State of Maine v. David MacKenzie

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2025 ME 79
Docket: Pen-24-467
Argued: June 5, 2025
Decided: August 19, 2025

Panel: STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, HORTON, CONNORS, LAWRENCE, DOUGLAS, and LIPEZ, JJ.

STATE OF MAINE

v.

DAVID MACKENZIE

LIPEZ, J.

[¶1] David MacKenzie appeals from a judgment of conviction for

aggravated operating under the influence (OUI), aggravated assault, and

leaving the scene of a motor vehicle accident entered by the trial court

(Penobscot County, A. Murray, J.) after a jury trial. MacKenzie contends that the

court abused its discretion when it admitted in evidence expert testimony

about his estimated blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) offered to prove that he

“[o]perate[d] a motor vehicle . . . [w]hile having an alcohol level of 0.08 grams

or more of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath,”

29-A M.R.S. § 2411(1-A)(A) (2025). MacKenzie also argues that the evidence

was insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated assault. We affirm the

judgment.
2

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

[¶2] “Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the

jury could rationally have found the following facts beyond a reasonable

doubt.” State v. Souther, 2017 ME 184, ¶ 2, 169 A.3d 927 (quotation marks

omitted).

[¶3] On July 15, 2023, over the course of about six hours, MacKenzie

consumed twelve twenty-two-ounce Michelob Ultra beers (equivalent to

twenty-two twelve-ounce beers)1 and a basket of boneless chicken wings at a

restaurant in Brewer. Shortly after 8:30 p.m., MacKenzie left the restaurant, got

into his vehicle, and drove away alone.

[¶4] Less than ten minutes later, MacKenzie struck an

eighty-seven-year-old man who was pushing a wheelbarrow full of hedge

clippings across the street. The victim landed on MacKenzie’s windshield,

cracking it. The victim was then carried on the hood of the car before falling to

the pavement. Witnesses to the collision heard MacKenzie shouting at the man

to get off his car. After hitting the victim, MacKenzie stopped only briefly before

Put another way, MacKenzie drank approximately two gallons of beer during his afternoon at
1

the bar, which was captured on video.
3

leaving the scene of the accident. The victim sustained an open ankle fracture,

a pelvic fracture, and injuries to his spine and spleen. The ankle fracture

required surgery and a resulting lengthy recovery.

[¶5] Several calls to 9-1-1 alerted the police to the accident. One of those

calls came from MacKenzie’s phone, which automatically dialed 9-1-1 at

8:39 p.m. GPS data later obtained from MacKenzie’s vehicle showed his car at

the accident site at that time.

[¶6] The responding officers called in a crash reconstructionist, who

concluded that MacKenzie was driving over the speed limit and had crossed

into the opposite lane when his car hit the victim. The reconstructionist also

opined that MacKenzie’s alcohol consumption was a contributing factor to the

crash.

B. Procedure

[¶7] Several days after the accident, the police identified MacKenzie as

the suspected driver. On July 21, 2023, the State charged him by criminal

complaint with aggravated assault and leaving the scene of an accident

involving serious bodily injury or death. On September 27, 2023, a grand jury

indicted him on charges of aggravated criminal OUI (Class C), 29-A M.R.S.

§ 2411(1-A)(D)(1) (Count 1), aggravated assault (Class B), 17-A M.R.S.
4

§ 208(1)(A) (2025) (Count 2), and leaving the scene of an accident involving

serious bodily injury or death (Class C), 29-A M.R.S. § 2252(5) (2025) (Count 3).

The State sought and obtained a superseding indictment on March 27, 2024,

charging the same three counts and adding a charge of OUI with one prior OUI

conviction (Class D), 29-A M.R.S. § 2411(1-A)(B)(1) (Count 4). For each of the

OUI charges, the State alleged in the alternative, as permitted by statute, that

MacKenzie “operate[d] a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicants

or while having an alcohol level of .08 grams or more of alcohol per

100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath.” See id. § 2411(1-A)(B)(1),

(D)(1).

