COA 370690 D SCOTT TEETOR V BRADLEY COCHRANE Opinion - Per Curiam - Unpublished 6/18/2026

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
D. SCOTT TEETOR and LAUREN TEETOR,
Plaintiffs/Counterdefendants-
Appellees,
UNPUBLISHED
June 18, 2026
9:18 AM
v Nos. 370690; 370766
St. Clair Circuit Court
BRADLEY COCHRANE and LAUREN LOSSING,
also known as LAUREN COCHRANE,
LC No. 22-001403-CZ
Defendants/Counterplaintiffs/Cross-
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
and
ST. CLAIR COUNTY DRAIN COMMISSIONER,
ST. CLAIR COUNTY FOIA COORDINATOR, and
DANIEL S. TEETOR, SR.,
Cross-Defendants/Appellees.
Before: TREBILCOCK, P.J., and CAMERON and LIEVENSE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendants raise a host of unmeritorious claims of appeal in this property dispute between
neighbors over the placement of raised garden boxes. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The parties are intimately familiar with this protracted dispute and provide exhaustive
detail on all its twists and turns. Much of that, however, distracts from the pertinent facts and
procedural history relevant to this appeal, which we set forth here in summary fashion.
At its core, this case concerns a property dispute between neighbors, plaintiffs, Daniel and
Lauren Teetor, and defendants, Bradley Cochrane and Lauren Lossing (now Cochrane). Plaintiffs
commenced a two-count, four-page quiet title and trespass action against defendants for their

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having built and maintained elevated garden boxes on plaintiffs’ property. That complaint
generated thousands of pages in filings;1 numerous lengthy proceedings; and the addition of third
parties, including the St. Clair County Drain Commissioner and the St. Clair County FOIA
Coordinator. Just a select few of the lower court’s proceedings are relevant for our purposes, none
of which relate to the merits of whether defendants encroached on plaintiffs’ property.
First, defendants’ litigation conduct—copious filings that plaintiffs think are beyond
frivolous—caused plaintiffs to believe that defendants were merely attempting to “run up the bill”
in an effort to force a settlement. So they moved for a $50,000 security for costs under MCR 2.109.
In response, defendants largely characterized the conduct of plaintiffs’ attorney, Charles M.
Penzien, as criminal and extortive behavior. The trial court granted the motion—it noted
defendants’ “voluminous” filings, commented that she had “never seen anything like this” as a
judge, suggested that there could be “a significant abuse of process on [defendant Bradley
Cochrane’s] part,” and found that plaintiffs were reasonably concerned that they would have to
expend significant costs on frivolous claims.
The trial court also denied defendants’ motion to disqualify her. Defendants contended
that the trial court was biased, that there existed an appearance of impropriety, and that she had a
conflict of interest. On de novo review, the chief judge found the motion to disqualify not
meritorious and denied it.
Concerning dispositive rulings, the trial court denied defendants’ motions for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(6), (8), and (10); granted the Drain Commissioner’s motion for
summary disposition under (C)(8); and denied defendants’ motion for leave to file an amended
complaint (which sought to again add the Drain Commissioner—and six claims against him—to
this litigation, along with nine other counts against others). The trial court also granted plaintiffs’
motions for entry of default and default judgment, as well as plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees.
These consolidated appeals by right followed.
II. JUDICIAL DISQUALIFICATION
We turn first to judicial disqualification. As pertinent here, MCR 2.003(C)(1)(a), (b), and
(g) provide that a judge should be disqualified if
(a) The judge is biased or prejudiced for or against a party or attorney[;]
(b) The judge, based on objective and reasonable perceptions, had either (i)
a serious risk of actual bias impacting the due process right of a party as enunciated
in Caperton v Massey, 556 US 868; 129 S Ct 2252; 173 L Ed 2d 1208 (2009), or
1 As but one example, defendants filed a 101-page-long counter/cross complaint (411 pages if
counting exhibits), which contained 269 paragraphs and raised 11 counts. Defendant Bradley
Cochrane is a licensed attorney and represents himself and Lauren in this action.

