COA 372340 SARAH LAM V MEIJER INC Opinion - Per Curiam - Unpublished 12/19/2025

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
SARAH LAM,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
UNPUBLISHED
December 19, 2025
9:19 AM
v No. 372340
Wexford Circuit Court
MEIJER, INC., LC No. 2023-030844-NO
Defendant-Appellee
and
JOHN DOE,
Defendant.
Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and BOONSTRA and WALLACE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals as of right, challenging the trial court’s decision to grant summary
disposition in favor of defendants, Meijer, Inc. and John Doe, on plaintiff’s claims of negligence
and premises liability. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
This appeal arises out of a slip and fall that occurred in a bottle-return area on Meijer’s
premises. There are no factual disputes surrounding the circumstances of plaintiff’s fall because
a surveillance video captured the events leading up to and including the fall. The video depicts
Meijer’s bottle-return area on the date of plaintiff’s fall—April 21, 2021. The entrance to the area
is on the bottom right of the screen, and there are six bottle-return machines on the wall across
from the entrance, with two more on the far-side wall. Near the entrance is a tall yellow caution
sign. Defendant submitted a picture of the showing that the sign said, “Caution Wet Floor,” with
a symbol depicting a person slipping.

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The video shows that at 2:35 p.m.1 on April 21, 2021, a Meijer employee grabs a mop and
started mopping the floor of the bottle-return area, focusing on one particular area where a puddle
of liquid had gathered. Over the next 15 minutes, customers continue returning bottles at the
machines at on the wall opposite the door, and two puddles of liquid can be seen forming. The
puddles started near the bottle-return machines and flowed towards the middle of the bottle-return
area. By 2:50 p.m., two puddles of liquid had clearly formed in the middle of the bottle-return
area, with streaks showing that they began immediately in front of the bottle-return machines on
the wall opposite the bottle-return area’s entrance.
Plaintiff can be seen entering the bottle-return area at 2:53 p.m. Over the next six minutes,
plaintiff stands in front of a bottle-return machine on the wall opposite the bottle-return area’s
entrance, returning bottles and cans. At 2:59 p.m., an employee—later identified as Preston
Bruner—can be seen coming out of a door of an employee area at the far end of the bottle-return
area, grabbing a cart, and walking towards the bottle-return area’s entrance at the bottom right of
the screen. Bruner explained at his deposition that he grabbed a cart to put it outside. The video
shows that, as Bruner was walking out of the bottle-return area, he turned his head and looked at
the ground near plaintiff’s feet where the two puddles had formed. Bruner explained that he indeed
saw the puddles at plaintiff’s feet and “was going to take care of [those puddles] after [he] got that
cart outside.”
The video shows that, seconds after Bruner walked out of the bottle-return area, plaintiff—
who by this time had finished her returns—grabbed a bag of trash out of her cart and began walking
through one of the puddles. Plaintiff explained at her deposition that she was walking her trash to
a nearby garbage bin. As shown in the video, though, as soon as plaintiff stepped in the puddle,
she fell to her knee, then lay on the ground, writhing in pain. Plaintiff was later diagnosed with a
broken kneecap.
Plaintiff testified at her deposition that she did not see any liquid on the floor before she
fell but saw the puddle afterwards. Plaintiff acknowledged that she saw the caution sign near the
entrance when she entered, and said that she interpreted the sign to mean “be cautious” and “to
walk slowly” and “pay attention,” which she claims she did but still did not see any puddles.
Plaintiff also said that it was “common sense” that “you need to be careful” in a bottle-return area
because “there could be liquid” on the ground.
Plaintiff filed her complaint on April 28, 2023, alleging counts of premises liability and
negligence.2 Following discovery, defendants moved for summary disposition, arguing that
plaintiff’s negligence claim must fail because her claim sounded solely in premises liability, and
that her premises liability claim must fail because there was no question of fact that Meijer did not
breach its duty to plaintiff as an invitee on Meijer’s premises because Meijer placed the caution
1 There is a timestamp in the bottom left of the video, and the times stated in this opinion
correspond to the timestamps shown in the video.
2 Plaintiff also alleged a claim of res ipsa loquitor, but the trial court dismissed that claim, and
plaintiff does not contest that dismissal on appeal.