[¶8] Because of the delay between the accident and law enforcement’s

first contact with MacKenzie, the police were unable to perform a chemical test

to determine his BAC at the time of the crash. The State informed MacKenzie

prior to trial that it instead intended to offer a State chemist’s opinion that

according to the Widmark formula, which “produces an estimate of a person’s

blood alcohol content based upon the absorption and elimination rates of

alcohol in the human body,” Souther, 2017 ME 184, ¶ 4 n.2, 169 A.3d 927

(quotation marks omitted), MacKenzie’s BAC exceeded .08 when he struck the

victim.
5

[¶9] MacKenzie moved in limine to exclude the chemist’s opinion. After

a hearing at which the chemist testified that she estimated MacKenzie’s BAC to

be “around a [.]20” at the time of the accident, the court ordered that it would

permit the State “to attempt to establish blood alcohol level by an opinion as

opposed to a chemical test,” but that the chemist should not “give an exact

number.” The court also prohibited the State from relying on the statutory

presumption set forth in 29-A M.R.S. § 2432(3) (2025) that a person with a BAC

of .08 or more “is presumed to be under the influence of intoxicants.”

[¶10] At trial, the State chemist opined that at the time of the accident,

MacKenzie’s BAC would have been higher than .08, and that generally people

with that level of alcohol in their system are impaired.

[¶11] The jury found MacKenzie guilty of all charges. MacKenzie timely

filed a motion for a judgment of acquittal, which the court denied after a

hearing. See M.R.U. Crim. P. 29(b). The court sentenced MacKenzie to six years’

imprisonment with all but fifteen months suspended and three years of

probation on Count 2, and concurrent terms of fifteen months’ imprisonment
6

each on Counts 12 and 3.3 MacKenzie timely appealed. See M.R.

App. P. 2B(b)(2)(B).

II. DISCUSSION

A. Admission of BAC Opinion Testimony

[¶12] MacKenzie argues that the court erred in two ways when it

admitted the testimony of the State chemist who relied upon the Widmark

formula for her conclusions: first, that a chemical test is the statutorily-required

method of proving a defendant’s BAC; and second, that the chemist’s estimate

was unreliable because the Widmark formula is not sufficiently specific to

MacKenzie. We address each argument in turn.

1. The OUI statutes do not preclude admission of opinion
testimony to prove BAC.

[¶13] First, MacKenzie contends that the statutes criminalizing

operating under the influence permit a chemical test—and only a chemical

test—to prove BAC. He invokes sections 2431 and 2432 of Title 29-A, which

The court merged Count 4—OUI with a prior OUI conviction—with Count 1 for purposes of
2

sentencing.
3 The written judgment and commitment does not reflect the concurrent nature of the sentences

imposed for Counts 1 and 3. Where, as here, “there is discrepancy between the oral pronouncement
of sentence and the written judgment and commitment, the oral pronouncement of sentence
controls.” State v. Brydon, 454 A.2d 1385, 1388 (Me. 1983); see also State v. Stinson, 424 A.2d 327,
333-34 (Me. 1981); State v. Bradley, 414 A.2d 1236, 1241 (Me. 1980).
7

outline evidentiary rules and presumptions applicable to OUI prosecutions. See

29-A M.R.S. §§ 2431, 2432 (2025); see also State v. Beeler, 2022 ME 47, ¶ 13,

281 A.3d 637 (discussing the evidentiary rules of section 2431); Souther, 2017

ME 184, ¶ 4, 169 A.3d 927 (explaining that section 2432 “prescribes

presumptions of impairment or non-impairment for certain blood alcohol

levels”). We accordingly analyze these provisions to determine whether they

prohibit the use of opinion testimony to prove a defendant’s BAC. See M.R.

Evid. 402 (“Relevant evidence is admissible unless [a statute or rule] provides

otherwise . . . .”); State v. Atkins, 2015 ME 162, ¶ 13, 129 A.3d 952 (same).