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(ii) has failed to adhere to the appearance of impropriety standard set forth in Canon
2 of the Michigan Judicial Conduct[; or]
* * *
(g) The judge or the judge’s spouse, or a person within the third degree of
relationship to either of them, or the spouse of such a person:
(i) is a party to the proceeding, or an officer, director, or trustee of a party;
(ii) is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding;
(iii) is known by the judge to have a more than de minimis interest that could
be substantially affected by the proceeding;
(iv) is to the judge’s knowledge likely to be a material witness in the
proceeding.
“When this Court reviews a motion to disqualify a judge, the trial court’s findings of fact are
reviewed for an abuse of discretion; however, the applicability of the facts to relevant law is
reviewed de novo.” Armstrong v Ypsilanti Twp, 248 Mich App 573, 596; 640 NW2d 321 (2001).
“An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of reasonable
and principled outcomes.” Moore v Secura Ins, 482 Mich 507, 516; 759 NW2d 833 (2008).
As far as we can discern, defendants assert that recusal was warranted on the basis of four
grounds: (1) the ongoing representation of the trial judge by the Drain Commissioner’s law firm,
(2) the trial judge engaged in extortive behavior by granting plaintiffs’ motion for security for
costs, (3) the trial judge admitted to ex parte communications with the Drain Commissioner’s legal
counsel, and (4) the trial judge’s certified “false certifications” used to “materially support[]” the
final orders in this case.2 We find defendants’ judicial disqualification objections without merit.
Defendants first assert that there exists an ongoing relationship between the trial judge and
the law firm representing the Drain Commissioner, pointing to the ongoing existence of federal
litigation, Lindke v Lane, No 19-cv-11905 (ED Mich), as proof enough. But below, the trial judge
affirmatively stated that any representation ceased more than a year before plaintiffs filed this
action, and defendants offered no evidence to show that such a relationship continued thereafter.
Indeed, the record reflects that the trial judge was dismissed from that case; is no longer being
represented by the Drain Commissioner’s law firm; and when the plaintiff in that case filed an
2 Defendants’ second issue presented on appeal also implicates the disqualification of the trial
judge, and they assert that disqualification was warranted because the judge’s actions violated
defendants’ rights to free speech and due process. They abandoned the former by failing to raise
any argument in their brief, see Yee v Shiawassee Co Bd of Comm’rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406;
651 NW2d 756 (2002), and forfeited the latter by failing to cogently develop a due process
argument on appeal, see Peterson Novelties, Inc v City of Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 14; 672 NW2d
351 (2003).

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amended complaint, the trial judge was no longer listed as a party. Without supportive facts or a
cogent argument to the contrary, we cannot agree with defendants on this score.3
Defendants’ contention that the granting of the motion for security is equivalent to
extortion is equally without merit. Extortion occurs “when a defendant maliciously threatens to
injure another person with the intent to compel that person to do any act against his will, without
regard to the significance or seriousness of the compelled act.” People v Harris, 495 Mich 120,
123; 845 NW2d 477 (2014). Granting a security bond pursuant to MCR 2.109 is not a malicious
threat to injure another person, and defendants cite no authority for that proposition. And more
critically, the appellate process affords dissatisfied litigants the ability for this Court and our
Supreme Court to review the issuance of a security bond. Defendants did not take advantage of
that mechanism, and we reject their attempt to collaterally attack the trial court’s ruling via
disqualification. See Ireland v Smith, 214 Mich App 235, 249; 542 NW2d 344 (1995) (“A trial
judge’s erroneous ruling, even when ‘vigorously and consistently expressed,’ is not grounds for
disqualification.”) (citation omitted), aff’d and mod on other grounds 451 Mich 457 (1996).
Next, defendants assert the trial judge’s email exchange with the Drain Commissioner’s
counsel merited disqualification. But they failed to raise it in their motion for disqualification
before the trial court and they do not cite anything in the record supporting this contention. See
Tolas Oil & Gas Exploration Co v Bach Servs & Mfg, LLC, 347 Mich App 280, 283-294; 14
NW3d 472 (2023) (discussing the raise-or-waive rule); Wilson v Taylor, 457 Mich 232, 243; 577
NW2d 100 (1998) (“It is not sufficient for a party simply to announce a position or assert an error
and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel
and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either to sustain or reject his
position.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The last reason for disqualification is defendants’ apparent contention that the trial judge
made false statements below, like in this order entered on April 24, 2024, denying defendants’
various motions: “The court further notes that Defendants’ Objections and Motions in connection
with Plaintiffs’ proposed Judgment fail to comply with the requirements set forth in the above
Court Rule [MCR 2.602], as Defendants failed to object to the accuracy or completeness of
Plaintiffs’ proposed Default Judgment and also failed to provide an alternative proposed Default
Judgment.” Defendants forfeited this contention by failing to raise it below. See Tolas Oil & Gas,
347 Mich App at 283-294. And even if they had, we construe defendants’ argument here as taking
3 Somewhat relatedly, defendants assert that the chief judge did not possess a certain transcript to
fully review defendants’ motion for disqualification. The record demonstrates otherwise—the
chief judge’s opinion and order states that he “reviewed the Defendants’ motion and brief, the
voluminous exhibits attached to the motion, the Plaintiffs’ response to the motion and the
transcript from the hearing on the motion that was held on May 2, 2023.” (Emphasis added.)
Defendants suggest otherwise, focusing on the portion of the opinion in which the chief judge
states, “No record evidence of the proceedings were provided to this Court of review other than
from the hearing on the motion.” (Emphasis added.) But that statement simply notes that he did
not have access to anything from the lower court file in this case, except for the materials that were
related to the hearing on the motion to disqualify, which included the transcript of the hearing.

