency in
6 trial counsel's performance "represent[ s] so serious a failure of the adversarial
7 process that it undermines judicial confidence in the accuracy a~d reliability of the
8 outcome[,]" ·id., we decline to further consider Defendant's argument. See State v.
9 	Guerra, 2012-NMSC-014, 121,278 P.3d 1031 (explaining that appellate courts are
10 under no obligation to review unclear or undeveloped arguments).
11 	C. 	Cumulative Error
12 	{41} 	Defendant contends that "[i]f this Court finds error in any two of the above
13 	issues, cumulative error supports reversal." Defendant is incorrect. The mere fact that
14 more than one error may have occurred is insufficient, alone, to require reversal. The
15 	doctrine of cumulative error "requires reversal of a defendant's conviction whe°' the
16 cumulative impact of errors which occurred at trial was so prejudicial that the
· 17 defendant was deprived of a fair trial." State v. Martin, 1984-NMSC-077, 117, 101
18 N.M. 595,686 P.2d 937. "The doctrine cannot be invoked if ... the record as a whole
19 	demonstrates that a defendant received a fair trial[.]" Id Importantly, "a fair trial is
32

1 not necessarily a perfect one[.]" State v. Allen, 2000-NMSC-002, ~ 95, 128 N .M. 482,
2 994 P.2d 728. Even given the purported imperfections in Defendant's trial-i.e.,
3 failing to correct the admission of Deputy Hernandez's testimony regarding another
4 "victim" and allowing Stepdaughter to testify to observing a prior sexual encounter
5 between Defendant and Friend-we conclude that the record as a whole demonstrates
6 that Defendant received a fair trial.
7 III. 	The Constitutionality of Section 30-6A-3(D) as Applied in This Case
8 {42} 	Defendant contends that "contrary to constitutional guarantees 	of equal
9 protection and substantive due process, there is no rational basis for punishing
10 	[Defendant] with second-degree manufacture and fourth-degree possession for
11 	recording a sex act to which the minor participant legally consented." Defendant's
12 equal protection challenge fails because he has not established that he is being treated
13 	differently than similarly situated individuals. See Breen v. Carlsbad Mun. Schs.,
14 2005-NMSC-028, ~ 10, 138 N.M. 331, 120 P.3d 413 ("The threshold question in
15 	analyzing all equal protection challenges is whether the legislation creates a class of
16 similarly situated individuals who are treated dissimilarly."). Those who challenge
17 the constitutionality of a statute "must first prove that they are similarly situated to
18 	another group but are treated dissimilarly. In other words, [they] must prove that they
19 should be treated equally with another group but they are not because of a legislative
33

1 classification." Id. ,r 8. A statute that "does not create two separate classifications
2 subject to different treatment" cannot be said to violate equal protection .. Montez v.
3 J & B Radiator, Inc., 1989-NMCA-060, ,r,r 12, 14-15, 108 N.M. 752, 779 P.2d 129.
4 	{43} 	Defendant is in a class of persons that includes (1) adults who have (2)
5 recorded consensual, non-criminal sexual acts (3) involving a minor participant.
6 Defendant compares himself to "[a] person who records the same exact legal [sexual]
7 activity with a consenting eighteen-year-old." Defendant emphasizes the fact that the
8 underlying act Defendant recorded-sexual intercourse between a thirty-five-year-old
9 and a sixteen-year-old-is not criminal. However, he ignores the purpose of and harm
10 addressed by the Sexual Exploitation of Children Act, which defines "prohibited
11 	sexual act" as including, among other acts, "sexual intercourse" regardless of whether
12 the act was, itself, legal. Section 30-6A-2(A). As our Supreme Court explained in
13 	Statev. Myers,2009-NMSC-016, 146N.M.128,207P.3d 1105, "Thepurposeofthe
14 Act is to protect children from the harm to the child that flows from trespasses against
15 	the child's dignity when treated as a sexual object." Id. ,r 17 (internal quotation marks
16 and citation omitted). Thus, even if the act recorded is legal, the act of recording the
17 act is what the Legislature elected to criminalize based on the harm that occurs when
18 "the child's actions are reduced to a recording which could haunt the child i.n future
19 years[.]" Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
34