[¶14] “Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de

novo.” State v. Beaulieu, 2025 ME 4, ¶ 14, 331 A.3d 280 (quotation marks

omitted). “[O]ur single goal is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent in

enacting the statute.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). If the statutory language

is clear when examined “in the context of the whole statutory scheme,” we need

go no further. Id. (quotation marks omitted). We review a trial court’s

“admission of evidence over an objection . . . for an abuse of discretion” and

review the trial court’s “underlying factual findings for clear error.” Beeler,

2022 ME 47, ¶ 12, 281 A.3d 637 (quotation marks omitted).
8

[¶15] We begin with an overview of the pertinent statutes. The State

charged MacKenzie with two counts of criminal OUI under 29-A M.R.S. § 2411,

which provides that “[a] person commits OUI if that person . . . [o]perates a

motor vehicle” (1) “[w]hile under the influence of intoxicants” or (2) “[w]hile

having an alcohol level of 0.08 grams or more of alcohol per 100 milliliters of

blood or 210 liters of breath.” 29-A M.R.S. § 2411.4 The statute allows the State

to plead alternatives, as it did here, and does not require the State to elect

between the alternatives prior to submission to the factfinder. Id. § 2411(2).

Section 2411 does not prescribe any particular method for proving that a

person had a BAC above .08. Id. § 2411.5

[¶16] Section 2431 concerns “evidentiary alternatives in OUI cases,”

State v. Tozier, 2015 ME 57, ¶ 12, 115 A.3d 1240, and explicitly permits the

admission in evidence of “[t]est results showing . . . alcohol level,” 29-A M.R.S.

4MacKenzie was convicted of violating section 2411(1-A)(B)(1) (Count 4), which applies where
the State pleads and proves that the person operating under the influence has had one previous OUI
conviction within a ten-year period, and section 2411(1-A)(D)(1) (Count 1), which applies where the
person’s operation under the influence causes serious bodily injury to another person. See
29-A M.R.S. § 2411(1-A) (2025).
5 Section 2401 of Title 29-A defines “[a]lcohol level” as “either grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters

of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath,” without reference to a chemical test.
29-A M.R.S. § 2401(2) (2025).
9

§ 2431(1).6 Finally, section 2432 charts legal presumptions that may apply,

corresponding to the defendant’s alcohol level. Id. § 2432.7 In sum, the

statutory scheme makes it a crime to operate a motor vehicle with a BAC of .08

or more, authorizes the use of a chemical test to prove alcohol level, and, when

certain alcohol levels are present, entitles a party to invoke a presumption of

intoxication or nonintoxication.

6 Section 2431 also delineates rules governing the admissibility and use in evidence of chemical
tests (subsection 2), the failure of a person to submit to a test (subsection 3), and certain statements
by the accused (subsection 4). 29-A M.R.S. § 2431(2)-(4) (2025).
7 Title 29-A M.R.S. § 2432 (2025) provides in full:

Alcohol level; confirmed positive drug or metabolite test results; evidentiary weight

1. Level less than 0.05 grams. If a person has an alcohol level of 0.05 grams or less of alcohol
per 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath, it is prima facie evidence that that person is not
under the influence of alcohol.

2. Level greater than 0.05 grams and less than 0.08 grams. If a person has an alcohol level in
excess of 0.05 grams of alcohol but less than 0.08 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or
210 liters of breath, it is admissible evidence, but not prima facie, indicating whether or not that
person is under the influence of intoxicants to be considered with other competent evidence,
including evidence of a confirmed positive drug or metabolite test result.

3. Level of 0.08 grams or greater. In proceedings other than under section 2411, a person is
presumed to be under the influence of intoxicants if that person has an alcohol level of 0.08 grams or
more of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath.

