In the Matter of The Estate of Francis Curry Lewis, Deceased: Geneva Curry and Bernice Curry-Malcolm v. Angela Thomas, Intervenor, and Jimmie Smith

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2024-CA-00346-COA

IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF APPELLANTS
FRANCIS CURRY LEWIS, DECEASED:
GENEVA CURRY AND BERNICE CURRY-
MALCOLM

v.

ANGELA THOMAS, INTERVENOR, AND APPELLEES
JIMMIE SMITH

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/13/2024
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. WATOSA MARSHALL SANDERS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: BOLIVAR COUNTY CHANCERY COURT,
SECOND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: KATHERINE PORTNER McCLELLAN
MARY McKAY GRIFFITH
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: JOHN MARSHALL ALEXANDER
STEPHANIE NICOLE MORRIS
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WILLS, TRUSTS, AND ESTATES
DISPOSITION: REVERSED, RENDERED, AND
REMANDED - 10/07/2025
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

BEFORE BARNES, C.J., McDONALD AND LAWRENCE, JJ.

BARNES, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The parties to this appeal sought a determination of the heirs of decedent Francis

Curry Lewis after Lewis’s nephew, Jimmie Smith, petitioned to open her estate. After a

hearing, the Bolivar County Chancery Court adjudicated Lewis’s illegitimate

grandchildren—Angela Thomas and Deckster Beason—as her only heirs at law. The court

also granted Thomas’s motion to intervene and to be substituted as administrator of Lewis’s

estate and awarded Smith his probated claim of $1,800 for fees associated with the opening
of the estate.

¶2. Lewis’s nieces, appellants Geneva Curry and Bernice Curry-Malcolm (collectively

“Curry”), filed a motion under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), claiming that the

chancery court committed a clear error of law in determining that the grandchildren were

Lewis’s sole heirs at law. Curry argued that because Thomas’s and Beason’s natural father,

Lewis’s son Leedell Bomer, had been deceased for seventeen years prior to Lewis’s death,

the one-year limitation in Mississippi Code Annotated section 91-1-15(3)(c) (Rev. 2021) for

illegitimate children to establish paternity after the death of an intestate (i.e., Thomas’s

father) barred their claim of heirship. In a final judgment, the chancery court found Curry

had waived this argument, and the court adjudicated Thomas as Lewis’s sole heir, since

Beason had not appeared and asserted any claim as Lewis’s heir.

¶3. Curry appeals the chancery court’s ruling. We find Curry’s arguments meritorious.

First, section 91-1-15(3)(c) provides that the one-year limitation for establishing paternity is

“self-executing”; so Curry could not have waived this argument, as reasoned by the court.

Second, because Thomas did not attempt to establish paternity until almost eighteen years

after her putative father’s death, she is barred from now asserting a claim of heirship to

Lewis.

¶4. Therefore, we reverse and render the chancery court’s March 13, 2024 final order

denying Curry’s Rule 59(e) motion and adjudicating Thomas as Lewis’s sole heir at law.

Because a summons was issued to all known and unknown heirs to appear and defend at an

October 3, 2023 hearing to determine Lewis’s heirs, we remand for the chancery court’s

2
determination of Lewis’s heirs at law based upon the evidence presented at that hearing, but

excepting Thomas and Beason from consideration.1

Facts and Procedural History

¶5. Lewis died intestate on February 23, 2022. Lewis’s husband and her two sons had

predeceased her. One of her sons, Leedell Bomer, had two illegitimate children—Thomas

and Beason.2 During Lewis’s lifetime, she had acknowledged Thomas and Beason as her

grandchildren, and she listed them in Bomer’s obituary as his children.3 Thomas had been

assisting Lewis with her medical and financial affairs before Lewis’s death. Thomas is also

a named beneficiary on a life insurance policy for Lewis dated February 21, 2011; the policy

indicated the relationship to the insured was “Granddaughter.”