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issue with the merits of a court ruling, which is not a ground for disqualification. See Ireland, 214
Mich App at 249.
In sum, defendants have failed to show that the trial judge should have been disqualified.
III. SUMMARY DISPOSITION
Defendants argue that the trial court erred when it denied their motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). On de novo review, Odom v Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 466;
760 NW2d 217 (2008), we disagree.
Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the challenged
complaint. El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152, 159; 934 NW2d 665 (2019).
The motion is properly granted if “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted.” MCR 2.116(C)(8). When deciding a motion under this subrule, “this Court
accepts all well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construes them in a light most favorable to
the nonmoving party.” Dalley v Dykema Gossett, PLLC, 287 Mich App 296, 304-305; 788 NW2d
679 (2010). “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may only be granted when a claim is so clearly
unenforceable that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich
at 160.
On appeal, defendants suggest that because their pleadings purportedly show that they
should prevail on a factual basis, the trial court erred in not granting them summary disposition on
plaintiffs’ claims. But a motion for summary disposition under (C)(8) looks to the challenged
complaint to see if the claims asserted are legally sufficient. See Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475
Mich 663, 672; 719 NW2d 1 (2006). So having failed to address the adequacy of the allegations
contained in plaintiffs’ complaint, defendants have forfeited our review of this issue. See Wilson,
457 Mich at 243. And regardless, we agree with the trial court that plaintiffs’ complaint is legally
sufficient. They allege that defendants were maintaining planter boxes on plaintiffs’ property
contrary to plaintiffs’ wishes, which satisfies the elements of trespass. See Dalley, 287 Mich App
at 315 (“A trespass is an unauthorized invasion on the private property of another.”).
IV. MOTIONS FOR LEAVE TO AMEND
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred when it denied their motions to amend their
counterclaim to include third-party claims against the Drain Commissioner and to correct the
reference to cross-defendant Daniel S. Teetor, Sr. On abuse of discretion review, Titan Ins v North
Pointe Ins, 270 Mich App 339, 346; 715 NW2d 324 (2006), we cannot agree for one simple
reason—defendants failed to file a proposed amended complaint, see MCR 2.118(A)(4); Grayling
Twp v Berry, 329 Mich App 133, 151-152; 942 NW2d 63 (2019) (a trial court does not abuse its
discretion by denying the motion for leave to amend when the movants fail to file a proposed
amendment in writing). We will not save defendants from that fundamental error.
V. DEFAULT
Defendants’ fifth question presented on appeal deserves brief discussion: “Did Judge Lane
abuse her discretion by consolidating distinguishable interests of cross defendant, Daniel Spence

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Teetor, into default and default judgment attaching personal jurisdiction to these availed interests
argued by attorney Penzien violating MCR 2.201(B) not as the real party?” Defendants’ arguments
on this issue are largely undecipherable; indeed, they affirmatively disclaim putting meat to the
bones of this claim of appeal, writing “Appellants do not have the words to take that dive and
instead unequivocally declare Judge Lane abused her discretion by allowing Attorney Penzien’s
phantom representation leading to Default Judgment favoring Appellees’ common enterprise of
omission and the Star Chamber at large.” (Emphasis omitted.) We accordingly deem this
unpreserved for our review. See Wilson, 457 Mich at 243.
VI. ATTORNEY FEES
That takes us to the last issue, the trial court’s award of $2,800 in attorney fees to plaintiffs.
Defendants do not challenge the fee amount and instead argue as erroneous the trial court’s
frivolous finding in the first instance, as well as its decision to not sanction plaintiffs. We cannot
agree.
This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to award costs and attorney fees for an abuse of
discretion. Keinz v Keinz, 290 Mich App 137, 141; 799 NW2d 576 (2010). However, when a trial
court’s decision to sanction a litigant is premised on a finding of frivolousness, such a decision is
reviewed for clear error. Kitchen v Kitchen, 465 Mich 654, 661; 641 NW2d 245 (2002). “A
decision is clearly erroneous where, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court
is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. at 661-662. Further,
the proper interpretation and application of court rules is a question of law this Court reviews de
novo. ISB Sales Co v Dave’s Cakes, 258 Mich App 520, 526; 672 NW2d 181 (2003).
Under the “American rule,” attorney fees generally are not recoverable as costs in the
absence of an exception set forth by statute or court rule expressly authorizing such an award.
Haliw v City of Sterling Hts, 471 Mich 700, 707; 691 NW2d 753 (2005). Although plaintiffs did
not specifically cite authority for frivolous filings, see e.g., MCL 600.2591; MCR 1.109(E)(7), we
discern no error in the trial court’s determination that plaintiffs sought such a determination and
sanction. Nor did the trial court clearly err in awarding fees. A casual review of defendants’
lengthy filings in this case demonstrate that the claims and arguments raised were vexatious,
frivolous, and objectively incapable of comprehension in most instances. While defendants may
have clarity in their minds of how their various claims and theories are related and relevant, that
was not conveyed in their filings. Nor have they specifically set forth why the trial court’s
frivolous finding was clearly erroneous.
VII. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. Plaintiffs and the St. County Drain
Commissioner, as the prevailing parties on appeal, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219(A).
/s/ Christopher M. Trebilcock
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
/s/ Andrew J. Lievense

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