4. Confirmed presence of drug or drug metabolite. If a person has a trace amount of any drug
or the metabolites of any drug within the person’s blood or urine in accordance with the drug
reporting rules, standards, procedures and protocols adopted by the Department of Health and
Human Services, it is admissible evidence, but not prima facie, indicating whether that person is
under the influence of intoxicants to be considered with other competent evidence, including
evidence of alcohol level.
10

[¶17] The statutes are silent, however, as to the use of expert opinion

testimony to prove BAC. Section 2431 by its plain language deems “[t]est

results showing . . . alcohol level” to be “admissible”; the statute does not say

that only test results are admissible, and we decline to interpret the statute’s

silence regarding other methods of determining BAC to preclude their

admission.8

[¶18] We addressed a comparable issue in State v. Atkins, 2015 ME 162,

¶¶ 3-6, 129 A.3d 952, a case involving a section 2411 OUI charge for

intoxication by drugs rather than alcohol. There, the defendant asserted that

provisions in Title 29-A governing the use of drug recognition experts

“require[d] that, when a defendant charged with OUI is alleged to have been

intoxicated by a substance other than alcohol, the testimony of a drug

recognition expert is necessary.” Id. ¶ 14. In affirming the trial court’s decision

to admit the arresting officer’s testimony about his observations of the

8 Although we have never considered whether the OUI statutes forbid use of the Widmark formula

to prove BAC, we have previously held that the formula is relevant for that purpose. See State v.
Tibbetts, 604 A.2d 20, 22 (Me. 1992). In Tibbetts, a breath test administered approximately two hours
after the accident at issue revealed that the defendant had a BAC of .18. Id. at 21. To help resolve
conflicting evidence about whether the defendant consumed alcohol between the time of his accident
and administration of the test, the State offered an expert’s opinion that pursuant to the Widmark
formula, the defendant’s BAC was between .14 and .16 when the accident occurred. Id. We concluded
that the expert’s opinion was relevant and admissible to address the “central question before the
jury”—the defendant’s “blood-alcohol content at the time of the accident.” Id. at 22.
11

defendant’s impairment, we held that nothing in the drug recognition expert

statute, either “directly or by implication,” prohibited such testimony by

nonexperts. Id. ¶ 15. We reach a similar conclusion regarding section 2431:

although the statute identifies one method of proving BAC—a chemical test—

it neither directly nor by implication forbids use of alternative reliable

methods.

[¶19] We also reject MacKenzie’s argument that because we previously

have held that a chemical test is necessary to invoke the presumptions set forth

in section 2432, a chemical test is the only permissible method of proving a

defendant’s BAC. We have explained that the statutory presumptions regarding

impairment are unavailable absent “scientific blood alcohol test results[.]”

Souther, 2017 ME 184, ¶ 12, 169 A.3d 927; see also State v. Grigsby, 666 A.2d

503, 505 (Me. 1995) (concluding that “evidence of an individual’s blood-alcohol

content has procedural effect under [the predecessor statute to section 2432]

only when it is obtained as a result of a scientific test administered

contemporaneously with an arrest.” (quotation marks omitted)). We have

never held, however, that the same is true for purposes of proving a violation

of section 2411.9

9 Our opinion in State v. Taylor, 1997 ME 81, 694 A.2d 907, is not to the contrary. There, we held

that “using HGN [horizontal gaze nystagmus] results to precisely quantify blood alcohol content is
12

[¶20] Here, the trial court ably harmonized the applicable statutory

provisions as well as our precedent to determine that although the State could

offer the chemist’s opinion testimony to prove MacKenzie’s BAC, it could not

use that same evidence to invoke the statutory presumption of intoxication.10

We discern no error in the court’s analysis.11

improper.” Id. ¶ 13 (emphasis added). Relying upon the precursor statute to section 2411, we
suggested that “the proper way to test for an exact blood alcohol level is by chemical analysis of blood,
breath, or urine.” Id. We reasoned that whereas a chemical test provides a reliable blood-alcohol
level because it is “determined deductively from analysis of bodily fluids,” the results of the HGN test
are determined “inductively from observation of involuntary bodily movements,” and therefore
“lack[] scientific basis.” Id. ¶¶ 13-14 (quotation marks omitted).