¶6. On February 16, 2023, Lewis’s nephew, Smith, filed a petition for letters of

administration. The petition acknowledged Thomas and Beason as Bomer’s children. The

chancery court signed an “Order Granting Letters of Administration” to Smith and allowed

the probate of Lewis’s estate.4

¶7. A month later, Thomas filed a motion to intervene, claiming to be “the granddaughter

and next of kin of decedent [Lewis].” Thomas stated in her motion that she currently

1
Curry has not appealed the court’s rulings relating to existing estate matters; so
those matters are not before us, and we discuss them only the extent necessary for the
heirship determination.
2
Bomer died in 2005. Lewis’s other son, Sam Williams, had no children.
3
Thomas and Beason were half-siblings with different mothers.
4
The only assets listed were two tracts of land, one of which contained a mobile
home. Her personal property was noted to be “of nominal monetary value.”

3
“manages the decedent’s home and tenants”; so she requested “that she be substituted as

Administrator for the Estate upon her taking the oath.”

¶8. On March 23, 2023, an attorney for Curry entered an appearance. Curry filed a

“Motion to Move Forward with Determination of Heirs” on May 9, 2023, requesting that the

chancery court make a determination of heirs at law and “seeking proof” that Thomas and

Beason were Bomer’s children.

¶9. Smith filed a response to Thomas’s motion to intervene and for substitution of

administrator on May 25, 2023.5 Smith did not object to the substitution of administrator,

and he asked to be discharged “except that in the unlikely event he is determined to be one

of the heirs at law of the deceased, [Lewis], he would claim his rightful share.” Curry also

filed a response to Thomas’s motion to intervene, requesting appointment as co-

administrators of the estate if “Smith is allowed to withdraw from that position.”

¶10. At a July 24, 2023 hearing, the chancery court ordered Smith to proceed with the

petition to determine unknown heirs and the parties to produce proof they are the decedent’s

heirs at law. A summons by publication for the “known and unknown heirs at law” of Lewis,

Bomer, and Williams was issued by the chancery clerk. The summons indicated that the

heirs, known and unknown, “are summoned to appear and defend against the Petition filed

against you in this action” on October 3, 2023, and that “in case of your failure to appear and

5
Smith opened the estate to protect Lewis’s assets (i.e., her mobile home) because
the mortgage lender for the mobile home had notified Smith the monthly payments were past
due, and the lender had threatened to repossess the home. Lewis purchased the mobile home
in 2020. The record shows that Smith made a mortgage payment in September 2023. Smith
also testified that he had “paid taxes on that property for 13 years.”

4
defend, a judgment will be entered against you for the things demanded in the Petition.”6

¶11. On October 3, 2023, the chancery court held a hearing on Curry’s motion to determine

heirs and Thomas’s motion to intervene. Thomas, Bernice Curry-Malcolm, Geneva Curry,

and Smith were all present at the hearing, along with their attorneys. Bernice and Geneva

produced their father’s birth certificate, as well as their birth certificates as proof of heirship.

Geneva also noted that an internet search of the 1950 census would show her father and

Lewis were siblings. Geneva further acknowledged that Smith was Lewis’s nephew.

¶12. Thomas testified that she and Beason had traveled as children to Shaw, Mississippi,

from Chicago, Illinois, to visit with Lewis and family members. Thomas provided obituaries

from Bomer’s and Lewis’s funerals. Lewis had prepared Bomer’s obituary and had listed

Thomas and Beason as Bomer’s children. In Lewis’s obituary, which Thomas had prepared,

Thomas and Beason were listed as the grandchildren of the decedent. Thomas was also a

named beneficiary on one of the decedent’s life insurance policies.

¶13. Both Thomas and Smith testified that Thomas assisted Lewis (the decedent) with her

affairs prior to her death. Thomas noted that Bernice called her prior to Lewis’s death “to

ask me for the land that my grandmother had.” Thomas said she was now making payments

on the mobile home, and she currently had a tenant in the home paying $450 monthly in rent.

Thomas did not produce a physical copy of her birth certificate at the hearing, and she

admitted on cross-examination that she had not formally established paternity through the

court.

6
Proof of publication to the unknown heirs of Lewis, Bomer, and Williams was filed
with the court on August 13, 2023.

5
¶14. Smith testified that his father was Lewis’s brother. He had heard Lewis “talk about

[Thomas and Beason] as her grand-kids.” Smith said that after Lewis’s death, Thomas

“came down to Mississippi and she cleared out the house and rented the house out or

something.” Smith got a call from the mortgage lender “that the account [on the home] was

delinquent.” He said Thomas had made a mortgage payment of $500, “but it did not bring

the account current.” Smith made a $323 payment just before the hearing “to stop the

foreclosure procedures on [the mobile home].” Smith conceded that if the chancery court

determines that Thomas and Beason are Lewis’s heirs, “they should get the property.” If not,

Smith said he would “stay as the administrator.”