,- 	1 {44} 	Defendant's comparison, in addition, is not a proper one because a person who
2 records consensual sex between two adults is not similarly situated to a person who
3 records consensual sex between an adult and a minor; such individuals occupy
4 entirely different_ classes. Cf Packer Corp. 	v. 	Utah, 285 U.S. 	105, 110 (1932)
5 (rejecting an equal protection challenge to a state law that treats differently tobacco
6 advertisements on billboards and those in newspapers, magazines, or periodicals, and
7 ·explaining that "the state has power to legislate with respect to persons in certain
8 situations an~ not with respect to those in a different one"); Carney v. Ok~a. Dep 't of
9 Pub. Safety, 875 F.3d 1347, 1353 (10th Cir. 2017) (explaining that a convicted
· 10 "aggravated sex offender" had failed to make an equal protection claim where he
11 	contended that he was "not similarly situated to ordinary sex offenders" and "ha[ d]
12 not shown that he 	[was] 	being treated differently than other aggravated sex
13 	offenders"); Taylor v. Roswell Jndep. Sch. Dist., 713 F.3d 25, 53-54 (10th Cir. 2013)
14 (explaining 	that 	the 	Equal 	Protection 	Clause 	"simply 	keeps 	governmental
15 	decision[lmakers from treating differently persons who are in all relevant respects
16 alike" and rejecting an equal protection challenge where the plaintiffs failed to
17 establish that their prohibited activity-which the court described as "different in
18 kind and scale"-was similar to permitted activity (internal quotation marks and
19 citation omitted)). Because I)efendant cites no authority and develops no argument
35

1 to support his contention that he is, in the first instance, similarly situated to his
2 proffered comparator, we decline to consider further his equal protection challenge.
3 See Guerra, 2012-NMSC-014, ~ 21; State v. Murillo, 2015-NMCA-046, ~ 17, 347
4 P.3d 284 (refusing to consider the defendant's equal protection argument where the
5 defendant failed to address how the challenged statute treated differently groups that
6 were similarly situated).
7 {45} 	Defendant-who dediGates the majority of his discussion on this issue to
8 arguing that the Legislature lacks a rational basis for treating differently adults who
9 record 	sex acts 	depicting minors than those who 	record 	sex acts 	depicting
10 adults-similarly fails to provide any principled analysis to support his claim of a
11 	substantive due process violation. He does nothing more than ( 1) refer to general
12 principles of law without explaining how they apply to the facts of this case and (2)
13 	rely on the irrelevant claim that Defendant "had no intent to disseminate the video"
14 to support his assertion that "it shocks the. conscience to punish [Defendant] with
15 	[nineteen-and-one-half-years] in prison." 	We 	decline to construct Defendant's
16 argument on his behalf, see Murillo, 2015~NMSC-046, ~ 17, and hold that Defendant
17 has failed to establish either an equal protection or a substantive due process
18 violation.
36

1 {46} 	As a final matter, we offer as an observation that Defendant's challenge is more
2 properly directed to the attention of the Legislature than the courts. What Defendant
3 essentially-though obliquely-asks us to do is that which we are constitutionally
4 prohibited from doing: encroach on the power of the Legislature by questioning the
5 wisdom ofits enactments, particularly when Defendant has failed to establish that the
6 challenged enactment is constitutionally infirm. See State v. Thompson, 1953-NMSC-
7 072, ~~ 11-12, 57 N.M. 459, 260 P.2d 370 ("The judiciary can only arrest the
8 execution of a statute when it conflicts with the constitution. It cannot run a race of
9 opinions upon points of right, reason, and expediency with the lawmaking power ....
10 It is no part of the duty of the courts to inquire into the wisdom, the policy, or the
11 	justness of an act of the [L]egislature." (internal quotation marks and citation
12 omitted)); State v. Torres, 2012-NMCA-026, ~ 33, 272 P.3d 689 (explaining that
13 	under the doctrine of separation of powers, "one branch of the state government may
14 not exercise powers and duties belonging to another" (internal quotation marks and
15 	citation omitted)).
16 {47} 	Our Legislature has, by enacting Section 3 0-6A-3, established as the policy of
17 this state that it is a crime to record sexual activity where at least one of the depicted
18 participants is a minor, regardless of whether the underlying activity depicted is non-
. 19 criminal. Defendant contends that the fact that Friend could consent to the underlying
37