Because we were not called upon to decide whether a chemical test is the exclusive means to
establish that a driver operated with a BAC of .08 or more, our observation about the “proper way”
to test for BAC was dictum. See Dictum, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (“An opinion by a
court on a question that is directly involved, briefed, and argued by counsel, and even passed on by
the court, but that is not essential to the decision and therefore not binding even if it may later be
accorded some weight.”). In any event, here, the trial court adhered to Taylor’s admonition that only
a chemical test can provide an “exact blood alcohol level,” 1997 ME 81, ¶ 13, 694 A.2d 907, by
forbidding the chemist from precisely quantifying MacKenzie’s BAC.
10We note that the presumption of impairment based on a BAC above .08 applies only “[i]n
proceedings other than under section 2411.” 29-A M.R.S. § 2432(3). Thus, the statute prohibits the
State from invoking the presumption in a case such as this one, even where the State does offer in
evidence the results of a chemical test.
11Although MacKenzie urges us to consider that “[a]llowing admission of the Widmark formula
to prove a defendant’s BAC would effectively do away with the requirements of breath and blood
tests in cases where the State has evidence of the defendant’s consumption, gender and weight,” we
do not find this argument persuasive. As the State noted in response, “given the choice between a
chemical test . . . and an estimation of an individual’s BAC based upon imperfect information, no State
actor would choose the latter.”

Further, we reiterate that although section 2431 provides that a positive test result for alcohol is
admissible in evidence, the statute does not require use of a chemical test to prove a charge of
criminal OUI.
13

2. The chemist’s testimony regarding MacKenzie’s estimated
BAC was sufficiently reliable.

[¶21] Next, MacKenzie asserts that even if the applicable statutes permit

the use of a Widmark formula-based estimate to prove BAC, the chemist’s

calculation in this case was insufficiently tailored to MacKenzie to be reliable.12

[¶22] “We review a court’s foundational finding that expert testimony is

sufficiently reliable for clear error and its ultimate decision on the admissibility

of expert opinion testimony for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Williams, 2020

ME 128, ¶ 25, 241 A.3d 835 (quotation marks omitted); see also State v. Tibbetts,

604 A.2d 20, 22 (Me. 1992) (“The trial court has scope of considerable breadth

in deciding whether to admit opinion testimony of a defendant’s blood-alcohol

level, and its decision will be disturbed on appeal only on a clear showing of

abuse of discretion.” (quotation marks omitted)). To be admissible under

Maine Rule of Evidence 702, “expert testimony must be relevant and must

assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence or determining a fact at

issue.” Williams, 2020 ME 128, ¶ 25, 241 A.3d 835 (quotation marks omitted).

“Expert testimony is relevant if the proponent, among other requirements, has

presented a sufficient demonstration of reliability.” Id. ¶ 26 (quotation marks

12 MacKenzie does not challenge the chemist’s qualifications.
14

omitted). As germane here, “[c]ommon indicia of reliability include whether an

expert’s conclusion has been tailored to the facts of the case.” Id. (quotation

marks omitted).

[¶23] In Tibbetts, we affirmed the trial court’s admission of expert

testimony relying on the Widmark formula over the defendant’s objection that

the testimony was irrelevant because “some of the expert’s underlying

assumptions were based on averages and estimates instead of accurate data

particular to” the defendant. Tibbetts, 604 A.2d at 22. We explained that “[a]n

expert’s opinion is not required to be stated with any special degree of

certainty; lack of certainty by the expert witness affects the weight accorded

the testimony, not its admissibility.”13 Id. To the extent the expert’s opinion

Other jurisdictions have reached similar conclusions. See, e.g., State v. Vliet, 19 P.3d 42, 62
13