¶15. At the close of the hearing, the chancellor determined, based on the documentation

provided, that “the heirs will be” Thomas and Beason. The chancellor further held that once

Thomas demonstrated to the court that “she has caught the house note up” on mortgage

payments, she would “consider substituting administrators.” The chancellor concluded that

“until the estate is finally closed, this Court has the oversight of the entire estate, everything

that’s done in it. And nothing, no money is to be spent without the Court’s permission.”

¶16. On October 19, 2023, the chancery court entered an “Order Determining Heirs at Law

and Granting Other Relief,” finding Thomas and Beason were Lewis’s heirs at law. The

court granted Thomas’s motion to intervene and substituted Thomas as administrator “upon

satisfactory proof of payment(s) bringing the decedent’s mobile home current.” The

chancery court further ruled in the order:

2) Upon substitution of Administrator, Geneva Curry shall be appointed co-
administrator;

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3) At the time of substitution of Administrator, this Court shall outline the
duties of each Administrator in an effort to prevent conflict and facilitate
efficient administration of the estate;
4) That at the time of substitution of Administrator, Jimmie Smith shall be
finally discharged upon turning over any and all necessary information he has
gathered and/or possess that will assist in facilitating the administrator of the
estate[.]

¶17. On October 23, 2023, Curry filed an amended motion under Rule 59(e) of the

Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure,7 requesting that the chancery court “alter or amend its

judgment that [Thomas] and [Beason] are the sole heirs-at-law of [Lewis].” Curry argued

that the court committed a “clear error of law to adjudicate” Thomas and Beason as Lewis’s

heirs at law because their attempt to adjudicate paternity years after their father’s death “is

time-barred pursuant to Mississippi Code Annotated Section 91-1-15(3)(c).” Curry also

noted that Beason had “failed to appear and defend his heirship” throughout the proceedings.

¶18. The chancery court held a hearing on February 28, 2024. Curry’s attorney argued

Thomas and Beason were barred from establishing their paternity more than one year after

their putative father’s death. See Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-15(3)(c). Alternatively, he

asserted that Thomas and Beason failed to provide clear and convincing evidence of

paternity. Thomas’s attorney responded that Curry had waived this argument because statute

of limitations is an affirmative defense, and Curry had failed to raise this defense in the

pleadings.8 Upon conclusion of the hearing, the chancery court granted Curry additional time

to respond to the arguments raised by opposing counsel. Curry filed a reply in support of

7
The docket indicates Curry had formerly filed a Rule 59(e) motion to alter the
judgment on October 13, prior to the court’s entry of the October 19 judgment.
8
Although present at the hearing, Smith did not “take a position either way.”

7
the Rule 59(e) motion, arguing that section 91-1-15(3)(c) is a “nonclaim statute,” which is

not capable of being waived.

¶19. On March 8, 2024, Smith, as administrator, filed a memorandum on Curry’s motion

to reconsider, asserting “the time is ripe for substitution of administrator to occur in

accordance with the [c]ourt’s previous order” because mortgage payments were current.9

Smith alternatively argued that if Thomas and Beason are not Lewis’s heirs at law, then “he

is an heir at law of decedent and that there are others similarly situated in this large extended

family, in addition to [Curry].”10

¶20. The chancery court entered a “Final Order on Rule 59(e) Motion to Alter or Amend

Judgment” on March 13, 2024. The court denied Curry’s Rule 59 motion in part, finding

Curry had waived the “affirmative defense” that Lewis’s illegitimate grandchildren “were

barred by the statute of limitations” in section 91-1-15(3)(c). The chancery court also found

Thomas had “met her burden of proof to establish paternity” by clear and convincing

evidence. The court granted Curry’s motion in part as to Beason’s failure to appear; so the

court determined that Thomas was Lewis’s sole heir at law.11 Lastly, the chancery court

ordered that “all other provisions of the Order Determining Heirs and Granting Other Relief

9
Smith attached a March 2, 2024 mortgage statement showing that no amount was
currently due on the mortgage.
10
Geneva testified at the October 2023 hearing that her father was Lewis’s brother,
and she had eleven siblings, eight of whom were still living.
11
No party appeals this ruling. Regardless, as we will discuss in our analysis, Beason
is barred from asserting a claim of heirship; so any issue with the court’s ruling as to Beason
is rendered moot by our holding.

8
remain as previously ordered by this Court.”

¶21. Curry appeals, arguing the chancery court erred (i) in finding Curry “waived a statute

of limitations affirmative defense”; (ii) in adjudicating Thomas as Lewis’s sole heir; and (iii)

in finding Thomas had “presented clear and convincing evidence of paternity.” Curry does

not appeal any other rulings from the court’s judgments.

¶22. Smith filed an appellee’s brief, taking “no position on determination of the heirs at

law of the decedent.” Instead, Smith alternatively asserts that should Curry prevail on

appeal, he should remain as the estate’s administrator. Smith requests that we direct the

chancery court “to conduct further hearings to broaden the opportunity for other relatives . . .

to assert their claims as heirs” of Lewis (e.g., he claims he “is on equal terms with the

appellants, who are nieces of [Lewis]”).12

¶23. Thomas has not filed a brief. In Showers v. Norwood, 914 So. 2d 758, 761 (¶8) (Miss.

Ct. App. 2005), this Court noted that when an appellee does not file a brief, we have two

ways to proceed:

(1) When the record is complicated or of large volume, and the case has been
thoroughly briefed by appellant with a clear statement of the facts, and with
applicable citations of authorities, so that the brief makes out an apparent case
of error, we will not regard ourselves as obliged to look to the record or to
search through it to find something by which to avoid the force of appellant’s
presentation, but will accept appellant’s brief as confessed and will reverse.
Or (2) when the record is in such condition that we can conveniently examine
it, and when upon such an examination we can readily perceive a sound and
unmistakable basis or ground upon which the judgment may be safely
affirmed, we will take that course and affirm, thereby to that extent
disregarding the default of appellee. But when, taking into view the argument

12
Smith commented at the October 3, 2023 heirship hearing that he had “17 sisters
and brothers . . . with birth certificates on them saying Curry on them.”

9
presented by appellant, the basis or grounds of the judgment, and the facts in
support of it are not apparent, or are not such that the court could with entire
confidence and safety proceed to affirmance, the judgment will be reversed
without prejudice.

(Quoting W.T. Raleigh v. Armstrong, 165 Miss. 380, 380, 140 So. 527, 527-28 (1932)).

Although we cannot say “the record is complicated or of large volume,” for the reasons

detailed below, we find that the appellants have made “an apparent case of error.”

Jurisdiction

¶24. Because Lewis’s estate remained open at the time of judgment, we wish to clarify our

appellate jurisdiction over this appeal since “[a]n appeal may be taken only from a final

judgment” that “adjudicates the merits of the controversy and settles all issues between all

parties.” Blaney v. Black Jack Oil Co., 325 So. 3d 1204, 1206 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App. 2021).

¶25. Curry is appealing the March 13, 2024 judgment and its underlying judgment from

October 19, 2023. The court’s orders adjudicated all claims the parties asserted in this matter

(i.e., the parties’ motions requesting a determination of heirs, Thomas’s motion to intervene,

Smith’s probated claim, and Curry’s Rule 59(e) motion). Although there are estate matters

that remain open and under the chancery court’s jurisdiction, Curry is appealing only the

court’s determination of heirs; the court’s other rulings have not been challenged on appeal.

See In re Est. of Pavlou, 308 So. 3d 1284, 1288 (¶12) (Miss. 2021) (“[A]n order that finally

resolves a claim against an estate is final and appealable although the estate remains open.”).

Under Rule 81(d)(1) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure, a suit to determine heirs

is a separate action. We find that the chancery court’s judgment regarding the determination

of heirs was final and appealable and that we have jurisdiction over this appeal of the ruling

10
on that issue.

Standard of Review

¶26. Our review of appeals from chancery court is limited. Prout v. Williams, 55 So. 3d

195, 197 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011) (citing Miller v. Pannell, 815 So. 2d 1117, 1119 (¶9)

(Miss. 2002)). We will not disturb a chancery court’s factual findings “unless such findings

are manifestly wrong or clearly erroneous.” Id. at 197-98 (¶8) (quoting Est. of Dykes v. Est.

of Williams, 864 So. 2d 926, 930 (¶9) (Miss. 2003)). “Questions of law are reviewed de

novo.” Id. at 198 (¶8).

Discussion

I. Whether the chancery court erred in finding Curry’s claim was an
affirmative defense that could be waived.

¶27. The appellants argue the chancery court’s ruling that they waived the claim that

Thomas was barred from asserting her paternity was an abuse of discretion because section

91-1-15 is a “‘nonclaim statute’ . . . not capable of being waived.”

¶28. Curry is correct. Section 91-1-15(3)(c) provides:

(3) An illegitimate shall inherit from and through the illegitimate’s natural
father and his kindred, and the natural father of an illegitimate and his
kindred shall inherit from and through the illegitimate according to the statutes
of descent and distribution if:

....

(c) There has been an adjudication of paternity after the death of
the intestate, based upon clear and convincing evidence, in an
heirship proceeding under Sections 91-1-27 and 91-1-29.
However, no such claim of inheritance shall be recognized
unless the action seeking an adjudication of paternity is filed
within one (1) year after the death of the intestate or within
ninety (90) days after the first publication of notice to

11
creditors to present their claims, whichever is less; and such
time period shall run notwithstanding the minority of a child.
This one-year limitation shall be self-executing and may not
be tolled for any reason, including lack of notice. If an
administrator is appointed for the estate of the intestate and
notice to creditors is given, then the limitation period shall be
reduced to ninety (90) days after the first publication of notice,
if less than one (1) year from the date of the intestate’s death;
provided actual, written notice is given to all potential
illegitimate heirs who could be located with reasonable
diligence. No claim of inheritance based on an adjudication of
paternity, after death of the intestate, by a court outside the State
of Mississippi shall be recognized unless:

(i) Such court was in the state of residence of the
intestate at the time of the intestate’s death;

(ii) The action adjudicating paternity was filed within
ninety (90) days after the death of the intestate;

(iii) All known heirs were made parties to the action; and

(iv) Paternity or legitimacy was established by clear and
convincing evidence.

Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-15(3)(c) (emphasis added). The Mississippi Supreme Court has also

noted that “the provision requiring paternity adjudication within one (1) year from the death

of the intestate is self-executing.” Smith ex rel. Young v. Est. of King, 579 So. 2d 1250, 1254

(Miss. 1991)).13

¶29. We therefore agree with Curry that section 91-1-15(3)(c) is a “nonclaim statute” and,

as such, is incapable of waiver by any party to this litigation.

13
Although the supreme court designated 91-1-15(3)(c) as a “nonclaim statute” in
King, the supreme court did make the distinction that “the lesser alternative provision
requiring adjudication within ninety (90) days from the first publication of notice to
creditors” was not self-executing. King, 579 So. 2d at 1253-54.

12
A “nonclaim statute” is one that creates a right of action and provides a time
limit on exercising that right, such as a statute limiting the time to challenge
an adoption or a determination of paternity; it imposes a condition
precedent—the time element that is part of the right of action itself—and
should not be confused with general statutes of limitations and is not subject
to equitable exceptions. While an ordinary statute of limitations may be
waived and is subject to equitable tolling, a nonclaim statute is not. A
“nonclaim statute” is a self-contained statute that absolutely prohibits the
initiation of litigation based on it after a prescribed period. Nonclaim statutes
operate to bar untimely claims without any action by the opposing party and
deprive a court of the power to adjudicate those claims.

54 C.J.S. Limitations of Actions § 32 (updated May 2025) (emphasis added). Accordingly,

the chancery court erred in finding Curry had waived this argument as an affirmative

defense.14

II. Whether the chancery court erred in finding Thomas was Lewis’s
sole heir at law.

¶30. As asserted in her Rule 59(e) motion, Curry maintains that section 91-1-15(3)(c) bars

Thomas from seeking adjudication of her paternity and establishing herself as Lewis’s heir

more than eighteen years after her father’s death. We find Curry’s argument is supported by

the law and the record.

¶31. The supreme court held in Mann v. Buford, 853 So. 2d 1217, 1220 (¶12) (Miss. 2003),

that an illegitimate son’s heirship claim was barred by section 91-1-15(3)(c)’s one-year time

limit. William Henry Mann, James Mann’s putative father, died in September 1981. Id.

However, James did not file an heirship claim until his father’s widow died in 2000, more

than eighteen years after his putative father’s death. Id. The supreme court found the son’s

14
Additionally, Rule 81(d) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure states that an
answer is not required in a determination-of-heirship action. See M.R.C.P. 81(d)(1) & (4).
Therefore, no affirmative defenses have to be raised.

13
claim was barred because it should have been filed within the time limit established in

section 91-1-15. Id.

¶32. Similarly, Thomas did not assert her claim as Bomer’s heir until after the death of her

grandmother, seventeen years after her putative father’s death. At the October 3, 2023

hearing, Thomas was asked on cross-examination about the establishment of paternity:

Q. Okay. Did you ever have a formal establishment of paternity with Mr.
Bomer?

A. Yes.

Q. Do you have documentation that shows that?

A. No.

Q. Did you go to court and this was done?

A. For what?

Q. To formally establish that he was in fact your biological father.

A. I was born out of wedlock. That’s the only thing I can say. I was born
out of wedlock. They didn’t do the right thing. They wasn’t married.
He acknowledged us. His name wasn’t on the birth certificate.[15]

Q. So his name is not on the birth certificate?

A. His name is not on my birth certificate.

Q. And you have no legal document showing that he is in fact your father?

A. No, I don’t.

The one-year limitation in section 91-1-15(3)(c) bars Thomas from now asserting that she

15
In 1988, “Danny Thomas,” her mother’s husband, was later named as Thomas’s
father on her birth certificate.

14
is Lewis’s heir at law.

¶33. Accordingly, we reverse and render the chancery court’s adjudication that Thomas is

Lewis’s heir. We remand to the chancery court to determine Lewis’s heirs at law based on

the evidence presented at the October 3, 2023 hearing on the matter, but excluding Thomas

and Beason from consideration. Curry’s third issue—that the court erred in finding Thomas

had not provided clear and convincing evidence of paternity—is rendered moot based on our

holding.

III. Whether issues raised in Smith’s appellee brief may be addressed
on appeal.

¶34. In his brief, Smith “takes no position on determination of the heirs at law of the

decedent,” and he does not address any argument the appellants raised. However, Smith does

alternatively contend that should Curry prevail on the appeal, he should remain as the estate’s

administrator. Smith further asserts that the chancery court should “broaden the opportunity

for other relatives of decedent Frances Curry Lewis, who are of the same kinship as the

appellants, to assert their claims as heirs.”16 Curry responds in her reply brief that Smith may

not raise these issues because he has not filed a cross-appeal, nor has he cited relevant

16
Smith has also asked the Court to affirm the chancery court’s award of $1,800 in
fees. This issue was not challenged on appeal; therefore, we will not address this matter.
Furthermore, although the appellants now assert in the reply brief that Bernice should have
been awarded the $1,800 because she actually paid the fees, they did not argue this in the
primary brief, and our Court “will not consider issues raised for the first time in an
appellant’s reply brief.” Rogers v. Thames, 309 So. 3d 1154, 1160 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App.
2021). “To countenance this would deprive an appellee of the opportunity to respond to the
argument.” Id. (quoting Carroll v. City of Canton, 296 So. 3d 751, 760 n.10 (Miss. Ct. App.
2020)).

15
authority in accordance with the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure.17 Curry also

notes that Smith provided no documentary evidence at the hearing to show that he is an heir

at law of the decedent.

¶35. With respect to Smith’s argument that he should remain the administrator, we agree

with Curry that Smith was required to file a cross-appeal of that issue. See Tillmon v. Miss.

State Dep’t of Health, 749 So. 2d 1017, 1020 (¶14) (Miss. 1999) (holding an appellee “is not

entitled to raise new issues on appeal without filing a cross-appeal”). “In order for the

appellee to gain reversal of any part of the decision of a trial court about which the appellant

brings no complaint, the appellee is required to file a cross-appeal.” Delta Chem. &

Petroleum Inc. v. Citizens Bank of Byhalia, 790 So. 2d 862, 878 (¶52) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001)

(emphasis added).18 Concerning Smith’s alternative claim that he be considered an heir at

law of the decedent, we leave that determination for the chancery court on remand based

upon the court’s record, as discussed above; however, since all potential heirs were given

notice of publication, we reject Smith’s contention that the chancery court should “broaden

the opportunity” on remand for other potential heirs at law to make their claim.

Conclusion

¶36. Finding the chancery court committed clear error in determining that Thomas was

Lewis’s sole heir at law, we reverse and render the chancery court’s judgment denying

Curry’s Rule 59(e) motion and amending in part the underlying judgment. We remand to the

17
See M.R.A.P. 28(f).
18
Further, the court’s ruling to substitute the administrator has not been challenged
on appeal; so we decline to make any findings on this estate matter.

16
chancery court for proceedings consistent with this opinion to determine the heirs at law of

Lewis’s estate based upon the court’s record, which is not to include Lewis’s illegitimate

grandchildren based on the statutory time limit in section 91-1-15(3)(c).

¶37. REVERSED, RENDERED, AND REMANDED.

CARLTON AND WILSON, P.JJ., LAWRENCE, EMFINGER, WEDDLE AND
LASSITTER ST. PÉ, JJ., CONCUR. McCARTY, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN
THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. McDONALD, J.,
CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.
WESTBROOKS, J., SPECIALLY CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION, JOINED BY McDONALD, McCARTY AND LASSITTER ST PÉ, JJ.

WESTBROOKS, J., SPECIALLY CONCURRING:

¶38. I write separately to express my concerns with Mississippi Code Annotated section

91-1-15(3) (Rev. 2021). The laws regarding inheritance for nonmarital natural children are

outdated, especially in terms of how we describe these children. For many years children who

were born out of wedlock have been referred to as “illegitimate.”

¶39. This derogatory term has plagued our society for years, often carrying caste-like

undertones that lead to the unequal treatment of children who are not responsible for the

circumstances of their birth.19 The terminology is outdated, offensive, and fails to recognize

the modernization of society. In reality, some people choose not to get married for a variety

of reasons. And the stigma surrounding single parents or non-married parents does not hold

the same negative effects and connotations as it once did. As society evolves, so should our

19
See Weber v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 406 U.S. 164, 175 (1972) (“The status of
illegitimacy has expressed through the ages society’s condemnation of irresponsible liaisons
beyond the bonds of marriage. But visiting this condemnation on the head of an infant is
illogical and unjust.”).

17
statutory language that governs the classification of children born into our society and the

standards used to adjudicate paternity.

¶40. First, children born out of wedlock should be referred to as “nonmarital natural

children.” Under Mississippi Code Annotated section 91-1-15(d) “natural parents” is the

term used to define the biological mother or father of the “illegitimate child.” Since this term

already acknowledges the biological relationship of each parent to the child, the term

“nonmarital natural child” could effectively replace “illegitimate.” This more modern term

highlights the relationship between the child and parent without carrying a negative

connotation. Other states around the country have also begun changing their language.20 The

term “nonmarital natural child” recognizes that the child is a natural child of a nonmarital

parent, resulting in the distinction between “marital natural children” and “nonmarital natural

children.”

¶41. Next, Mississippi Code Annotated section 91-1-15(3) states:

(3) An illegitimate shall inherit from and through the illegitimate’s natural
father and his kindred, and the natural father of an illegitimate and his kindred
shall inherit from and through the illegitimate according to the statutes of
descent and distribution if:

(a) The natural parents participated in a marriage ceremony before the
birth of the child, even though the marriage was subsequently declared
null and void or dissolved by a court; or
(b) There has been an adjudication of paternity or legitimacy before the
death of the intestate; or

20
See Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14-2114 (2025) (using the term “natural child”); Ga.
Code Ann. § 53-2-3 (2025) (using the term “child out of wedlock”); N.Y. Est. Powers &
Trusts Law § 4-1.2 (McKinney) (2021) (using the term “non-marital child”); Tex. Est. Code
Ann. § 201.052 (2015) (using the term “biological child”); W. Va. Code Ann. § 42-1-5
(2001) (using the term “non-marital child”).

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(c) There has been an adjudication of paternity after the death of the
intestate, based upon clear and convincing evidence, in an heirship
proceeding under Sections 91-1-27 and 91-1-29. However, no such
claim of inheritance shall be recognized unless the action seeking an
adjudication of paternity is filed within one (1) year after the death of
the intestate or within ninety (90) days after the first publication of
notice to 11 creditors to present their claims, whichever is less; and
such time period shall run notwithstanding the minority of a child. This
one-year limitation shall be self-executing and may not be tolled for any
reason, including lack of notice. If an administrator is appointed for the
estate of the intestate and notice to creditors is given, then the limitation
period shall be reduced to ninety (90) days after the first publication of
notice, if less than one (1) year from the date of the intestate’s death;
provided actual, written notice is given to all potential illegitimate heirs
who could be located with reasonable diligence. No claim of
inheritance based on an adjudication of paternity, after death of the
intestate, by a court outside the State of Mississippi shall be recognized
unless:

(i) Such court was in the state of residence of the intestate at the
time of the intestate’s death;
(ii) The action adjudicating paternity was filed within ninety
(90) days after the death of the intestate;
(iii) All known heirs were made parties to the action; and
(iv) Paternity or legitimacy was established by clear and
convincing evidence.

Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-15(3).

¶42. Therefore, under the current state of the law, a nonmarital natural child cannot inherit

from a natural grandparent if the child failed to conduct a parental adjudication within one

year of the death of that child’s natural parent. Nonmarital children should not be denied their

inheritance if their natural parent passes away, and those children later seek to inherit from

their natural grandparent, who acknowledged and treated them as grandchildren before the

grandparent’s death. However, our current statutory scheme does not provide an avenue in

this type of situation.

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¶43. Additionally, I agree with the majority because Mississippi Code Annotated section

91-1-15(3)(c) is controlling. However, I also urge the Legislature to reconsider this statute

to comport with modern times and situations where the nonmarital child is known and

acknowledged by family members. In the case sub judice, I believe clear and convincing

evidence did exist to establish paternity. The appellee, Angela Thomas, contended she was

the daughter of Leedell Bomer Jr., the deceased son of her deceased grandmother, Francis

Curry-Lewis. Thomas’ parents were never married and when Bomer passed away in 2005,

he had not legally established his paternity of Thomas, but he had acknowledged her as his

daughter. Thomas’ stepmother, Martha Bomer, even wrote an affidavit affirming Bomer’s

paternity. According to the record, Angela grew up near her father and would often visit her

grandmother in Mississippi. Thomas’ family on her father’s side held her out as Bomer’s

daughter. Upon Bomer’s death, Thomas and her brother, Dexter Beason, Bomer’s son, were

listed in the obituary.

¶44. Additionally, Thomas’ grandmother referred to her as her granddaughter. Lewis also

listed Thomas as a beneficiary to her life insurance policy with Globe Life Insurance,

acknowledging Thomas as her granddaughter. Thomas was also listed as her grandmother’s

emergency contact, and when Lewis underwent leg amputation, Thomas took a leave of

absence from work to take care of her. Upon Lewis’ death, Thomas planned her funeral and

was listed in her obituary as her granddaughter. Lastly, Thomas also made payments to

Lewis’ mortgage company and assisted with her financial affairs prior to her death. Here,

although Thomas’ natural parents were never married, and there was no adjudication of

paternity or legitimacy before Bomer’s death, all this evidence should have been sufficient

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as clear and convincing evidence to establish Bomer’s paternity of Thomas even without his

name being on her birth certificate. Although the current law states the paternity adjudication

is time-barred, the restrictions on her classification should change. In this case, the one-year

statute seems unfair and, quite frankly, draconian. I would also strongly urge the Legislature

to consider repealing the one-year non-claims statute in favor of enacting a law that provides

for more equitable outcomes in circumstances when the familial situation is one where the

nonmarital natural child is known and openly acknowledged.

McDONALD, McCARTY AND LASSITTER ST. PÉ, JJ., JOIN THIS
OPINION.

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