I
1 act-i.e., legally engage in sexual intercourse with Defendant-but is disallowed
2 under the law from consenting to a recording of that act is irrational. Yet it is the
3 Legislature's prerogative to do exactly that: declare and define what acts are criminal.
4 See State v. Lassiter, 2016-NMCA-078, 1 12, 382 P.3d 918, cert. denied, _-
5 NMCERT-_ (No. S-1-SC-36012, Aug. 18, 2016) ("It is the Legislature's exclusive
6 responsibility to define crimes, not the judiciary's."); State v. Bryant, 1982-NMCA-
7 178, 1 14, 99 N.M. 149, 655 P.2d 161 ("The decision as to which acts shall be
8 declared criminal offenses is entirely a legislative function."). And to the extent
9 Defendant challenges not only the very criminalization of the conduct at issue but
10 also the degree to which the Legislature has elected to punish the conduct, such a
11 	challenge is equally afield of this Court's powers. See State v. Frawley, 2007-NMSC-
12 057, 16, 143 N.M. 7, 172 P.3d 144 ("No point of law has longer been established in
13 	New Mexico than the rule that the prescription of the mode of punishment is pre-
14 eminently a rightful subject oflegislation." (alterations, internal quotation marks, and
15 	citation omitted)). Even were this Court to agree with Defendant that the length of his
16 	sentence is disproportionate to the offense committed given the particular facts of this
17 case,9 Defendant has failed to offer any basis on which we could properly-i.e.,
18 9Notably, even the district court initially expressed concern about the State's
19 recommendation of nineteen-and-a-half years, asking the State how the court could
20 reconcile such a sentence with the ten-year sentence it had just imposed in a different
21 	case on a defendant who had killed a person. However, apparently persuaded by the
38

1 within the limits of our constitutional authority-consider this issue. "The question
2 of whether the punishment for a given crime is too severe and disproportionate to the
3 offense is for the [L]egislatureto determine." State v. Peters, 1967-NMSC-171, ~ 10,
4 78 N.M. 224,430 P.2d 382 (internal quotation in.arks and citation omitted). Thus we
5 leave it for the Legislature to address whether someone-like Defendant-who
6 records a legal sexual act with a consenting minor should be subject to the sentence
7 Defendant received in this case. 10
8 IV. 	Sufficiency of the Evidence
9 {48} 	Defendant argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain
10 his convictions. We disagree.
11 	{49} 	"The test for sufficiency of the evidence is whether substantial evidence of
12 either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a
13 	State's argument regarding the distinctions between the two cases and likely owing
14 to the fact that defense counsel neither argued that there were mitigating factors the
15 	court should consider nor asked the court to run the sentences concurrently, the
16 district court acted within its discretion and sentenced Defendant in accordance with
17 the State's recommendation.
18 10 We note that the Legislature, in fact, very recently amended the Criminal
19 	Sentencing Act in order to increase the penalties for those who are convicted of
20 manufacturing, distributing, and/or possessing child pornography. Compare Section
21 	31-18-15 (2007), with Section 31-18-15 (2016)]. Under the amended act, someone
22 convicted of the charges against Defendant in this case would face a term of
23 	imprisonment ofup to thirty-four years: twelve years for each of the manufacturing
24 counts and ten years for possession. See§ 31-18-15(A)(6), (12).
39

1 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction." State V;
2 Cabezuela, 2015-NMSC-016, ,I 14, 350 P.3d 1145 (internal quotation marks and
3 citation omitted). Our review involves a two-step process in which we first "view the
4 evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasona~le
5 inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict." State
6 v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ,I 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. We then
7 "evaluate whether the evidence, so viewed, supports the verdict beyond a reasonable
8 doubt." State v. Garcia, 2016-NMSC-034, ,I 24, 384 P.3d 1076. We disregard all
9 evidence and inferences that support a different result. See State v. Rojo, 1999-
10 NMSC-001, ,I 19,126 N.M. 438,971 P.2d 829. Our appellate courts "will not invade
11 	the jury's province as fact-finder by second-guessing the jury's decision concerning
12 the credibility of witnesses, reweighing the evidence, or substituting its judgment for
13 	thatofthejury." Statev. Garcia, 2011-NMSC-003, ,I 5, 149N.M. 185,246 P.3d 1057
14 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
15 	{50} 	Contrary to these well-established rules, 	Defendant's entire 	sufficiency
16 challenge is premised on reweighing the evidence, attacking the credibility of
17 witnesses, and relying on evidence and inferences that would support a different
18 result. As such and because we have previously reviewed at length the evidence that
19 was 	presented 	in 	this 	case 	that 	supports 	Defendant's 	convictions 	for 	both
40

1 manufacturing and possession of child pornography, we see no need to rehash that
2 evidence here. We hold that sufficient evidence supports each of Defendant's
3 convictions.
4 CONCLUSION
5 {51} 	For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant's convictions.
6 	{52}
7
8
IT IS SO ORDERED. ·
9 WE CONCUR:
J),.
J. MILES HANISEE, Judge
41