(Haw. 2001) (relying on Tibbetts for the proposition that “[a]n expert’s application of the Widmark
formula to assess the defendant’s BAC goes to the weight the jury should assign such testimony,
rather than to the admissibility of the testimony itself” and noting that “[i]t may be error for a trial
court to exclude expert testimony involving a Widmark calculation”); State v. Fode, 452 N.W.2d 779,
781-82 (S.D. 1990) (affirming the admission of chemist’s testimony extrapolating defendant’s BAC
“based upon [the defendant’s] body weight [and] the time period between the blood alcohol test and
[the defendant’s] arrest,” even though chemist lacked information regarding what defendant drank
and when). But see Evans v. State, 558 S.E.2d 51, 56 (Ga. Ct. App. 2001) (upholding the exclusion of
expert testimony when “there was an insufficient factual basis upon which [the expert] could
accurately calculate [the defendant’s] blood alcohol content using the Widmark formula” (alterations,
quotation marks, and footnotes omitted)); State v. Wolf, 605 N.W.2d 381, 385 (Minn. 2000) (affirming
exclusion of expert testimony because “[t]he record does not contain such basic information as when
[the defendant] last consumed alcoholic beverages, the amount and type of alcohol consumed, or
even his accurate height and weight at the time of arrest”).
15

was too generalized, the defendant had an opportunity to explore that issue

through cross-examination. Id.

[¶24] Our decision in Tibbetts makes quick work of MacKenzie’s

argument. The trial court appropriately permitted voir dire of the chemist

regarding the basis for her opinion before deciding that the Widmark estimate

was adequately tailored to the facts of this case. See Williams, 2020 ME 128,

¶ 26, 241 A.3d 835. Indeed, the security footage of MacKenzie imbibing at the

bar provided the chemist with precise inputs: namely, that a 245-pound man

consumed twelve twenty-two-ounce, 4.2% alcohol beers over the course of six

hours. Despite the reliability of this data, MacKenzie argues that the chemist’s

BAC calculation was insufficiently specific to him because it did not account for

variables such as his age, body mass index, height, whether he had eaten, and

the rate at which he had consumed the alcohol. These supposed deficiencies,

however, go to the weight rather than the admissibility of the testimony.

Tibbetts, 604 A.2d at 22. Moreover, MacKenzie was permitted to, and in fact

did, explore these issues through cross-examination.14 See id.

14 While the chemist acknowledged that her calculation did not account for Mackenzie’s age or his

body’s unique response to alcohol, and assumed, inter alia, that MacKenzie consumed no food, she
maintained that she was “comfortable with saying he would have been at least an [.]08” at the time
of the accident.
16

[¶25] Given the specificity of the information available to the chemist,

we conclude that the court neither clearly erred nor abused its discretion when

it admitted her opinion testimony. See Williams, 2020 ME 128, ¶ 25, 241 A.3d

835.15

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

[¶26] Lastly, MacKenzie contends that the evidence was insufficient to

prove that he (1) recklessly (2) caused bodily injury to the victim—necessary

elements of the aggravated assault charge. He asserts that his driving, even if

under the influence, was neither reckless nor the cause of the collision, which

occurred only because the victim was in the road at twilight.

[¶27] “When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting a conviction, we determine, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State, whether a trier of fact rationally could find beyond a

reasonable doubt every element of the offense charged.” State v. Dorweiler,

2016 ME 73, ¶ 6, 143 A.3d 114 (quotation marks omitted). The jury “is

permitted to draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence[] and decide the

weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility to be afforded to the

15 In light of this conclusion, we do not address the State’s alternative argument that any error in

the admission of the evidence was harmless.
17

witnesses.” State v. McBreairty, 2016 ME 61, ¶ 14, 137 A.3d 1012 (quotation

marks omitted).

[¶28] “A person is guilty of aggravated assault if that person

intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes[] [b]odily injury to another that

creates a substantial risk of death or extended convalescence necessary for

recovery of physical health.”16 17-A M.R.S. § 208(1)(A). “A person acts

recklessly with respect to a result of the person’s conduct when the person

consciously disregards a risk that the person’s conduct will cause such a

result. . . . [T]he disregard of the risk, when viewed in light of the nature and

purpose of the person’s conduct and the circumstances known to the person,

must involve a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable

and prudent person would observe in the same situation.” 17-A M.R.S.