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sign at the entrance of the bottle-return area, warning plaintiff of the hazardous condition on
Meijer’s premises—the wet floor—that caused plaintiff’s injury.
The trial court agreed with defendants that plaintiff’s negligence claim was not distinct
from her premises liability claim, and eventually agreed with defendants that, on the undisputed
facts of this case, plaintiff’s claim sounding in premises liability must fail because there was no
question of fact that Meijer did not breach its duty to plaintiff, as it warned plaintiff about the wet
floor that caused her injury.
This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Neal
v Wilkes, 470 Mich 661, 664; 685 NW2d 648 (2004). Defendants moved for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). A motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8) “tests the legal
sufficiency” of a complaint. Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 672; 719 NW2d 1 (2006).
A (C)(8) motion considers the pleadings alone, and when a court reviews such a motion, it must
accept all well-pleaded allegations as true. El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152,
160; 934 NW2d 665 (2019). A motion filed under MCR 2.116(C)(8) “should be granted if no
factual development could possibly justify recovery.” Feyz, 475 Mich at 672. “A motion under
MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich
109, 119; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A (C)(10) motion is properly granted if there is no genuine issue
of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. MCR
2.116(C)(10). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, drawing all reasonable
inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, leaves open an issue on which reasonable minds could
differ.” Campbell v Kovich, 273 Mich App 227, 229; 731 NW2d 112 (2006). When reviewing a
motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), a court is to consider “affidavits, pleadings, depositions,
admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties, in the light most favorable to the party
opposing the motion.” Maiden, 461 Mich at 119-120.
III. PREMISES LIABILITY
Plaintiff first contends that the trial court erred by dismissing her premises liability claim
because, under the undisputed facts, a reasonable juror could find defendants liable for such a
claim.
Premises liability is a species of negligence, so the elements for a premises liability claim
are the same as the elements of an ordinary negligence claim: the plaintiff must prove (1) that the
defendant owed the plaintiff a duty, (2) that the defendant breached that duty, and (3) that the
defendant’s breach of its duty caused injury to the plaintiff. See Estate of Trueblood v P&G
Apartments, LLC, 327 Mich App 275, 285; 933 NW2d 732 (2019). The duty in a premises liability
action arises from the special relationship that exists between owners and occupiers of land and
visitors on that land. Bailey v Schaaf, 494 Mich 595, 604; 835 NW2d 413 (2013). The contours
of this duty depend on the visitor’s status on the land. Stitt v Holland Abundant Life Fellowship,
462 Mich 591, 596; 614 NW2d 88 (2000). A business customer like plaintiff here is considered
an invitee. See Hoffner v Lanctoe, 492 Mich 450, 460 n 8; 821 NW2d 88 (2012). A premises

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possessor owes an invitee a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect the invitee from an
unreasonable risk of harm caused by a dangerous condition on the land. Estate of Trueblood, 327
Mich App at 285. A land possessor breaches this duty when the land possessor “knows or should
know of a dangerous condition on the premises of which the invitee is unaware and fails to fix the
defect, guard against the defect, or warn the invitee of the defect.” Hoffner, 492 Mich at 460.
Defendants argued, and the trial court agreed, that there was no genuine issue of material
fact that Meijer did not breach its duty to plaintiff as an invitee because Meijer knew about the
dangerous condition on its premises—the slippery floor in the bottle-return area—and warned
plaintiff of this defect by placing a sign at the entrance of the bottle-return area that said, “Caution
Wet Floor” with a symbol showing someone slipping. This sign plainly alerted anyone entering
the bottle-return area that the area’s floor was wet and posed a slipping hazard. Contrary to
plaintiff’s assertion, the sign at issue was not “a generic, general warning sign.” Rather, it
identified a particular hazard (the wet floor) and warned of the risk posed of this hazard (slipping).
Plaintiff spends a good bit of her brief explaining the unremarkable proposition that a jury-
triable issue exists if, despite the underlying facts being undisputed, reasonable minds could differ
as to the legal effect of those facts. Yet, plaintiff fails to adequately explain why Meijer’s
placement of the “Caution Wet Floor” sign at the bottle-return area’s entrance did not have the
legal effect of warning plaintiff about the dangerous condition on Meijer’s land that caused
plaintiff’s injury—the wet floor and the slipping hazard that it posed. Indeed, plaintiff confirmed
during her deposition that she saw the warning sign at the bottle-return entrance, understood its
meaning, and thought it was “common sense” that there could be liquid on the ground in the bottle-
return area.
Plaintiff insists that there is a question of fact whether defendants are liable to plaintiff
because Bruner walked by plaintiff and did not warn her of the nearby puddle or offer to her help
walk away from the puddle. But plaintiff does not explain how the fact that defendants could have
theoretically done more to warn plaintiff about the wet floor creates a jury-triable issue. The
caution sign at the bottle-return area’s entrance already warned plaintiff about that dangerous
condition, and a plaintiff can almost always argue that a land possessor could do more to warn
about a hazardous condition on the land, which is presumably why that is generally not the relevant
inquiry. “Perfection is neither practicable nor required by the law,” and courts cannot impose a
requirement on a landowner “to make ordinary [conditions] foolproof.” Hoffner, 492 Mich at 460
(quotation marks and citation omitted; second alteration in original). Wet floors are a common
occurrence, especially in bottle-return areas, and the caution sign at the bottle-return area’s
entrance warned plaintiff that the bottle-return area’s floor was wet and posed a fall risk. By
placing this sign at the entrance of its bottle-return area, Meijer satisfied its duty to warn plaintiff,
an invitee, of the known dangerous condition on Meijer’s premises. See id. The trial court
therefore properly dismissed plaintiff’s claim sounding in premises liability.
IV. NEGLIGENCE
Plaintiff next contends that the trial court erred by dismissing her negligence claim.
The principle difference between a claim sounding in premises liability and one sounding
in negligence is that a defendant’s duty in a premises liability action arises out of his ownership or

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possession of the land, Jahnke v Allen, 308 Mich App 472, 475; 865 NW2d 49 (2014), whereas a
defendant’s duty in a negligence action generally arises “from a statute, a contractual relationship,
or by operation of the common law,” Hill v Sears, Roebuck & Co, 492 Mich 651, 660-661; 822
NW2d 190 (2012). If supported by the facts of the case, a plaintiff can pursue liability under both
a theory of premises liability and a theory of ordinary negligence. Laier v Kitchen, 266 Mich App
482, 493; 702 NW2d 199 (2005) (opinion by NEFF, J.). For instance, a claim for ordinary
negligence based on the [d]efendant’s conduct” can form a “basis of liability, independent of
premises liability.” Id. at 493-494.
Plaintiff argues that defendants are liable in negligence because Bruner’s conduct was
negligent in two ways—(1) Bruner left plaintiff standing in the puddle despite seeing the puddle
and (2) he placed the caution sign near the door instead of closer to the wet areas of the floor so
that customers could more easily navigate their carts into the bottle-return area. Both arguments
fail for the simple reason that, assuming these allegations could establish a breach of duty, the duty
arises from Meijer’s possession of the land. For her first argument, plaintiff frankly admits that
the duty that Bruner allegedly breached by leaving plaintiff standing in the puddle was the “duty
of reasonable care . . . owed to [Meijer’s] customers (invitees).” The placement of the caution sign
similarly is only relevant because Meijer had a duty to warn invitees about known dangerous
conditions on its land. Plaintiff again admits as much, saying “that Meijer breached a standard of
care on how to mitigate the hazard posed by spills and/or liquids on the floor and where to place
caution signs in relation to those hazards.” Because both of plaintiff’s negligence arguments
actually sound in premises liability, the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff’s negligence claim.
Affirmed.
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Mark T. Boonstra

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