§ 35(3)(A), (C) (2025).

[¶29] Regarding the element of recklessness, although we have stated

that operating under the influence is not reckless per se, State v. Longley, 483

A.2d 725, 731-32 (Me. 1984); accord State v. Cheney, 2012 ME 119, ¶ 39, 55

A.3d 473, we have also reasoned that an OUI violation “is relevant evidence

16 There was no evidence or argument that MacKenzie intentionally or knowingly struck the
victim with his car; we thus focus on the element of recklessness. There was also no dispute that the
victim suffered bodily injury that resulted in extended convalescence.
18

[that] a jury may use in determining whether the operator of a motor vehicle is

guilty of reckless driving,” State v. Rhoades, 380 A.2d 1023, 1026 (Me. 1977).17

The totality of the evidence in this case, when viewed in the light most favorable

to the State, could permit a rational jury to conclude that MacKenzie drove after

consuming a substantial amount of alcohol and operated his vehicle both over

the speed limit and outside his lane—actions that could constitute “a gross

deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable and prudent person

would observe” under the circumstances. 17-A M.R.S. § 35(3)(C). See Cheney,

2012 ME 119, ¶ 40, 55 A.3d 473 (holding that evidence that defendant drove

while intoxicated and crossed the centerline of the road before striking the

victim sufficed to prove reckless conduct).

[¶30] Regarding the cause of the victim’s injuries, this same evidence,

combined with body camera footage and witness testimony addressing the

lighting conditions just after the accident, could allow the jury to conclude that

but for his intoxicated, reckless driving, MacKenzie could have avoided hitting

the victim. Although MacKenzie points out that the jurors heard expert

17 State v. Rhoades, 380 A.2d 1023, 1026 (Me. 1977), cites to 29 M.R.S.A. § 1312, which is the

predecessor statute to 29-A M.R.S. § 2411. See P.L. 1993, ch. 683, § 2401(9) (effective July 14, 1994)
(codified at 29-A M.R.S. § 2401(9) (2025)) (providing that an “‘OUI conviction’ means a conviction
for (A) A violation of section 2411; . . . [or] (C) Violation of former Title 29, section 1312, subsection
10”).
19

testimony that he displayed normal reaction time and would have been unable

to perceive the victim given the time of night, the jury was not required to

accept these opinions, particularly in the face of countervailing testimony that

MacKenzie was outside his lane and impaired by alcohol. See McBreairty, 2016

ME 61, ¶ 14, 137 A.3d 1012.

[¶31] Finally, the victim’s presence in the road does not foreclose a

conviction so long as the jury could have concluded that he would not have been

injured but for MacKenzie’s conduct. See 17-A M.R.S. § 33(1) (2025). (“[W]hen

causing a result is an element of a crime, causation may be found when the

result would not have occurred but for the conduct of the defendant, operating

either alone or concurrently with another cause.”). For the reasons just

described, there was ample evidence to support that determination. Cf. State v.

McLean, 2002 ME 171, ¶¶ 18-19, 815 A.2d 799 (“A motorcycle crash at a high

rate of speed that occurs when the operator is impaired by alcohol clearly is

sufficient to cause serious bodily injury, regardless of whether a helmet may

have acted to prevent or to lessen the extent of the injuries.”).

[¶32] Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we

conclude that the jury rationally could find beyond a reasonable doubt every

element of aggravated assault.
20

The entry is:

Judgment affirmed. Remanded to the trial court
to correct the judgment and commitment to
accurately reflect the concurrent nature of
MacKenzie’s sentences.

Hunter J. Tzovarras, Esq. (orally), Bangor, for appellant David MacKenzie

R. Christopher Almy, District Attorney, and Mark A. Rucci, Asst. Dist. Atty.
(orally), Prosecutorial District V, Bangor, for appellee State of Maine

Penobscot County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2023-2111
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY