Self-closing Containers (Squeeze-type Coin Purses), Inv. 337-18

SELF-CLOSING CONTAINERS
(SQUEEZE-TYPE COIN PURSES)
Investigation No. 337-18
Under the Provisions of
Section 337 oi Title HI of the
Tariff Act of 1930, as Amended
TC Publication 55
Washington
April 1962

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
BEN DORFMAN, Chairman
JOSEPH E. TALBOT
WALTER R. SCHREIBER
GLENN W. SUTTON
WILLIAM E. DOWLING
J. ALLEN OVERTON, Jr.
DONN N. BENT, Secretary
Address all communications to
UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
Washington 25. D.C.

CONTENTS
Introduction
Page,
1
Findings of the Commission 4
Conclusions 20
Recommendation of the Commission 21
Dissenting statement of Chairman Dorfman 22
Appendix A. Section 337--Unfair practices in import trade 46
Appendix B. Patent study 49
(TC29128)

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
Washington
In the matter of an investigation 0 Docket No. 18
with regard to the importation or 0
domestic sale of certain foreign- 0 Section 337
manufactured, self-closing 0
containers. 0 Tariff Act of 1930, as amended
Introduction
On June 2, 1960, the Tariff Commission received a complaint under
1/
section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1337) ,
filed by the Quikey Manufacturing Company, Inc. of Akron, Ohio (herein-
after called "Quikey"). In the complaint Quikey alleged that certain
foreign-manufactured, self-closing containers (also known assqueeze-type
coin purses) embodying or containing the invention disclosed in complain-
ant's United States Reissue Patent No. 24,166 were being imported into
the United States and sold domestically without license from the patent
holder, and that as a result unfair methods of competition were being
employed or unfair acts were being committed which had caused and would
2/
continue to cause substantial injury to complainant.
On June 21, 1960, the Commission initiated a preliminary investiga-
tion to determine (1) whether the institution of a full investigation
under section 337 was warranted and (2) whether the issuance of a tempo-
rary order of exclusion from entry under section 337(f) was warranted.
1/ Section 337 is set forth in this report. See Appendix A, page 46.
2/ A motion to amend the original complaint was received by the
Commission on June 15, 1960 and was granted on June 21, 1960.

2
Public notice regarding receipt of the complaint as amended and initia-
tion of the preliminary investigation was published in the Federal Register
for June 25, 1960 (25 F.R. 5894) and in the Treasury Decisions for June
30, 1960, and was posted at the offices of the Commission in Washington,
D.C. and New York City. The notice afforded interested persons an oppor-
tunity to submit their views regarding the subject matter of the inquiry
to the Commission in writing not later than July 15, 1960. The only
respondent named in the complaint, Kroll Trading Company (hereinafter
called "Kroll"), submitted a written statement. No other interested
party submitted a statement.
On June 14, 1961, the Commission ordered a full investigation for
the purposes of section 337 with regard to imported self-closing contain-
ers which are made in accordance with, embody, employ, or contain the
invention disclosed in the complainant's patent, and ordered a public
hearing to be held in connection with the investigation on September
12, 1961. A public notice regarding institution of the investigation
and scheduling of the hearing was published in the Federal Register for
June 20, 1961 (26 F.R. 5482) and in the Treasury Decisions for June 22,
1961, and was posted at the offices of the Commission. The notice
provided that all persons concerned--those who entered an appearance
in accordance with the Commission's rules--would be afforded an oppor-
tunity to be present, to produce evidence, nd to be heard concerning
the subject matter of the investigation. A copy of the amended complaint
and of the notice were sent to Kroll and to each other importer or con-
signee believed to have an interest in the investigation. Kroll was

given 30 days within which to submit a written answer and to show cause,
if any, why the provisions of section 337 should not be applied with
respect to the unfair methods of competition and unfair acts alleged
in the amended complaint. The written statement submitted by Kroll
during the preliminary inquiry was resubmitted by Kroll as its written
answer. The other importers or consignees were given 30 days within
which to submit written statements as to why the provisions of section
337 should not be applied with respect to foreign-manufactured, self-
closing containers of the kind imported and/or sold domestically by them.
No such statements were received.
1/
On June 22, 1961, the Commission transmitted a report to the Presi-
dent recommending that he request the Secretary of the Treasury to exclude
certain self-closing containers from entry into the United States, except
under bond, pending completion of the Commission's investigation. The
Commission was later advised that the President had decided not to issue
a temporary exclusion order.
On August 1, 1961, the Commission postponed the hearing until
October 3, 1961. A public notice regarding the postponement was pub-
lished in the Treasury Decisions for August 3, 1961 and in the Federal
Register for August 4, 1961 (26 F.R. 7026), and was posted at the offices
of the Commission.
On October 3, 1961, the hearing was held. Quikey and Kroll were
the only interested parties participating. At the conclusion of the
hearing Quikey and Kroll were granted leave to file briefs before
November 13, 1961. A brief was filed by Quikey only. 1 1i
1/ The present Chairman was not then a member of the Commission.

In March 8, 1962, the Commission found that violations of section
d been committed.
n accordance with the statutory requirements, testimony at the
g was reduced to writing, and a transcript thereof, together with
ndings and recommendation of the Commission, form the official
of the proceedings and findings in this investigation.
1/
Findings of the Commission
ited States Reissue Patent No. 24,166 is a current patent, and it
t been held invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction.
1 February 2, 1954, United States Patent No. 2,667,906 for a "Self-
; Container" was issued to Benjamin Stiller. The invention relates
)ntainer for coins, keys, or like objects, and in particular to a
ce construction of rubber-like material having a slit in one face
esponds to pressure applied lengthwise of the slit to provide a
ttial opening for placing articles in the container or removing
rerefrom. On June 12, 1956 the original patent was surrendered,
ted States Reissue Patent No. 24,166, embodying certain additions
deletions from the original patent, was issued in place of the
2/
1 patent. On December 31, 1959 the patentee assigned his entire
title, and interest in the reissue patent to Quikey.
airman Dorfman finds that on the basis of all available evidence
of shown that the effect or tendency of the imports of self-
containers is to destroy or substantially injure the industry
ng such articles in the United States. He thus deems it unneces-
make further findings. His separate statement begins at page 22
report.
reissue patent will remain in effect for 17 years from the date
lance of the original patent, i.e., until February 2, 1971.

5
On May 27, 1959, after contested litigation, the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Ohio found that the patent
1/
is valid and was infringed. On May 2, 1960, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the District Court,
and remanded the cause for further proceedings not inconsistent with its
2/ 3/
order. On October 10, 1961, the Supreme Court denied certiorari.
In light of the foregoing, it appears that the patent involved in
the subject investigation is current and has not been held invalid by a
court of competent jurisdiction.
2. Unfair methods of competition are being employed or unfair acts are
being committed in that certain self-closing containers (squeeze-type coin
purses) which are manufactured in Hong Kong and Japan and embody or contain
the invention disclosed in United States Reissue Patent No. 24,166 are
being imported into the United States or sold domestically without license
from the registered owner of the patent.
If an article manufactured in a foreign country is made in •accordance
with, embodies, employs, or contains the invention disclosed in a current
United States patent that has not been held invalid by a court of competent
1/ Squeez-A-Purse Corp. v. Stiller, 175 F. Supp. 667 (N.D. Ohio, 1959).
2/ Squeez -A-Purse Corp. v. Stiller, 280 F. 2d 424 (6th Cir., 1960).
Upon remand, the District Court entered a judgment differing in a number
of material respects from its original judgment. This occasioned another
appeal, which resulted in an order that the final judgment should conform
in all material respects to the original judgment which had been affirmed.
See Stiller v. Squeez-A-Purse Corp., 296 F. 2d 504 (6th Cir. 1961).
3/ Squeez-A-Purse Corp. v. Stiller, 364 U.S. 828, 81 S. Ct. 67, 5 L. Ed.
2d 56 (1961).
1,74.0.410.

6
jurisdiction, it is an unfair method of competition or unfair act, within
the meaning of section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, to import such
article into the United States or sell it domestically without license
from the registered owner of the patent. This determination is in accord
with the applicable decisions of the United States Court of Customs and
Patent Appeals. See In re Von Clem, 43 C.C.P.A. (Customs) 56, 229 F.
2d 441, 443 (1955); In re Orion Co., 22 C.C.P.A. (Customs) 149, T.D. 47123,
71 F. 2d 458, 465 (1934); and In re Northern Pigment Co., 22 C.C.P.A.
(Customs) 166, T.D. 47124, 71 F. 2d 447, 455 (1934). See also Frischer
& Co., Inc. v. Bakelite Corporation, 17 C.C.P.A. (Customs) 494, T.D. 43964,
39 F. 2d 247, 260, cert. den. 282 U.S. 852, 51 S. Ct. 29, 75 L. Ed. 755
(1930).
The basic concept of United States Reissue Patent No. 24,166 is set
forth in claim 1 of the patent as follows: A quick opening and self-closing
container for articles comprising a unitary envelope of material having
elastic properties similar to those of soft rubber, said envelope defining
a substantially fully closed interior volume having depth relatively small
in comparison to dimensions transverse to its depth, and having a substan-
tially transverse normally closed slit on one face extending from periphery
to an opposite periphery. The remaining claims of the patent are of vary-
ing scope from claim 1.
A detailed Patent Study is presented in this report. (See appendix B,
1/
page 49.) As the Patent Study reveals, the Tariff Commission finds that
1/ Chairman Dorfman does not consider it necessary to participate in the
patent study or findings based thereon. See fn. 1, p. 4.

1/ The General Manager of the China Plastics Company admits that the
jeneral appearance and functional use of his product are the same as those
a the patented product. See Foreign Service Despatch 442, dated December
11 1960.
7
claims of the patent read on (i.e., are embodied or contained in) the
following:
(a) self-closing containers manufactured in Hong Kong
by the China Plastics Company, Inc., imported into the United
States from December 1959 through 1961, sold domestically, and
represented by Complainant's Exhibit G and Respondent's Exhib-
its 1 and 2; 1/
(b) self-closing containers manufactured in Japan by Fujiya
Seika, imported into the United States during 1960, sold domes-
tically, and represented by Complainant's Exhibits H and II;
(c) self-closing containers manufactured in Japan, exported
by the Japan Bicycle Exporters Association, imported into the
United States during 1962, and represented by the Commission's
Exhibit 4;
(d) self-closing containers manufactured in Hong Kong by
the Empire Trading Company, Ltd., imported into the United States
during 1960 and 1961, sold domestically, and represented by the
Commission's Exhibits 5 and 6;
(e) self-closing containers manufactured in Hong Kong by the
Wong Hau Plastic Works and Trading Company, imported into the
United States during 1961, sold domestically, and represented by
the Commission's Exhibit 7; and
(f) self-closing containers manufactured in Hong Kong by the
United Manufacturers Trading Corporation, imported into the United
States during 1961, sold domestically, and represented by the
Commission's Exhibit 8.

to convert from hand dipping to the machine method cf blow molding
has failed to exploit an opportunity to reduce its production costs
1 The basic patented containers are made for Quikey by a firm under
contract to Quikey. Quikey then performs such finishing operations as
printing, chaining, carding, and packaging.
3. An industry, in the United States manufactures and sells self-
closing containers (squeeze-type coin purses) under the authority
of, and embodying or containing the invention disclosed in, United
States Reissue Patent No. 24,166, and such industry is efficiently
and economically_ operated.
The domestic industry affected by the importation and domestic
sales of the self-closing containers or coin purses in question is
the industry legally entitled to manufacture and sell containers of
the type described in U.S. Reissue Patent No. 24,166. Since complain-
ant is the sole owner of this patent, has not licensed any individ-
ual or firm to produce containers under the patent, and produces I /
and sells containers which (as revealed in the Patent Study) embody
or employ the invention disclosed in the patent, this company con-
stitutes an "industry *** in the United States" within the meaning of
section 337 for purposes of this investigation.
Only an "efficiently and economically operated" industry can
qualify for relief under section 337. Respondent Kroll claims that
the dipping process for the manufacture of various plastic products
was in use for many years but, because of its relatively high cost,
has been supplanted in large degree by the more economical process of
blow molding. It is asserted that the domestic industry, in failing

to a level comparable with those of the blow-molded purses imported
by Kroll, and therefore cannot qualify as an "efficiently and econom-
ically operated" industry eligible for relief under the statute. Com-
plainant replies that it has investigated the blow-molding method and
also the method of injection molding, and has concluded that it can pro-
duce a better product by the dipping process. Complainant further states
that maintaining the high quality of its product has been of primary im-
portance to the domestic industry, thus implying that any small savings
that might be possible through the use of a different but technically
less satisfactory process are not policy controlling. Moreover, Quikey
asserts, its dipping process is not a hand method of production, as
claimed by Kroll, since 80 or 90 purses are dipped at one time.
Quikey has steadily made reductions in the prices of its product
I/
during a period of years in which its costs for labor and materials were
constantly increasing.
On the basis of all of the available evidence, including financial
records submitted in confidence, the Commission concludes that the do-
mestic industry is "efficiently and economically operated" within the
meaning of section 337.
See page 18 of this report.

10
4. The effect or tendency of the unfair methods of competition being
employed or unfair acts being committed in the importation or domestic
sale of the foreign-manufactured, self-closing, containers (squeeze-type
coin purses) in question is to substantially injure an industry in the
United States.
" Effect or tendency". It has been established that foreign-made,
self-closing containers embodying or containing the invention disclosed
in United States Reissue Patent No. 24,166 are being imported into the .
United States or sold in the domestic market in competition with similar
containers produced in this country for the account of the owner of the
patent ) and that such importation or sale is without license from the
owner of the patent. It has also been established that the patented con-
tainers are produced in the United States by an efficiently and economi-
cally operated industry. There remains, therefore, the question of
whether the "effect or tendency" of the unfair methods of competition or
unfair acts represented by the fact of such importation or sale is to
"destroy or substantially injure" the said industry.
We believe the record shows amply that the domestic industry con-
cr?rned has been substantially injured by reason of the importation or
mestic sale of the foreign-produced containers. In any event, there
ri be no question that the importation or domestic sale of the patented
stainers has a "tendency" to substantially injure the industry ) and
th t such "tendency" alone is sufficient to warrant relief under the
statute. (See In re Von Clemm, supra.)

Production and sales. Quikey has been producing and selling self-
closing coin purses for about 11 years. Beginning in 1951 (the first
year of operation) production and sales of its containers increased
rapidly, reaching a peak in 1955. Thereafter, they declined in every
year until 1959, when a small increase over the preceding year was re- .
corded. The downward trend was resumed in 1960 and continued through
1961.
Among the factors contributing to the decline in sales by Quikey
has been the competition offered by purses produced by other companies
in the United States in contravention of the patent, and by purses im-
ported from Japan and Hong Kong. In several instances the Quikey com-
pany has succeeded through litigation in putting a stop to infringing
domestic production. Infringement proceedings before the federal
courts, however, are inadequate to prevent illegal importations. As
the Commission's investigation disclosed, Kroll has not been the only
importer of patented containers: there have been many. A judicial
fiecree against one dealer would have no binding effect upon others; a
multiplicity of suits would be necessary, usually attended by high
costs and the realization of only small damages in each case and offering
little likelihood that all infringing importers and dealers in the
imported containers could be reached.

12
Channels 6/ distribution. About 75 percent of the coin purses pro-
duced by Quikey and sold in the United States are distributed through
the advertising specialty field. The advertising specialist solicits
orders from banks, building and loan associations, filling stations, etc.
lie then orders the purses from Quikey, and they are delivered with the
customers advertising matter printed thereon. The purses are used by
the customer as "giveaways" to build goodwill for his business.
The remainder of Quikeyls production is marketed through jobbers to
the retail trade--mostly five•and-ten-cent stores. Some of the purses
marketed in this manner boar no printed material; others are imprinted
with various designs such as public buildings, monuments, etc., and are
sold as souvenirs.
o It appears that no imported self-closing purses have thus far been
marketed in the United States as advertising specialties. It is alleged
that one reason is the difficulty in effecting adjustments when errors
are made in the printing of advertising copy; such adjustments, it is
said, are more difficult to make when the printing is done abroad or
even in the United States on imported purses. 1/ Therefore, all of the
imported purses marketed in this country thus far have been sold across
the counter as novelty items. However, the Commission believes that in
I 1/ De Jong, Transcript, pp. 117,71E-T5.72:

13
the absence o an'exclusion order imports may enter the advertising
field as well as the field of retail sales. The advertising field
is too large and the profit possibilities are too attractive to be
neglected.
Imports. Imports of the self-closing containers or purses in ques-
tion are dutiable at 20 percent ad valorem under paragraph 1531 of the
tariff Act of 1930 by virtue of their similitude, under the provisions
3f paragraph 1559, to coin or change purses made of leather. Since
imports of the purses are not separately reported in import statistics,
the Tariff Commission in August 1960 requested the U. S. Bureau of
Customs to report to the Commission on all imports at certain ports
2/
of entry of coin purses which closely resemble those produced by Quikey.
Information was also requested from importers already known to the
_Commission and from those whose identity was disclosed by records of
the Bureau of Customs. The information thus derived indicates that
imports of the purses in question amounted to 5,500 gross in 1960 and
1,342 gross in 1961. A comparison of the volume of imports with that
t. of sales by the domestic industry in 1960 or 1961 may not be published
because sales data for those years were received by the Commission in
confidence. It may be said, however, that imports in 1960 were equiva-
lent to about 21 percent of the domestic industry's
1/ See pp. 19-20 for further comment.
2/ In August 1961 this request was expanded to include such imports
at all ports of entry, retroactive to Jan. 1, 1960.

14
total safes, and to 84 percent of its sales across the counter, in 1958,
the lust year for which non-confidential 'salea data are available. If
the general trend in domestic sales continues downward, as it has since
1955, these ratios of course will rise even without an increase in im-
ports; and if the downward trend in sales is accompanied by she increases
in imports which may well be expected in the absence of an e):clusion order,
there is a strong probability that the domestic industry will lose the
major part of its market O
The heavy decline in imports in 1961 was doubtless due to the un-
certainties arising from the present investigation; importers naturally
would be reluctant to place orders so long as the possibility existed that
an exclusion order wsuld be applied to imports. The decline therefore
should not be regarded as anything more than a temporary lessening of the
threat posed to the domestic industry by the importation of the purses in
question.
All imports in 1960 and 1961 1/ of the self-closing purses of the
kind under discussion originated in Japan and 'Hong Kong. Some of these
purses are smaller than the Quikoin (trade name for Quikey's purse) and,
although embodying the invention disclosed in the patent, would ordinaril
not be mistaken for the Quikoin; others, however, of approximately
the same size and shape as the Quikoin and are distinguishable from it only
11 One import shipment is reported to have been received in December
With this one exception, there is no evidence of any shipments before 1960.

1 5
qg a result of close examination. All of the imported purses - and Quikey's
purse serve the same purpose, and when the imports are sold domestically
Kt about half the price of the Quikoin, as they were in 1960 and'1961,
'hey offer severe competition to the patented product.
Future imports. Before the present investigation was ordered, the
iomestic industry attempted through diplomatic channels to obtain protec-
tion against the "infringing" imports. As a result of these endeavors,
the American Commercial Attache in Tokyo reported. in 1960 that the Japa-
nese Ministry of International Trade and Industry became convinced in
June 1960 that the export to the United States of certain Japanese-made
ontainers or purses of the self-closing variety constituted a patent "in-
fringement" and, in conformity with its usual practice in such cases, gave
assurances that it would issue orders to the known manufacturers and to any
shippers found handling the products to cease exportation to the United
States immediately. 1 / This kind of control of course has its limitations.
,These plastic containers can easily be made in a large variety of designs,
sizes, etc.., and the Japanese officials cannot be expected to be so famil-
iar with the various claims of the Quikey patent that they can always un-
erringly detect instances of "infringement. 2 /
1/ Foreign Service Despatch 1537 dated June 28, 1960.
2/ The U.S. Bureau of Customs has advised the Commission that a shipment
JfCoin purses very similar to the Quikoin, manufactured in Japan, were en-
tered in January 1962. Investigation disclosed that this shipment was sup-
plied -to the importer without charge. Advertising matter was imprinted on
the coin purses, and they were exported for distribution as gifts to bicycle
scalers. It is not known whether this shipment escaped attention of the ex-
port-control authorities, or whether it was approved for export because of
its noncommercial character.

1f
No system exists in Hong Kong to control the export of products that
may have been produced and exported under conditions involving "infringe-
ment" of a U.S. patent -- The principal Hong Kong producer, when 'first ap-
proached upon the matter, categorically refused to cease shipments to the'
United States whenever he might receive orders. Later in the year, how-
ever, he admitted that his purse, although made by a different process,
was the same as the Quikey purse in general appearance and use, and stated
that he was prepared to cease shipping to the United States if he received
evidence that the process of manufacture was immaterial to the question of
"infringement." 1/ Although such evidence was supplied to this producer
through the office of the American Consul in Hong Kong, 2/ it seems clear
that. future U.S. imports from all Hong Kong sources will continue to be
at the discretion of either the manufacturer or the jobber to whom he
might sell his product unless an exclusion order is issued pursuant to
section 337. If the coin purses in question are exported freely from
Hong Kong and permitted to enter the United States without restriction,
the Japanese authorities may understundaly become reluctant to continue
their embargo on exports from Japan to the United States.
In view of the fact that imports from Japan and Hong Kong in the first
(experimental) year of importation (1960) were equivalent to a large per-
centage of annual sales by the only legitimate domestic producer, the pre
ability is strong that future imports from those sources, if not checked,
will cause not only very substantial but even irreparable injury to that
1/ Foreign Service Despatch 422, dated Dec. 19, 1960.
U.S. Department of State Instruction e-1W, dated Feb. 21, 1961.

17
producer. Moreover, there is no apparent reason why imports shouldnot
come from other countries as well as from Japan and Hong Kong. This is
because the methods used in producing these plastic purses or containers
ire simple, the capital requirements are small, and the profit possibili-
ties in supplying the U. S. market are attractive. Considering such
developments to be not only possible but normally to be expected, the
Commission is of the opinion that the only effective method of preventing
the destruction of, or substantial injury to, the industry involved in
this investigation is to invoke the import-exclusion provisions of section
337.
Prices. The prices paid to Quikey by the advertising specialist and
those charged by him to the ultimate distributor (filling station, bank,
bowling alley, etc.) depend upon several factors, the principal one being
' the size of a particular order. In January 1961, for example, standard
oval purses in red, blue, green, or gray, with not more than 5 straight
-lines of white print on the plain side, sold to the ultimate distributor
at 30 cents each on orders of not more than 144 units. The price then
declined with the increasing size of the order, becoming 19.5 cents each
on an order for 10,000 units. Other factors affecting price are additional
printing, printing in curved lines, printing on the slit surface, use of
special colors, attaching chains, etc.
Quikoins sold at retail are mounted on display cards, in contra-
distinction to those distributed through the advertising field. Never-
theless, they

18
can be produced at somewhat less cost than those distributed as adver-
tising media because many of them carry no imprint, and those that are
Imprinted have only standardized designs suitable for souvenirs. Retail •
prices doubtless vary from one locality to another, but one large chain
)f retail stores (Woolworth's) sells Quikoins at 29 cents each.
Prices charged by Quikey to the advertising specialist and the whole-
file jobber vary according to the specifications of particular orders, as
stated before, but the yearly averages since 1955 have ranged from 13.8
to 14.3 cents per unit.
Quikey contends that it has reduCed prices in recent years. In sup-
ort of that contention it submits the following data respecting prices
charged to advertising and wholesale jobbers on orders for specified quan-
tities: I/
Item : 1956 : 1957 : 1953 1959
10-gross quantities (per unit)
No. 40 (without chain)----: $0.1325 :$0.1203: $0.1166: *0.1141
Nu. 50 (with chain : .1500 : .1375: .1308: .130•
1-gross quantities (per unit)
• •
No. 40(without chain) .1400 : .1283: .1283: .1208
No. 50 (with chain) .1575 : .1458: .1458: .1375
Imported purses have varied considerably in size and quality and
!/ See Complaint, p. 11, and testimony of complainant's Stiller, Tran-
script, p. 38. For purposes of this report the data have been converted
from prices per dozen to prices per unit.

19
in the degree of their resemblance to the Quikoin, and their-invoice
values in 1960 ranged from about $1.10 to $3.40 per gross. Most of
the imported purses were obviously inferior in quality to the Quikoin,
but the landed value (duty paid) of those most nearly resembling it was
1/
about 3 cents each, of $4.32 per gross. These purses were offered to
the retail trade at $10.75 per gross at a time when the unprinted Quik-
oins, mounted 12 to the card (as were the imports), were being offered
2/
to jobbers at $19.80 per gross.
Competitive conditions. The Quikoin thus far has had to meet
competition with imported purses only in the field of retail sales. In
this competition the imported purse has a price advantage over the domes-
tic product. When a retailer can purchase imported purses for about
7-1/2 cents each ($10.75 per gross), it is obvious that he can make a
„satisfactory profit even when selling at far less than the 29-cent price
customarily charged for Quikoins. The price may, in fact, be so much
lower than the price for Quikoins that it more than compensates for the
admittedly inferior quality of the imported article.
There can be little doubt that, if importation of the "infringing"
purses or containers is permitted to continue, they will inevitably enter
the advertising field as well as the field of retail sales. In fact, the
1/ Transcript, p. 129.
2/ Complaint, pp. 6 and 7, and exhibit I.

20
latest shipment of purses received from Japan, referred to above (footnote 2,
p. 15), carried advertising matter, and the purses were to be used as
"giveaways" in the bicycle trade. If Quikey should be faced with foreign
competition from "infringing" containers in the field of its major activity,
the advertising market, this competition, considering the wide disparity
in prices between the imported and patented purses, could well-nigh destroy
an industry which section 337 is designed to protect.
Conclusions
All of the evidence adduced in this investigation indicates that
certain self-closing containers or coin purses made in accordance with
or embodying a United States patent have been produced in Japan and Hong
Kong and imported and sold in the United States without license from the
patentee; that such importation and sale, according to ample precedent,
•
constitute unfair methods of competition or unfair acts under section 337
of the Tariff Act of 1930; that such unfair methods or acts have caused
injury to an easily identifiable, efficiently and economically operated
domestic industry by invading the markets reserved to that industry for
a term of years by its rights as a patentee; that the injury so caused has
been •substantial, inasmuch as sales of the imported purses in the first
year of importation were equivalent to at least 20 percent of the domestic
industry's yearly sales, and to at least SO percent of its sales for the
retail trade; and, finally, that the sales resistance of the domestic
industry's customers in the advertising field is greatly increased when
they learn that imported self-closing purses are being made available to
the retail trade at a very much lower price than that which th: , advertisers

.
o eph E. Talbot, Commissioner
21
1/
have been paying for Quikoins, and the domestic industry is therefore
substantially—injured in its main field of activity as well as in the
area of retail sales.
2/
Recommendation of the Commission
The Tariff Commission recommends that, in accordance with section
337(e) of the Tariff Act of 1930, the President direct the Secretary of
the Treasury to instruct customs officers to exclude from entry into the
United States until and including February 2, 1971 (the date of patent
expiration), all foreign-manufactured, self-closing containers (squeeze-
type coin purses) which are made in accordance with, embody, employ, or
contain the invention disclosed in United States Reissue Patent No. 24,166,
except where the importation is made under license of the registered owner
of the said patent.
Respectfully submitted
Walter R. Schreiber, Commissioner
1 Glenn W. Sutton, Commissioner
1/ Stiller, Transcript, p. 67.
2/ Chairman Dorfman does not join in this recommendation for the reas-
ons given in his separate statement beginntng at: page 22 of this report.

22
DISSENTING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN DORFMAN
I do not concur in the finding by the other Commissioners that the
importation of the squeeze coin purses here under consideration has the
effect or tendency to destroy or substantially injure an efficiently and
economically operated domestic industry. In my view the record is devoid
of factual support for such a finding; in consequence, there is absent an
essential statutory criterion upon which to predicate a recommendation
that imports of the article in question be excluded from the United States.
The statute pursuant to which this investigation has been conducted,
section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, provides that--
Unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in
the importation of articles into the United States, or
in their sale by the owner, importer, consignee, or
agent of either, the effect or tendency of which is to
destroy or substantially injure an industry, efficiently
and economically operated, in the United States, or to
prevent the establishment of such an industry, * * * are
hereby declared to be unlawful * * *.
Only when the President finds the existence of the above-quoted condi-
tions may he properly order the offending imports excluded from entry.
It may well be that most, or even all, of the imports here in
question infringe a valid United States patent and, accordingly, that
their importation constitutes an "unfair act" within the purview of the
applicable statute. I do not find it necessary to resolve this issue,
however, because the statute does not make such an unfair act, standing
alone, unlawful; the statute expressly provides that such an act is

unlawful only wa r 's its el tiect or tendency i o " do dos 1,roy „ ton LA, 3 1] y
injure an i n(iim , effacion1,1y ;iltil economi cally opera t, Ld ii 1,he
Uni Lel States, or ; (?.; 1,1 I ) : .11 , mi 1 , , ,
v disnirree . I t,11 ,:: other 1.2,0h"t1,;.:1()1,( 1:3 t .1 )1%, i),
I do not believe ,cat the proper dome:;tic "1!,duniry" ha.; de -h ldentified
for purposes of Lilj Si; !td(.:qirtH economic
data have not been from which to jurwe whether s;Iel, industry
is being destroy,: or substehltially injurr.d—from whatever cause—or
whether the induhtry ih efficichtly not ,conemir-lly operated. Second,
even if it be asnim,h for the ;;t1.:t_. or Lic.!_, the proper domes tic
industry has been identified, I do hot tolive ni.o,LF,1 of record demon-
strate that-, the ,Zre.ct or tendency of the iliporHtion of the products in
question, whether "fnir" or "anfair," is to doroy or suhJ!-,astially
injure the industry. Each of these positions is more fully developed
below.
Domestic "industr ,, " not
Over the year.; a iiirriiior of suc1ion Lavo come L:fore the
Commission in wh -lch Limo nnfair not compinined or been the importa-
tion of articles ilm,t; infringe a vslid U.S. patent. In each of those
cases, the Commis.,Ion e ..xplicitly or implicitly delineated the domestic
industry as hemp coext,sive wIth the 12 -1:mo Mat heti, ,l 1p m.Jhfactured
or fabricated the like article uuder the H H. pateht involvod. Tills
concept of the term "industry" an 11 1 ,(1 in L11:: stntute is amply

2A
substantiated by reforeneo to tho leglslativo history of section 337
and its pti.edocessur, section Tio or the Tariff Act or 1922.
(n) The "unto it cemontition" provi s ion vd , hd Ls the 1922
tariff bill in the ,:on-le 21 once Committee. in oxpinining the amend-
uient during floor :main S,!Lout, a ]La :ms (.3r of the Finance
Committee, comment i n: L, o	L ws: rj-/
In the incertniniy of thL p , ‘..,:eoul, mann-
f ncturcrs in ane 1 :it. 11`-=', ;317,: for
high tariff rale: mor, because of whet thoy fear than
because of vhnt ,re experiencing. Such a low as
I have suggsl .1 woJf , nssure Amen coo producers that
they will net he : , uhl-ctol to urftlhIr ccmp ,etition from
countries shroHi added_/
(b) In the same vein c an an ohsorvntic] I Senator Sackett, made
in the course of ,,a , sliu - 1 , g t witness dnriog hteirir, on the bill
which became the Inciff an c of 1930h This cyn=: , stieninf followed a
suggestion by the witness LLItt where Lhe aoL" being complained
of was importation of an artite which infringed a U.S. patent, there
was an rdequate at, low in the duly cunstitnted courts and there-
fore no need for proce(cing onnti.‘ section On the heels of this
observation, Sena!ur SH:taot S _ngnirod as rollunm;:
Wouldniu m,n,c or Acing it Li, o., litigatloa/
delay the relief (21 American mHnarnaincer for on
indefinite_pwniol, and this a section 337
proceeding/ t , way of gel,tin4; ot it?
/Emphasis add , I,/
1/ Con! res. sionn] Lecord. vul. 62 , p.
2/ U.S. Senate, Culi'itt on finance: , Pouifti Act of _1L9: Hearings
. . . on H.R. 2667, WL Cant. , 1 sL vol XV71, 1929, p. 78.

25
(c) During Senate floor consideration of the same bill, Senator
Bratton offered an amendment to require the complainant in a section
337 case to post a howl as n condition precedent to the issuance of
n. temporary exclusidn order pending final determination of the facts
in the case. In explaining the amendment, Senator Bratton said: 1/
* * * the pending amendment offered by me is to para-
graph (e) of section 337, entitled "Unfair practices
in import trade." The effect of the amendment, if
adopted, will be to withhold the right to place an
embargo against the importation of a commodity unless
and until the domestic manufacturer or producer on
whose application the proposed order of exclusion is
based shall give a bond to protect the importer in
question in the event it shall thereafter be deter-
mined that the complaint was unfounded. /Emphasis
added,/
The Bratton amendment was agreed to on the floor, but stricken in
conference.
(d) Also in the course of the Senate floor debate on this bill,
Senator Barkley offered an amendment to permit the Court of Customs
and Patent Appeals to review questions of fact as well as of law in
appeals from findings of the Tariff Commission. Senator Barkley
explained his amendment as follows:
* * * the amendment is simply this: It is provided
in section 337 that the President may under certain cir-
cumstances issue a proclamation prohibiting the importa-
tion of any articles where the Tariff Commission after
investigation has found that an unfair practice has
been engaged in in the importation or in the attempted
1/Congressional Record, vol. 71, p. 4638.
a/ Congressional Record, vol. '71, p. 4648.
1

26
importation of the article. The question as to whether
them has been an unfair practice is a matter of fact;
it is not a question of law. I can hardly conceive how
a question of technical construction of a law could
enter into this situation, because whether there is an
unfair practice or whether some American importer has
undertaken to take advantage unfairly of an American
manufacturer or producer for the purpose either of
destroying an industry or preventing the establishment
of an industry, is a matter of fact. LEmphasis added
The foregoing excerpts from the legislative history of section
337 and its predecessor demonstrate that the "industry" which the
Congress had in mind when it sought to afford protection against
unfair import competition was the manufacturer or fabricator of the
domestic article.
The fact that the statute requires a finding that the "industry"
in question be "efficiently and economically operated" further suggests
that it is the manufacturer to which its protection is addressed. In
cases where the "unfair act" is the importation of an article which
infringes a domestic patent, the reference must be to the manufacturer,
since the concept of efficient and economical operation is entirely
foreign to the question of the substantive rights of a patentee and the
protection thereof. If the statute were addressed to the patent rights
per se of a patentee, there would be no need for the test of efficiency
and economy of operation. Indeed, there would be no occasion to assign
the Commission any part in such an investigation, since the Commission
has no expertise in the patent field.

27
In this case the complainant, Quikey Manufacturing Co, Inc.
(hereinafttr referred to as "Quikey"), is the patentee, but does not
manufacture the patented squeeze coin purse. The article is Iwnlnfne-
Lured for Quikey by Steere Enterprises (hereinafter referred to as
"Steere"). After receiving the fabricated article from Steere, Quikey
performs certain operations preparatory to marketing, none of which are
covered by the patent which allegedly is being .infringed, prior to
distribution—viz; (a) cutting holes and adding chains (this operation
is performed on most of the articles sold for retail, which represent
about 25 percent of total sales, and on about 1 percent of the articles
sold for advertising purposes); (b) mounting on cards for retail;
and/or (c) imprinting the purses with advertising requested by the
purchaser. Accordingly, it would appear that in order to be consistent
with both the legislative concept of "industry" in section 337 cases
and the Commission's past application of this concept, the "industry"
in this instance would have to be regarded as consisting of Steere,
since Steere is the actual manufacturer of the article covered by
Reissue Patent No. 24,166. Quikey, the patentee, is, in the final
analysis, merely the primary distributor of the article.
The Commission is in possession of very little factual in-
formation that would enable it to determine whether Steere is an
industry "efficiently and economically operated" or whether the effect
or tendency of the imports in question is to "destroy or substantially

28
injure" Steere, both of which determinations are essential to a recom-
mendation that the offending articles be denied entry. Even in the
absence of any other reason, I would for this reason alone be con-
strained to disagree with the finding of the other Commissioners .
I observe also that yet another interpretative problem would
have to be resolved if the patentee were taken as the point of refer-
ence in delineating the oindustry" with respect to which the finding
is to be made: namely, is the patentee (Quikey) alone the "industry,"
or is the patentee (Quikey) plus the manufacturer (Steere) the "industry"?
Fortunately it is not necessary to consider this question since, as will
be demonstrated directly, there is no factual support for a finding that
the industry--whether conceived of as Quikey alone or as Quikey plus
Steere--is being destroyed or substantially injured.
For purposes of the discussion that follows, it will be assumed
that Quikey alone is the industry, in order to give fullest possible
play to the finding of the other Commissioners. My disagreement with
their finding would, of course, be even more emphatic if the "industry"
here were to be regarded as embracing both Quikey and Steere, since,
as noted before, there is very little economic data available upon
which to judge the effect of the imports in question upon Steere.
How could there be a responsible assessment of the question of destruc-
tion of, or substantial injury to, an industry with an essential compo-
nent of the industry virtually omitted from the investigation?

29
Domestic industry neither substantially injured nor destroyed
As previously observed, more than a finding of unfair methods
of competition or unfair acts in the importation of article3 into
the United States is I— quire-1 to support action by the President to
exclude the offending articles under section 337. It must be estab-
lished that the unfair methods of competition or unfair acts have
the effect or tendency "to destroy or substantially injure an indus-
try, efficiently- and economically operated, in the United States, or
to prevent the establishment of such an industry."
In this case it is unnecessary to consider whether an industry
is being prevented from establishment, since no claim to that effect
has been made. By the same token, it is unnecessary to consider the
question of "destruction." of the industry here since, in my view,
even the less stringent test of "substantial injury" cannot be met.
As a point of departure, it is important to place in proper
perspective the statutory requirement that "subs tan tial injury" be
found. How serious must the injury to the industry be in order to
be regarded as "substantial" within the meaning of section 337?
Some guidance is afforded by the well—established principle of
statutory construction that statutory terms must be read in pari
materia with each other. Applying thiS test, we find that the
words "substantially injure" in section 337 are closely associated

30
with the words "destroy" and "prevent the establishment." Indeed,
the words "substantially injure" are inserted between these two
terms. Thus, on either side of the term in question there are
terms which pertain either to the very destruction of the industry
if one already exists, or to prevention of its initial establishment.
In this context the proper meaning to attach to the words "substan-
tially injure" would appear to be an injury of such severity as
might well jeopardize the continued existence of the industry. By
the same token, any "tendency" to "substantially injure" the indus-
try must be so pronounced as to constitute an imminent threat of
bringing about the aforementioned result. In other words, it may be
posited that the Congress contemplated that the injury requisite to
set in motion the exclusionary machinery of the statute must be a
crippling injury, one which has brought or threatens to bring the
industry close to the brink of destruction, rather than one that
amounts to little more than a competitive nuisance.
In this connection it is appropriate to observe that the
Commission's findings in section 337 proceedings are not made in a
vacuum. Whenever the Commission advances the conclusion that "sub-
stantial injury"- exists the facts developed during the course of
the investigation must be such that they would stand the test of
judicial review. Section 337 contains a provision that an appeal
may be taken to the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals from findings
1

31
of the Commission on questions of law. It is well established that
the question of whether factual determinations of the Commission
are supported by "substantial evidence" would be a question of law.
By judicial interpretation, "substantial evidence" is much more than
a mere scintilla; it means such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind would accept as adequate to support the conclusion in question. 1/
Thus, as a matter of law the Commission's finding that the unfair act
complained of has the effect or tendency to destroy or substantially
injure the domestic industry in question must be supported by sub-
stantial evidence upon judicial review. It is therefore incumbent
upon the Commission in making this finding to be satisfied that it is
predicated upon substantial evidence in the first instance.
Apropos this point, I should like to make an additional observa-
tion. As a matter of equity such encompassing punitive action as the
complete exclusion of imports should not be recommended by the
Commission unless it is clear beyond preadventure that the offending
imports have, or are practically certain to have, the destructive
effects on the domestic industry that the statute specifically names.
In applying the "substantial evidence" test, it is necessary to
look to the economic posture of Quikey's business as a whole. There
is no "segmentation" concept in section 337, such as that contained in
1/ See Consolidated Edison Co. v. National Labor Relations Board,
305 U.S. 197 (1938).

section 7(e) of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951 with respect
to escape-clause'investigations. Thus, in this case, Quikey's
operations with respect to squeeze-type coin purses alone cannot
be regarded as the appropriate "industry" even on the premise that
Quikey could properly be regarded as constituting the industry; rather,
Quikey's overall operations must be taken into account.
With respect to the problem of identifying the industry, there
is a close parallel between the instant case and a section 337 case
that came before the Commission in 1954 concerning synthetic star
sapphires and synthetic star rubies. There, the "industry" was iden-
tified as the Synthetic Crystals Division of Linde Air Products Co.,
a subsidiary of Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. About 90 percent of the
business of the Synthetic Crystals Division was the production of
high-temperature corundum derivatives, a substantial part of which
were synthetic star sapphires and rubies, the other 10 percent of
the business being devoted to the production of other synthetic gems
and crystalline products. a/ In the instant case, the squeeze coin
purses here under consideration accounted for 94 percent of Quikey's
gross sales in 1959, for about 86 percent of them in 1960, and for
1/ In escape-clause investigations, the term "industry" is used
in a "line of production" sense--that is, to identify insofar as
possible the particular segment of a producing organization which
is devoted exclusively to the production of the product in question.
2/ Report of the U.S. Tariff Commission in the matter of inves-
tigation of alleged unfair methods of competition and unfair acts
in the importation and sale of synthetic star sapphires and
. synthetic star rubies (sec. 337, Tariff Act of 1930, Docket No. 13),
dated Sept. 20, 1954, p. 40.

33
75 percent in 1961. The case concerning synthetic star sapphires and
rubies is therefOre ample precedent for regarding the "industry" in
this case as consisting of Quikey's overall operations.
With preliminary considerations disposed of, it is now appropri-
ate to turn to an analysis of the facts which were adduced in the
course of this investigation, measured against the statutory
requirements.
Nature of complainant's business
An appraisal of the impact of imports in the instant case requires
an understanding of the nature of the complainant's business.
Quikey is mainly an originator and distributor of advertising
specialties, and it markets three principal products; (1) the
self-closing purse or container covered by U.S. Reissue Patent No.
1 24,166; (2) the "Little Octopus" soap holder; and (3) a plastic key
container. All of these articles are designed primarily to carry
a printed advertising message or goodwill slogan ordered by the
ultimate distributor; such advertising specialties are the familiar
"giveaways" passed to customers by many businesses, such as banks,
filling stations, and bowling alleys. Quikey not only handles all
sales and distribution of its products but also performs operations
on them prior to distribution, chiefly the printing of advertising
thereon.

34
The Quikey purse has been the predominant source of the company's
sales revenue over the past decade. 1/ As previously mentioned, this
item accounted for 94 percent of total sales in 1959, 86 percent in
1960, and 75 percent in 1961. The changes in these percentages reflect
in part a moderate decline from 1959 in purse sales (which were approxi-
mately at the same level in both 1960 and 1961), but to a much greater
extent they reflect a substantial expansion in sales of the "Little
Octopus" soap holder. Sales of the plastic key holder have not been
a significant factor in Quikey's total sales.
About 75 percent of Quikey's purse sales are made in the adver-
tising specialty field, a/ and the company delivers the purses with
the customer's advertising matter printed thereon in response'to
orders that are solicited primarily by advertising specialists. The
remainder of Quikey's production is marketed through jobbers to the
retail trade--mostly 5-and-10-cent stores; some of these purses bear
no printed material,while others are imprinted.with various designs,
such as pictures or sketches of public buildings and monuments, and
are sold as souvenirs.
In the advertising specialty field, to which the bulk of Quikey's
containers are sold, competition among products is very keen. Articles
I/ William B. Stiller, Transcript of the hearing, pp. 24, 62.
2/ Stiller, Transcript of the hearing, pp. 35, 66. The Commission
as advised by counsel for Quikey on Feb. 27, 1962, that the actual
percentages were 76.7 in 1959, 74.6 in 1960, and 76.6 in 1961.

35
given away by retail concerns to build goodwill include an almost end-
less variety of items, such as calendars, ball-point pens, card cases,
purses, key rings and containers, mirrors, diaries, ash trays, and
cigarette lighters. An advertising specialist jobber doing business
cn a national basis advised the Commission that his firm offered its
customers choices among approximately 2,000 different articles. 1/
1!,; also stated that, with the exception of calendars, only about 10
1rcent of the items on his list in a given year are offered again
in the following year. 1J Apparently, the popularity of a new and
,Acractive advertising specialty normally increases for a short period
qnd then declines rapidly, to be supplanted by another article with
:'resh, novel appeal.
The sales trend for the Quikey purse appears to have followed
:Lc: aforementioned general pattern, although both the rise and decline
17: sales curve have extended over more years than is typical for most
.ivertising specialties. From the introduction of the Quikey purse
1n'1951, its sales rose rapidly and steadily through 1955, in which
.-ar its sales were the highest on record. Starting in 1956, annual
Jiles declined steadily through 1961, except for a modest increase in
1)9. The most acute decline took place between 1955 and 1958, when
,:des fell by 33 percent. Beginning with 1958, annual sales apparently
:qched a fairly stable level, and they have continued at approximately
J William DeJong, Transcript of the hearing, p. 126

36
the same level with only a slight downward tendency in the last few
years. While the Quikey purse has been an exceptionally stable item
in the advertising specialty field, it has not been unaffected by
domestic market factors that are normally operative in the sale of such
novelties.
Quikey's competition from other purses
Quikey purses receive competition primarily from other domes-
tically fabricated, self-closing purses. Imported self-closing purses
were, for"all practical purposes, a factor only during 1960 and 1961.
Even during that period, imports offered far less formidable competition
to the Quikey purse than did other domestically fabricated purses.
Competition from domestic sources.--Self-closing purses made of
plastic materials and closely resembling the purse on which Quikey
-bolds U.S. Reissue Patent No. 24,166 have been produced and marketed
by several domestic concerns. 1/
Although the question of patent infringement by U.S. producers
is not pertinent to this investigation, information on the production
and sale of -competitive articles in the United States--whether or not they
infringe Quikey's patent--is pertinent. For this reason the Commission
endeavored to obtain data on the production and sale of plastic
self-closing purses by known domestic manufacturers besides Quikey.
1] Seven such concerns have been charged with infringing Quikey's
patent. Quikey has succeeded in obtaining an out-of-court agreement
or a consent decree under which certain of these manufacturers have
agreed to cease production of the infringing articles. The Commission
understands also that legal action against other manufacturers is
pending or is contemplated.

37
Unfortunately the statistics that the Commission was able to
obtain on the production and sale of self-closing purses by the other
domestic producers are incomplete; they cover the operations of only
two concerns. These incomplete data, nevertheless, are highly illu-
minating in several respects. The combined output of the two companies
in 1960-61, for example, was very much larger than the combined imports
in those years. The number of purses sold by the two concerns during
the years 1958-60 was equivalent to about one-third of the number
sold by Quikey in the same period. The prices at which those two con-
cerns sold their purses in the period 1958-61 averaged roughly 50 per-
cent below the prices of the Quikey purses. If data on production
and sales were available for all domestic manufacturers of plastic
self-closing purses, they would show that Quikey experienced an aggre-
gate of competition from domestic producers significantly greater than
that revealed by the incomplete statistics reported above.
The competition confronting Quikey from domestic sources appears
to be infinitely more severe than that from imports. Not only has
the volume of sales of competing domestic purses been much larger,
but the quality of those domestic purses has generally been superior
to that of the imports. Further, the domestic purses have been widely
distributed as advertising specialties--the market area from which
Quikey derives three-fourths of its sales revenue--whereas no imported
purses have been marketed in that field.

38
Samples obtained by the Commission of self-closing purses manu-
factured by Quikey's domestic competitors are in general closely com-
parable with the Quikey purse, and have many of the same quality
features. Some of the competing purses are virtually duplicates of
the Quikey oval design, while others are in oblong, circular, and
various novel shapes; and all of them are sold at much lower prices
than the Quikey purse. In view of the facts cited above, the com-
peting domestic purses have unquestionably been a potent factor in
the decline in sales of the Quikey purse, particularly as an advertis-
ing specialty.
Competition from imports.--As stated earlier, imports of self-
closing purses were significant in only 2 years, 1960 and 1961.
They totaled 4,900 gross in 1960 and 842 gross in 1961, representing
a decline of 83 percent. 1/ The only entry since 1961 was a very
small shipment imported in January 1962 by a foreign trade association
for free distribution--not for sale. Imports, instead of rising, or
showing signs of rising, have dwindled to nought. Even when imports
were largest (1960), they were equivalent to only about 15 percent of
the aggregate number of purses reported sold by Quikey and the two
other domestic producers who supplied sales data. The actual ratio,
of course, was smaller, inasmuch as sales were made also by other producers
of plastic squeeze purses from whom sales information could not be obtained.
1/ These are the statistics of imports that the Commission had before
it in arriving at its split decision. These statistics are based on
official entries of imports reported to the Commission by U.S.
collectors of customs. There are some discrepancies between these
statistics and those supplied directly to the Commission by certain
importers. The discrepancies are not of such magnitude, however, as
to affect my decision in thin case.

39
The imports that did enter in 1960 and 1961 offered little effec-
tive direct competition to Quikey. For the most part, they were of
poorer quality; they differed substantially in size, finish, userul-
ness, and certain other features; and they were sold excl.uoively
the over-the-counter trade, a marketing field that accounted for only
25 percent of Quikey's sales.
The complainant himself presented conclusive evidence that the
imported purses were distinctly inferior in quality to the Quikey
purse--in finish, flexibility, thickness of wall, and general attrac-
tiveness. 1/ The Quikey purse is an oval whose dimensions are 2 by
3 inches across the broadest axes and about one-half inch in depth;
it flexes easily and firmly, and will hold a substantial number of
all sizes of coins. On the other hand, 79 percent of the imports
(4,546 gross) in 1960-61 were miniature purses, 2 by 1-1/2 inches in
dimension at the broadest axes and about 3;S-inch in depth. Only
1,196 gross of the imports were the same size as the Quikey purse.
The usefulness and "purchase appeal' of the miniature purse, as
compared with the Quikey purse, are much less than the difference in
dimensions might indicate. Since the wall of the miniature purse is
only about one-fourth or one-fifth as thick as that of the Quikey
purse, it does not have a firm flexing action and is not nearly as
durable; also, the miniature can hold only a few small coins. Further,
1. Stiller, Transcript of the hearing, pp. 32-33, 43.

40
the miniature purse is distinctly inferior to the Quikey purse in
details of finish and crispness of appearance--so much so that com-
plainant's witness testified that Quikey would face serious problems
if it sought to market such merchandise in the United States.
From the foregoing observations, it is apparent that four-fifths
of the imports in 1960-61 were so much inferior to the Quikey purse
and otherwise so different from it that they could not have encroached
significantly upon Quikey's sales--or, for that matter, even the
sales of Quikey's ddmestic competitors. None of the aforementioned
imports entered the advertising specialty field, which accounts for
75 percent of Quikeyts sales. The remaining one-fifth of the imports,
which also were marketed through the retail trade (mostly souvenir
counters and 5-and-10-cent stores), likewise displaced few Quikey
sales. Only 25 percent of Quikey's sales were to retail outlets, and
here the principal competition came from domestic competitors who
offered good-quality purses at prices much below Quikeyts.
The complainant, however, bases his principal contention regard-
ing injury from imports upon damage inflicted, or about to be inflicted,
to his advertising specialty sales. The essence of his argument is
that sales of .the distinctly inferior imported purses (without adver-
tising) at low prices have discouraged, and will continue to discourage,
potential customers from buying Quikeyts purse as an advertising specialty
1/ Stiller, Transcript of the hearing, p. 33.

41
item. 1/ The only factual evidence offered in support of the contention
is a record of annual sales of Quikey purses in the years 1956-59 by
four of Quikeyts leading advertising specialty jobbers located in
Canada.
Aggregate annual sales of the aforementioned jobbers declined sub-
stantially from 1956 through 1959. During the same period there were
imports into Canada of plastic self-closing purses identical with those
imported into the United States, none of which entered into the adver-
tising field in Canada; and the imports were available at prices much
lower than those quoted to advertisers for the Quikey purse imported
from the United States. a/ From the foregoing recital of events, it was
implied that the decline in Canadian sales of Quikey purses was attrib-
utable to the Canadian imports of lower priced purses of the kinds that
have entered the United States.
Apart from the consideration that what happened in Canada (where
Quikey has no patent) need not be expected to occur in the United States
(where the company does have a patent), no causal relation was estab-
lished between Canadian imports of low-priced, self-closing purses and
the decline in sales in Canada of Quikey purses imported from the
United States. The downtrend in Quikey's sales in Canada appears merely
to have paralleled the decline in Quikey's sales over the same period
1/Amended complaint of the Quikey Manufacturing Co., Inc., pars. 30-31.
a/ Imports into Canada of plastic self-closing purses, including those
from Hongkong, are dutiable at 22,!-J- percent ad valorem.

42
°.4
4
in the United States--a period when there was a complete absence of
imports of self-closing purses into the United States.
Complainant's financial position.--There is no evidence of measur-
able impairment of the economic position of the complainant that can
be assigned to import competition. If financial deterioration had
occurred, it would have been manifest in a marked decline in sales
and net profits in 1960-61, when the imports entered--but no such
decline took place. The financial data obtained by the Commission
regarding Quikey's operations in the whole period 1957-61 point to a
contrary development.
Quikey's total annual net sales--which consist preponderantly of
sales of coin purses--increased markedly after 1958, with 1961 repre-
senting the high point in the past 5 years. Indeed, the value of
its sales was 14 percent higher in 1961 than in 1958, a year in which
there were no imports of plastic self-closing purses. In 1960, when
imports were largest, Quikey's total sales revenues were 2 percent
greater than in 1958. Moreover, despite the expected normal influ-
ences tending to reduce the marketability of such an advertising
novelty as the Quikey purse, the number sold also has been quite
stable in recent years, with sales in both 1960 and 1961 being only
slightly below those in 1958.
Quikey's profits in the most recent years have been even more
salubrious than its sales. Annual earnings in 1960 showed a 51 percent

/3
gain over those An 1959, end earnings in 1.961 were 22 percent higher
than those in 1960. 11 Total profits were much larger in both 1960
and 1961, when imports did occur, then in any of the years 1957-59,
when there were no .imports. The financial data Also show that the
company was able to achieve a substantielly higher ratio of profits
to nalos An 1960-61 then in any of the preceding 3 years. The ratio -
of profits to sales in 1960, for example, was 2l percent higher than
the ratio in 1958 and 52 percent higher than that in 1959; and in
1961 the ratio of profits to sales was 10 percent higher than that
in 1960.
An incidental conclusion which emerges from the data with refer-
ence to the level and trend of profits deserves mention. In 1960
Quikey was still in the early stages of introducing the "Little
Octopus" soap holder in the U.S. market, and in 1961 it began to intro-
duce the now plastic key container. Since heavy initial expenses in
introducing new advertising specialties must beer more heavily on the
promoter than on the .specialty jobber, Qutkey's aggregate opera-
Ling expenses were no doubt proportionately higher in 1960-61 than
in earlier years, and total profits consequently lower, as a result
1/ Because of changes during 1957-6.1 in the business structure of
the complainant--a concern closely held by members of the Stiller
family—involving changec in accounting methods, the Commission's
accountants found it necessary to adjust the financial data to
produce a comparable annual record of profits. This record, as
n'ijustod, includes all returns to members of the Stiller family—
including profits, royalties, and officers' salaries.
a/ DeJonr, Transcript of the hearing, pp. 109-112.

44
of abnormal expenses attributable to launching new products on the
market. Certainly, the situation creates a strong presumption that
Quikey's profits on coin purses alone were greater in 1960 - 61 than
is shown by the overall profit figures that the Commission was able
to obtain as reviewed above.
Conclusion
The statute pursuant to which this investir,ntion has been con-
ducted, section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, requires
the Commission to find, before it may recommend exclusion of imports,
that the effect or tendency of the unfair rict or method of competi-
tion complained of is "to destroy or substantially injure an industry,
efficiently and economically operated, in the United States."
In my view, the Commission has not identified the proper "industry"
for purposes of this investigation. The legislative history of section
337, as well as a reasonable construction of its language, indicates
that the statutory protection is intended for the domestic producers
who are adversely affected by unfair acts or methods of competition in
the importation of articles into the United States; and the Commission
so delineated the "industry" in all previous cases. But in this case,
the Commission has virtually ignored the operations of the actual pro-
ducer of the domestic article under consideration, focusing instead
upon the operations of the distributor of the article, who happens
to be the holder of the patent under which the domestic article is

45
nade. As a consequence, the Commission has before it little informa-
tion upon which to base a judgment either that the industry contem-
plated by the stalute is efficiently and economically opera Leif or that
he effect or tendency of the acts complained of is to destroy or snb-
ntantially injure this industry.
Even if it were conceded that the "industry" selected by the other
commissioners in this investigation is appropriate, the evidence obtained
far short of showing that the effect or tendency of the unfair acts
complained of is to destroy or substantially injure this industry. The
plain language of the statute requires that the industry be found to be
no affected by the offending imports that its continued existence would
be jeopardized or imminently threatened. No such severe consequences
are apparent from the acts here complained of. Indeed, my conclusion
would be no different even if the term "substantially injure" were
ascribed a meaning which requires a much lesser degree of injury than is
clearly contemplated by the statute.
In view of the foregoing, I must disagree with the other
Commissioners in this case and must hold that there is no valid
upon which to recommend that the imports here under consideration be
excluded from entry into the United States.
Respectfully submitted.
jaw
Ben Dorfnan
Chairman

APPENDIX A
SECTION 337 - UNFAIR PRACTICES IN IMPORT TRADE

47
SECTION 337 - UNFAIR PRACTICES IN IMPORT TRADE
(a) Unfair methods of competition declared unlawful. - Un-
fair methods of competition and unfair acts in the importation
of articles into the United States, or in their sale by the owner,
importer, consignee, or agent of either, the effect or tendency
of which is to destroy or substantially injure an industry, effi-
ciently and economically operated, in the United States, or to
prevent the establishment of such an industry, or to restrain or
monopolize trade and commerce in the United States, are hereby
declared unlawful, and when found by the President to exist shall
be dealt with, in addition to any other provisions of law, as
hereinafter provided.
(b) Investigations of violations by commission. - To assist
the President in making any decisions under this section the com-
mission is hereby authorized to investigate any alleged violation
hereof on complaint under oath or upon its initiative.
(c) Hearings F1-1(1 review. - The commission shall make such
investigation and give such notice and afford such hearing, and
when deemed proper by the commission such rehearing, with oppor-
tunity to offer evidence, oral or written, as it may deem suffi-
cient for a full presentation of the facts involved in such in-
vestigation. The testimony in every such investigation shall be
reduced to writing, and a transcript thereof with the findings
and recommendation of the commission shall be the official record
of the proceedings and findings in the case, and in any case
where the findings in such investigation show a violation of this
section, a copy of the findings shall be promptly mailed or de-
livered to the importer or consignee of such articles. Such
findings, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive, except
that a rehearing may be granted by the Commission and except that,
within such time after said findings are made and in such manner
as appeals may be taken from decisions of the United States Customs
Court, an appeal may be taken from said findings upon a question
or questions of law only to the United States Court of Customs and
Patent Appeals by the importer or consignee of such articles. If
it shall be shown to the satisfaction of said court that further
evidence should be taken, and that there were reasonable grounds
for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceedings before
the commission, said court may order such additional evidence to
be taken before the commission in such manner and upon such terms

and condition's as to the court may seem proper. The commission
may modify its findings as to the facts or make new findings by
reason of additional evidence, which, if supported by evidence,
shall be conclusive as to the facts except thrA within such
time and in such manner an appeal may be taken as aforesaid upon
a question or questions of law only. The judgment of said court
shall be final.
(d) Transmission of findir7s to President. - The final
findings of the commission shall be transmitted with the record
to the President.
(e) Exclusion of articles from entry. - Whenever the ex-
istence of any such unfair method or act shall be established
to the satisfaction of the President he shall direct that the
articles concerned in such unfair methods or acts, imported by
any person violating the provisions of this Act, shall be ex-
cluded from entry into the United States, and upon information
of such action by the President, the Secretary of the Treasury
shall, through the proper officers, refuse such entry. The de-
cision of the President shall be conclusive.
(f) Entry under bond. - Whenever the President has reason
to believe that any article is offered or sought to be offered
for entry into the United'States in violation of this section
but has not information sufficient to satisfy him thereof, the
Secretary of the Treasury shall, upon his re( fuest in writing,
forbid entry thereof until such investigation as the President
may deem necessary shall be completed; except that such arti-
cles shall be entitled to entry under bond prescribed by the
Secretary of the Treasury.
(g) Continuance of exclusion. - Any refusal of entry un-
der this section shall continue in effect until the President
shall find and instruct the Secretory of the Treasury that the
conditions which led to such refusal of entry no longer exist.
(h) Definition. - When used in this section and in sec-
tions 338 and 340, the term "United States" includes the sev-
eral States and Territories, the District of Columbia, and all
possessions of the United States except the Virgin Islands,
American Samoa, and the Island of Guam.

49
APPENDIX B
PATENT STUDY

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••
0
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ri
4-1
0
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exhibits.
"***tha t is w ha t it [ ExhibitG] is
e
53
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g CO .4-1 g .0 .r1 g .0 44-
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cl. F-; CI. r
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Q.5 g	
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0../-1 +3 pi C.) 4.3 f-i 0 4-3 .,-1 (Li ;..,
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1 0 c3 4-3 f1 .0 0 4,3'1;7 to .4->
sd H t.,0 4i 0 co ,0 H +3 41) (1)
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g. ;-• in 0 0 iz g 0 r-1 ,g 0) 11) 14 +3
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0 14 ;., 0 40 1.0 CH 0 .r1 I-4 0
4 (o (1) 0, r-I g 0 '0 ca .-, 5. 4-) (U u) -0
= z 0 0-,--1 1 1) U) .H ,--1 co c). Q
'C7.1-1 0 > 0) cli hi) ri r-i r--1 F. 0 El)
(0 0 g (G •ri C-1 V) g 0 n) 0 ..-I -P
ni +) = a) X: 1-) 0 = 4-1 4-1 '.,. ;4 0 4.1 1-1
1 H
1--I r-I =
(t td 0. '	0 -,-+ 0 a) 0
0
0 C: 004-100 0
1; 4.)g W.) P. F.--, g
u) a) -1-4 n-'4 .1-1 01 .ri
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) 0 et; 27 0 0 •H CH 1.t) '10
'0 ,-1
0 P' 0 0 0 04 .g •
r0
1-1 0
(1) (ii ' --4 r-1 tti 0 II, -0 al I .
:-- .c.' rl 0 t. i 0 0 = La tki

0
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r=1 -(4
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This element of the cla im re ads on the exhibits.
rea ds on the exhibits.
1
t-, S.4 a) .0 H
0r. H 0 U) 0 0 4-) I H
al 03 r-1 =
40 0 4) 0, 0 N0 5 -	g
0 0 a) 4-) .r--I 0 .0 .,-4 YI.:4 0. g g 0
44 1--1 i 0) .,-1
..4 H • 504) F-1 -P a) H'a-) Ts r a0), ..p,-i f,.., 0 F.04 co t.:,
tao 0 r: '0 (0 -4) 4-1 -H 0 0 C 0 0 4-4 0 0	•
0 0 -ri 0 4-) 0 • 9-1 (13 H T3 °I
r-I 0 g +) -0
;).°) ) t' •r
O. I •cl -I-, 0U 43 F.F.a) 4-) .r1 F. f W .r9 gb° Q	0 4) Fr RI .ri W 04 g t.:0 P6. 0 a) a	
I 0 0 4-3 t•-n ..0 0 0 1:1 43 P 0 ,CD 4) .,--1 i-i F.
.rt
0 0 f-4 0 v) co --, 0 •• 0 0 0.
•ri 1 0 .1-4 H .1-1 .0 0 (0 r-I 0 id .0 '0 ;I a) O .
Q' 4-1 4-4 co a) a) E, 0 H.0 0 u) FA -0 .-► ctl (/3 CO +) .r4 11)
Cr r--1 •4-1 0, ..4 A-) W CO C.) > .r4 -P 0 c'Ci 0 X 1,4 4-)
a) .,•/ Pi 0 4) 40 al "0 0 0 .r4
el 0-) $4 0 t_1!.) 41 4-,
•--g (I) 0 Cl.. r-I 0 7:1 vii 4-) S-4 a) 0t. to
4-1 _ 0 r a) .1-1 icir)) (0r) .d 4-1 (0 0, 'CI • 0 ,-1 -4-) v) n)
ai •0 •rf 0 Y. Y. 1.0 AO H H H 0. 0 4) C.1 Y 0 0 0 a
H 0 40 0 0 (0 ,--1 (..-r u) 0 o a) o .,-.1 -P RI 0 Y-• r--1 RS g 0.
C.3 a; -4-) = 0) .0 4-) 0 = .ri 4-4 Y. F-o 0 4) .ri = ..g r-i 0 44 0 0

55
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A
•
N
Ej
0
il
r.
a.
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0
a)
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a)
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F.
N
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1-11
r--1
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0
+3
E
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ri:
r--1
O
4+
0
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rf
H
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ci-i
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0
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C9
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(17
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0 0 * 0 I
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-P II (I) 0 0 -r-1 0 H .1:: -P 0 0 ',I.3 .(: 4 , 4-) 4-3 0, c, 0 ki) 0
44 (1) •4 +3 I—I 0 +3 4- 3 -4-, 1.4 ,0 (II : : to-I.L.: 4 ) ;_.1 U) (1) 0 . I +1 (0
a) ‘---1 .1 F. 4:1) ' -1	,7I ,- fl (11 4-( 0 If) -IA 0 -4 ) ,
. 4 _1 1--4 t) a, r; (•)' r -I (0 /- I S-4 -1 ' 0 i '-, 4-) c: .(1 :•, (1) t, .(; co ,r; U)	
H 4-4 i -0 a) .	h 31 -,- +)	I 0 ) r--1 Li (1) -0 r- 'Cl
cd 0 ei- 4 c.: ; J , I I m0 -I tan a) '0 ., 1 in V) 0 c3, .r-I -1-) 0 (1) LI) .1: o. 1: c:
0 +1 LO I--- I g +1 [ : g ', --1 C. 0 XI "1..3 -P U) U)
0 . 4 , -P -r4 Ti r-4 0 +1 a) ca .,-k -P 0 co kJ) (.: -0 +Pi 1'01 U) 43 Hi • .11 -4	- ) (1)	• r-1
-FA p, V) ,c: Si a) Q, 0 '0 s-( 0 4) a) a) 0 .,-4 0 a) - - • a; .0 0
•P Cl) 0 .0 No * .p (r) 0, Cf./ G0, -:)- ',..^, t,..r) 1::: 0 4-, 0 H Ti H CO Ti g4 .c.: t3-0 .0
.. (1, 110U '0 * 0 0 Na) '0 g 0 0 0 ck-, cc) co 0 o r--; 0 $-, 4-)
0 .r1 0 0 H 1-, -1--) Ti U) Cl) •1-1 -g Ti 0 0 (r) -ri ,L) 4 0 .r1 0 a) 0
;..4 (0 H (--) 4 -4-) 0 0 0 b.) a; L. -P .rt .r1 0 C) 4---1 •,--, c,-/ CD ?..:) .c.: -4-4
a) 0. C-N -0 • 0 .0 4-4 W 0 C: ;"1 CO U 0)F.' '>.0 •,--1 '0 '0 -P .,-4 '0 -P 0
-P • • la. u -1-) 0 CI, --) +3 0 - H 04 -4-) g +I F-4 r-1 -P 0 r-1 0 Pi -P 0 ;:i
0 0 ni 0 H H '0 4--1 r-.1 0 0 (0 -,-1 a) 0 0 - 0 ct, (r) (f) •1- " C: 4)
E - ;-n a) r--1 •• H 0 0 ..c.	H 0 -I-) 4-) 0) 4_1 0, 0 0 a)
	(- 4) .r4 T1 0 ..0 . 4 0 00, -3--) 0 t.,0 0 = g F. 0 0 :s0 a) ' 1--) 0 0 'C3
0, 0 0 0 -I-) -1 ) ' 0 h 0 C.) `-• g (0 0 0 0 .0 11. •-0 0 C.:
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Claim
 
4 (Cont 'd. )
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its
 
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•rl
it
u)
E
•,-1
cil
H
0
CP H 7.,
.0 cr) 0
= g
V -IA
.ci. r
8. u E ") " a) H
0. H g H .0 0 7a 5 4 a)
Ei 0 •ri ad 4-) •ri H 0 4-) F-4
0 7 4-1 0 1:16 H iz4
ogcd.ri 0 (ag000g
= al 4 U) ID = .ri tH t> II .H

59
• • -- • •
U) (r) u) (0
4-1 4-) (I) 4-) -P +3
• -4 •rl .4 •rt 0 •,--I
Ti ET-' ,0 ,c) 4-3 .4) 0 0
a) ri .4-1 )/ •r1 P4 :11	V) •nl 4 .r I .,'(1 n .4 (/)
g 0
ai LD ai T)
U) (11 3) a) 40 a) ,.0 a)
•ri _0 .0 .0 -P -0
.41 i) ..F3 F-.(1)	'0 -P +3 4-) •g--I 4-)
„O :--
.4-1 0 0 .0 0 0 o a) o
E	+3 43 0 rxi 0 V) 0
Z ' Ci Ti '0 +) 7:1
a) a) rd cd cc) cd
g g c4
a) -P 0
.44 $-4 •ri P.
(r) a)
f-I r-I
CD CD V. co r ._ ,-, r
.„I co .ri 0 . .,-4
U) co co .0 40 c l ni .4-1 Ill (I
.4-1 ri H 3 H .0 CO r-I
,0 0 Cam) 0 0
4-) E4 co "	
.-i -t a)
4-4 .a.4 .0 ..g o oc)
o • 4-) 4-3 4-)
cr.% H •
OHE 4-4
0 4-4
0 4-4
o I-1 $ 0
4 4-4
ct 4-)
-r4 ..-1
cd 4-1 r, r-4. 0 * a) 0
0 0 a) a) a) * (i) a)
-f-I r 5 E ....... 5
r-I 44 a) a) a) = a)
a. 0 H H H H
a) a) a) .•:. 43)
. CICS 4-) . • • •
0) Cr) Cc))
It-C. -I-1
-C 5 ''' -0 0 0 * .-
H a) H ai H H a) H
H 31 r--1
a) o
to 4) a u, ,--, ••
to • t.0 bo
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in -1-.) t.0
••
Z (5 • 0 a) 1r1 0 r r (1) •rf g
•ri RI (1) .r-i 0 .0
'0 H 4-) -P '0 '0
0 CO .4-I Ti -I-) •r-1 'CI
C .14 g .1-4 •n g 0 0 •rf ,4 g
.ri 0 ,0 .ri :?. --t . ,-4•r1 .1-3
e4-4 ,4 .H cri co 4-c 4-n 4-4 N 4-4
4-) , U) N1-1
u) - • ca ti.)	to
0 00 c0 0 0 0
0 r-I
(G 0 0
E .rf - E a)
.rl F.4 ..g .1/1 •g a) .7-t •rf •rf 4 •r4 •r1
U) rt;) 0 0 U) V) U) • U) 71 f4 ttli))
co 0 -P •r-4 (1) (r) U) U)
(r) 0
.......
0, •0 -IF))
•rl H cd
Q.
4-1 .r1I 0
-0
H •
r E r E-.
(5 0 w o CO r. 0 8, _0 0 0 ,g c5
0 0 -0 c) 0 0 4-) 0
cd * ',.0
g a)
.H * o
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-P
a)Tb
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a)
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ctl
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O
hl
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ti
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0
4)
a)
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CN
'0
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H
U)
ri
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H
4-4
O
O
H
•
•
0 .4 •r1 4-)
tAD .r1	N) (i)	TS co
'-.2 .0 0 9) 0 4-I = JD H c0
V if. 0 • to-4
7.3 t
a)
4
gt, 14
49 r91 •rf bi) +) a) a> 0
o o §
C.) 4-1
H 0) H
H g P
9:3 Sy 4-)
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P, Q., .1-1
tn, 04-) -0 ...0)cti ctirtO \JD
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E -i-) P • •ti
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r
4
cc, c0 . 1-4 0 a) ..g g ,E) a) •rf ci
H U) c.), ,0 ..g a/ 0 4-) 40 0 -0 H H
0 = o 4-) cd -I-) CA 0 0 = In 4-) co 0
g fil g o
•rl •ri	to o U)
0 0 a) 4-> t-.4 A
I I
b0 4-4 H F-4
H .0 1)) (VI .r1 0 H 0
40 0 tr) TS c0 -i-)
a) g •-+ g ..0 .1-1 g
8-4 cnr/ V...4 al _. g TS	I o co 0 o co
H tz c„.4
0 0 1-4 ,
r01 0 N a) U) u)
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. d a) H •ri r-I = > ,C) 0
0. 4-4ct-i " C 0 ri
•r-I 0. RS '0 0 a) co 0 a)	a) $4 $4 0 •c-1 0 0
-.a: (0 0 0., r-I t-. r, H -IA "0 c0
-.7. i-t H	r E. a) a)
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0 cu 0 al 41 H T.-4 (1) 0
c0 -P = 0 E. = -P 0 = •ri (..-1

60
. .
u) (/) 0 u)
4-) 4-) •1-1 "0
•r-1 •.4-1 (11
A ,0 '0 a)
•r-1 •.r1 a) s4
,0 x U)
ill to F.:
g II
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4-) ,—, -4-) 4) '0
0. • o
'0 -
•
O 0 .r-I -P
O 10 o
v) o ,a a)
0) ...../ o 5 4-)
Cti F-t 0 —10
0
, o
rc r- o 5
1') -r-1 C)
11 g ni al u) ,--1
0 H .1-1 0
C..7 0 .r.
+5 in
4-) a) ..-1
•f-1 g .0 4
.0 0 4-) 0 t-4
•14 Ti:
.0 t,--, 0
(* 0 o •
-) +3
.1-4 eTh
O ca 5
E 0 TA
.. 0 4-4
-0 4)	
ioi •ri H 0 g u)
	4 ca T-1 •,-1 at
H cH H .
U) (.1) 0.) cs)
o eel 6 g
0 ,0
O .r-1 •r1 bri .,-I
O H cn co to g .g	
N co u) .,-1 x
4-) ;-4 OD
0 1-1
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r-I ..-1 C..) C.) (f) 4-)
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O k 0 0
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4., Q. U)Vo 'cl 7113 t?1-. , 0	S ,S co g tr) 4-) 1:1) 0 a)
O 0 0. 4-) 0 0 (f) +) (1) "1:3 0 0 .9
0
ca co .11) 111 f-4 ' 4
O PI 0 0) -4-) TS '0 . 1-1 0) 0 E .(-1 ca H CD 0) 10 0.
.4rj :Id ... 2 -° ° 2 2 .--. ,--1 fa. 0	' C.)
• 'Ci 0 a) W H oi ;-4 0...,-1 a) o a) th • - U) 31
V
4-) I, ID +) -- 4) /-I CO b0
‘1) 0 (1) 0. al 0. 0 .0 a) • ri CA c• 4 0 r-i •••4 a) 7, ;., r tt 0 -0 a. 1_, 'cc
b "	3 r" '1 ' V. `2 (1) Ti 1 i'1 2 ° .,(11 r- "U) +3 (9 '3	0 rA a) a) , o ,1 o fa, 0	. ta F.:	to
.,.4 o a)
.1-1 0 H a) .0 ,0 ro a) OD a) c.) I— of 0, 0) g-4 a) 4-) --.;. +) p ..0 a1't . +, u) g
(13 0 r--1 1> 4-) 0, •g 4 r-	-) -, bl) 0 r-- r-1 U, 4- , 0 VI	0 0 .ri ca r ,:i •1-4 ,-1 a, 1
(II	H ,0 a) .r-1 to 0 avo (a ct a) o to . o	o o r4 . 4-4 [4-4 al :g 44 1.	a) .0 .,
o t 0 to ,-, .. •r1 F. 0 -P ;:t ti 0 H -P = V) 4/) -4-) 0 0 v) = 0 ,c) 4_) 0
•
r?
(a
cri tH
6	
r-
IH
	•ri	
a)
1	
rr-i
O
Cd
El
	H
il
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	• •
	..	
cb-
O
A-)
	AO
	AO H
Commis sion 's
 
finding :
 
This element of the claim reads on the exhibits.
'0
.r-1
'C) (a 0 I 1 AO 0 I
a) 10 4-) 0) '0 U) "0 0 •r1 a)
...-.
0 i
(r) a, -4-1 4-1 H • • 4-1 4) 0 ref cd ;.• f-i
WD
'Cl a, c) 0 I-I - V) 1.4 U) , :9 •.2 1 t, "),,, ..2 -,A	• 4-1
4.4
r
0
-2
a)
0 u)
0 0 .1-1
I
.0
0.
1 -1
=
•
0
(1)

,-...
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cN v) u) Cl)
- F.• Cs- +) 4-) • 4 •R 71
0 In
-t-)
4-1 (I ra
O - .0 .0 '0 a) "0 a)
2 6 g- s	- *rj a) I-,
co to
o F n
40 +1 • (1) 5 in 5
• •c-I a, O .1 •r4
0 RI
•r-4 (I) 04 0 0) co H Cf) H
04 CO.0 rg •ri C.) -I 0
	c0 R. O 4-) 4-) '0 '0
.$ o) 0) ,0
1.0 g
•r1 TICI 4 'd 'T
(,-) 43 4, 4-) 4-4
g o g 0
a) o
7-) 0 (.7 E a) 5 4-)
a) g a) g
El 4-)
g a) 4. H a) H a)0.) o. r. r, a) E. a)..-1 .T H •t-I
r--I +) tti a) a)
(r) H In
r1 H	•H • H H • (t)	
11) tio r-I 0 0 a) .T	• r co 4.) u) •-) En
;-I .1-1 P a) a) N •H	
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	0 4-.) -P 0 0 E-n
4-1 In •
bD
0 g g
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*. •r4 Cr) H c,•-n
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c CD 0)
0 5 0 .,-1 0 .
.r-1 cd
O -P 4i a) H r-i .1-1 H
0 0, 0
	hi) 4-, CO 0, gn
co cI) O cti cf-1
0 ca cH
0
	ca F-I •A •re (1) a)
O
•
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•r-1 -4-3 a) a)
+) a) • El r.
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"0 •• u) g 0 0 0) g 0.)	. 1-4
CD g 0 MI '0 'C
▪
l TS +) 8 .,--)
H4 n-I H g el) g en
	H 0 -H .5 .5 1-1 ni .1-1 (a
	= .,-1 ca 4-1 4-{ 4-i 4-4 r-1 tr4 /-1
0 1: •
0 u) u) co u) o) u; to a) Er)
	• • (1) (1) .- "• ... Xi -1-) - 4 -P
O0 F-4 0 0 0 0 0 4- ) •;-1 01-1
U) 0 0 0 0 ..0 0 .0
•r1 -r-4 H H •H bD •H •H LAD .H
4-) tO V) co co 0 >~ .4 u)
. "	•rl = •
u) to tr) .,-1 x (/) .,-1 X
4-1 g ...
1 (43S-1 0)
N Ts a)
•r4 ld • CU
(1) 0 0) 0 0 0 0 ••-i 4 0 •r-1 ..g
A 0 0, C-) 0 0 0 (r) +3 C-) U) 4)
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s-n tO 0 0 0 00
ssion 's
 
finding :
 
This element of the claim reads on the exhibits.
1
I 1 1 H FA
r31 4 +	1 SI 5-4
1 54 a)
A. Pi t-i a) ld
)	r-1 Cli 4-) (1)
'0 al 1 ti) 0
'0 I-I 14 0 g 04 P. 0) ct E u)
a) r R, .f -4 g al ..C:3
0 4-) F4 •r1 0
0 0 R.
V 4-3 1
co 0 5 Tlli *OD Pt V) (I)b o -r1 CI-4 ocl d 0
4-) g 4-) ga.
4-) 0 0 a.) N (I) N CD
435.4 0 63Il i
.0 0 4-4 0 P4 .1.4 'U 'CI H al 4
0 P •r4 4) Id
a) u) +) = TI ffil , 5 49 04 •r-I 'd "0 LI) .r1
1 c0 g
•ri 1-1 0
g co OD co
(0 - 4-4 •rl 99 l 1 +.1 b,0 V cd - cd to co a)
-1	'II 4-) 41) O .H o a) .4 4-1 4 4-) ;
"-T0' 0) 1„ (0 .0 t,) (01.., 4.30 rt . .1:1 bD to obi) 0 0 '00 00 .00
5 H
4-1 r.4 r-I '0 cd H .0 4 .r-I 0 •r1 .1-1 a) 0 CD U) rg 54
4-1 f-s 0 111 cd D. 14 F-1 g r-i 0 rg 0
	0 0) 4-4 -1-1 -ri P Q. 2 to) ." o ot H o
0 a,	.., ..,..) . -P 41 = cti CD 40 PI al
rl g •!4:1 id cli 0 DR
= .0 -0 4-) = 0 N
"A hollow body "

62
a) .
Ai ri)
a) -I-) ta • 4-)
4 a) g, .
-44
g 4, 4-) .14 0 Q4 .0
a) o 4-) a) 0 11
F1 011) .C.: S- I V) Cr)
r-1
4) (1) n-•••
•	ID, 'n3
a) o u) 0 Sr,,
o _
• •
4-1 •-3 -I-)
4.4-1 0
g ,44-1
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:1 '-': 0	(1) ,E ,
f a1
:al ) li
"A
coin container
44-1
g
	tH
	0 +) 0
	a) k 4H
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0 0 4-)
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	(1)
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... .
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g
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f-4
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0 •• 0
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44-1
4r1 0 a)
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0 0
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(1") -4-) 0
El r•-( .r4 c
n
si
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44. .0 (f)
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c.
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441 14 '0 0 ••-, r-I -0 0 o 5-,
,-, 1N
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	... 4) H 1 H
0 CA cH
g 4) 0 0 v iti'	i H 113 (0 1 14 0 g e0
0 A1003 CI -i 0)
0 +3 0 b0 a) ,- in 0
..• 41-1 (I co M 0 CD
ta r-1 r- 0
k o .r-) a) 4-) co 0 o 11 H 0,
4:•- .0 'Of.-4 44 H 0 44-1 ui 04 op
a) 0 as 0 H ttf) al ci4 U) IC c) =
x 0 r-i . r
•g-
rI a) .H a) r„,, -o .,-4 0 a) o H a) Ts r-
cu .0 4-) 5-, a) ..-1 o 0 ca 4-) •r4 r- 1
H (0 0 0, (11 (11 a. 0 0 .,-1 0 Qs m 4-1
0 = c.) u) co co ,0 0 4-) a) -P .4-1 co :-< 0
:	54 41-1 ;-i .. a ) 0
*
.--	0 a) a. • r---4 .0 4 0 4-
:
)
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4 0)-. ri7,1 .„.1
* 0 .._
r-I
. 0 0
g v)	g 0 g
o
t=-- * •ri H 0 0
	.0 co Cll tiTh LO CO
T1 'CI .. '0
0 0 -P al	$4 .0 -P r-I c4 Ct 0
	- ,	4-I -P 0 0 4 a)
4-t (0 .0 '0 H 5-4 bl) 5-4
Cfl SA 0 ri g
0 0 4-I
E	E -.'-r1 ° H E. r 4
N	4-) $4 ... - o 1 Ill 0 4i	, .
Ts H
N
0 c,-4 cr, • H H
0 0 .4-1 0
-P p *
* o to n 0 0
a) o
ai 44-1 * CD p - a) a) g 0
• 0 0 (t) 0 0
• u) 0
)
E
0)
H
a)
U)	cr; 0 ,0 0 Ai 0
cf) a) 0 11 g4 -4.:,
.r-f •ri 4-) 0 (g? 1 11 'iii P
.1
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..=,, u) 0
0 p r8 -0 0 0 CD
0 $.4 F-4 in . r4 01 4-1
4 O. cl, oi :27', 0\ 0
0 4-4 40 N 0. too v )
I 1 r •0
0 Pi I 0 0
73 1 0 rkl -P $4 '0
a) 0. 43 1-4 w; a) .rf
a)
-0 cd 0 ;.-I
,.0 4") m c)
0, 40 0
0 r-I 0 cd 0 T1 4
4c; CO rJ : (CD)
tio p
P. ri
P. .-
.. . 4	14. •4-I
cli rA 0
-
'0 •ri .) 4-1 = •
1 r-I	0 0 CO CO ' .0 1.1
0 0 5-4 0 H
;_tri P4,0 ..c(1) H ct.34
4 .0 P, 0 (4
OCM H -S-rfl ' ;.(1)4 -1-.)a)" 7.--TO
-0•r1 Ei .r4 0 .4-1
$.4 0 H 0 ;-0 10	4i0 0 -1-1 .r4 0 0 W (I) CO g
0 GO .= U) -1-) -P = :- 04 = 94 0)
This element ofthe c laim reads on the
0 4
	PIA 4-) 5 ..0 .0 XI 0 4-5
	4-4 0 4-) -4)
P cr1
.r1 S-1
0 .rl 4-) ;.-I 43 4-) 0	0 • 4-) 4-) u) 0 P (1
0

tl
0
ri
0 :4
q-4
,0
41
1),1
mat
4-)
rl
a!
I-1 H
0
C H	0
0 0
0 -1-›
• a)
r
rl H
cd
H
0
0
4.)CI)
to
0 •
Co '0
-
c: -P
C) 0
•
4-)
rl
.0
This element of the claim reads on the exhibi
rl
U)
.r1
cd
O
• -)
04.1
0
+)
a)
a)
crJ
Commis sion 's finding :
63
Claim
 
8(Cont 'd. )
(1) a)
(r) H
.1-1 0
4-)
0
0 •
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4-)
rd E
0 4-1
;I A
01 0
cd 4i
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0 4-)
t-f a)
••
bo r-i
0 a)
4:1 4-)
(1)
•1-I Ed
EH r-I •
cc) a.) U)
.0 4-)
.r1
0 ,.0
N).14
U) .H
.0 F. a)
a) a)
0 D
C.) Er) 4-)
0 0
0 0
0	et-i ... ..
=
1 0 al 4-) 0 00 4-) Pi
411) .r-i 0 0 a)
1-4 t>.
(1) '0 bf) H TA ...0 .).	g Er)
4 0 .0 ro E 0 0 CD .r1
4 v)
0 o 4-) o -7I al 1-1 `).
•0 iii' t) rti El) a) +) ?), 4--
.H H
EH 4 0 k
.
.1-1 %4 ri a) Er)
a) H a) (f) 0 0
•lj Ed 0 0 r-I v) 0 04
1:1 ca U) IQ •0 C.
'0 .0 .,-I Fi: 0 r., -,4 r. o
+)	•,4 S. U) 0 C) 1, U) -. 0
ca 1.. 7-I (li N 0
n :rt (i) 14 (a 4-) = 4l a.1
0
0 4-)
Er) 4 3 4-4
'CS 0 0
Ed
a) -P
r-, 0

• 0 •
4-) 4-, 4-) 4-) .4-)
r-1 a 4-1 0 .H
X3'
4rI ../44 A g' .04 g. .0
V) .0
r
'X.
C_ ')
0
+'
43
g
o
(T5
H
a)
CI)
•
c \ .2
4-.1
-P
14
o
4)
(4)
44-4
b
a)
,_4-,
0
0
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(a
0
F.4
2
.0
-4-)
4
o
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tr)
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0
..
4i
p
o
u)
'0
Ca
H .4-1 0 CO ,C 0 00 ..0
.0	:. -4-) 0., 4-, -P
1: (a fa, .1--1 r-I •
H ,C Ct I-1 i. 4-1 t: EH
..J -P >4 M -0 0 Q) -I-) 0
P 1:, 1
* •H * ar) 4-, * a) 4-)
* fr) * (1) * 0 g
4) * r0 - * cn o * cn a)
4-1
v
......... F,'.
L = g g = a) = a)
..., .r1 0 H H
C-4 Tri = o = (1)
0 r, • • ..
: '4 T7 1t u) * (1)
(1:: LEI r-1 :11 r'n
g
c; v) •• C.) 1:1 to • • (0 ••
C v) 1113 •.-1 g to +3 hi) u) +3 tap
.,-1 a) g 4-) QJ (1) •r4 0 a) .H 0
c; 0 "4 ( 0 „(3 .1-4 0 .0 ,-1
H 4-) e--, '0 cd 0 -P •r-I Ti 43 •H Ti
cl .1-4 • H •,-1
4-) ... ..0
. -3 -ri W:3 r-t _, r4
o CO 4-4 = .H 4.14 CH VEA c4-4
() V) ,C4 Co i____) V)
44 • CO • H -	• CO - Cr)
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	- r-1 :1 I.., CO C: 14
,..I 0) , 0 -r-i ••, Q)
C, ) ',- - '(7 . C.1 1, ,!-',
01 01 Q) •., 0i 1,
.‘ I Si: (0 (1) . C.; •. -I
... t.1.4 0: 0 -4" 11. 14
01 ) : :• ; ), I 0
:-, -r-I 0 C) 0 7-1 0,

c.
5
4-) 0
0 44
E
• H
	r
r
H
.0
rl
0
1
G
t trJ
y l
• CI
U
: 4-)
C G
co
Commission 's
 
finding :
4-)
ra
a)
4-)
0
cd
0)
F.
a.
4-)
0
4-)
ci
a)
co
Commission 's
 
finding :
 
This element of the claim reads on the exhibits.
Commis sion 's
 
finding :
•
V)
4-)
-H
a)
-P
O
V
cti
0
4-)
0
4-)
a)
4)
co
This element of the claim reads on the exhibits.
8
U)
O
76
This element of the claim reads on the
10 to
•
0;
•
4) 4.) 4-) 4-,
•ri g .r1 ri
0 .
•
V ...0
riJ
-0 0 0
• .r.:O 4_, +-
U •
C) C \ 1 p r--.'
to o o
ii
r--1 c in to
iTi 'ci -0
N cl
.5 '
n)
F 04$
cd V)
H -P
O -I-I .1-.1 -,I
• O III vi
60.x1 H H
O ..g 0 0
V-) M 01 0
H ..C. .g
0. 0 4-) 43
04
0 4-) to 44
0
a)
TS +3 43
c: r.
o 0 a)
ri.
u) a) a)
a) H H
Pr: a.) a)
'0 u) En
tr) ci :A •(--1
•r4 E-4
=
• 44 0 4-., .. ..
6.0 .1-♦ .1-4 CD 6.0
g +) ,0 g g
.14 VI -r1 .r4 •rl
3
cl „0 'CI '0
P r-I V, g 0
-r1 Cxl VI
4-1 = 44 4-1
to
to - co cri
- +, - -
O 5	O 0
r1 • ri 0 -H -I-I
V) +3 ••ri 0 (r)
'.
.0 tV .riti)	u) u)
cH EI
o a) o o o
0 A C-) 0 0
O
d 0 73 'A t>
cd ..-1 ,,,
I	0 V 0
• t._. cu I ,... .. bc) 0 .co 4-) co ,0 u) 0
. 0 cli C cH
..
•
a)
a) o 4-) .r4
N a) u)	t4 1 f4 , g •n
I=") = 0 I-.4 CO 0
O 4-) -r-1 0 ..C. .0-4 .1-4 0. 0 0 H
44 H ;-I a) •.r4 a) -4-) c,--1 40 tic 0
rJ 01 0 0 g ca 4 01 0
a) ct 0 +)
0 0, = '0 cd 4-) ,--- .rl CD $-. r-I „0 ' -	0 1-1 a)
$-, -+-) o • c.) 0. -r1 0 0 0 r.
•	;-1 a) -1-)	.ri -H roc
ri.' 'CI C.til 0 (03 = 0 F.	0 cg, 0 0 cd O 0 a)
H +) 0 - t-4
▪
m= bn .rl 0 CD
H .6 A 1 Cl; 0	ell (1) .1-1 0	gi
Z 4-1 •c-) a,
* tuo c__, 1)--) 2
.0 0 ri a.) u) u) ? P-, q - II0 H 0 0 ;-‘ '0 ,0 'CI r--I N--1
0 = -IA H -,1 F-4 «. .0 0 Ccl r-i 0 (VI .4 0 CO 3 -1-I 44 -H •0 0 CI)
0 0 0 a) a) E C i ri ,C (1) u) S-4 -P .ri 0 0 +3 0-4 (r) 0 0) (I) • rl 0 (1) t>
ca 0 .4 4 C-1	0 a) •r( a. .1-4 -P 0 0) 0 .ri 4-) 04 (1) .,--i 0 U) 0 ,g
H F. 0 6.0 0 4-4,0 -1-) ctl 4-) '0 0 4-) r0 u) 40 .4-) N
-=4 0 i-i 1-1 0 1-.1 cd ?.. () :51 u)4 0, T) (1) o F. a) cd 0
-
•-i E a) .14 u) u) .rl r-i 0 ca 0. Z r0 .ri .ri r-I (1) ,0 0 0.0 V 0 .4 'CI
43 0 a) 0 bt) r--/ r-i r-I I: 0 ( 1) 0 H 0 ,0 0 +.1 0 0 g hp F. 4-) . rt
F. C.) 0 0 •,--1 4H 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4-1 4-) Nr-I u) +) al ,C F-1 fa g .. .ri ca
c0 = 0 ..0 +3 0 = .,-4 4-4 P F. 0 (.0 .,.4 = a) = ai = cd 4-) co = .rd +.) u)
define d in

77
•
c`
0 0
E:
0
5,
4)
•rl
.1)
QS
U) U)4-)
4.0
03
a)
Cl)
O
in
a)
ro
0
4)
C-4
0
(1)
r-i
a)
U)
•H
This element of the claim reads on the
00
ri
(4-1
0
U)
0
0
I Cl)
T:1 1.1 -P
+,
g S.4 0 ,0
(1) (1) 0, •,-- i
E. ,c) u) si
Q) .,4
H u) 1U
0) r,
0 'TJ a)
4-) 0 g -C-1
(f) 05 -p
(0 • 0)
r-I C \ 1 F-4 0 U)
r.,1 0
	- 0-0 -P
q $-, • rt u)
01 a) ,.0 'Cs
E 0. •ri co
.ri H Q. ,-. tll
cll cd ..,:,j ;-n
H CI) S-n W
	:- '
	0 -1-) ..t.:
•	1-♦ to
40 .0 a) - r,1
P.: •r-1 r-1 -+ ) H
•H ..g •ri g. 0
:(1"C ::: lc: - P	'4 -92: r -' ' c 'crsili +3P
H 14 g (1.)
• +3 a. 4-4
• f."... 4-4 5. 0
.r1 0 0 0
U) u) 0 +)
'0 c.', g
O 0 -P 0 (I
g 0 CI -E, .V.
. 4-4 40 0 0)
4-I 0 -0 -t-) H
0 01'. ' a)
•-(.2 ,r, 8 ,, u)
U) 7"..1 co •ri
•H Cl) 0 H ,C
a) EH
1) -;-)
5-. .4) u) -
2 .,-1 •• a • ).).0 hp
S-4 •,--1 a) .1-4 .r{
0 (7• -:' -'P . O ''.
•-r.5t !', ..:,' C',/ - gri •r1
F. 4-4 e4-i
- u) ..: •4-4 .--1
	- u) u)
4) O, .--1 (:-) -	.. -
?„ IC 1 r: ::;; cr.,r1 rit-, - +; :
0
•,-r-' .1-I
.r4 ..-.5
-P ..-I4„' .,-I 44..; 4c)
-r-' 4 , .; .1-) I dr: u)
c-, H
C ..-!--. 1•
(.0.
.,-1	I 0 H 1•,,i •)--1
i :...	4(11 ")-0:: -ij,i) C )._ to 3 0
P CD P. L Q - 0 C)
4-,
0 g C-1
4-) •,-4 (I)
=
0.. •rt 4-) al .0 0 0 -0 .4-4 0) 0 Sr O (0 )) 0 . 4-4 4.1) -P 0 0
0 'U	0 .0
cl = 0 g
.,-.
0, .H 4-) r g S-, 0 '-', 0	4-I	0 U) S- Vii ES-1 , , 9:5 as ',..). -4-) n)
I 0 cif a) -P .. r.', S-4 0 -P . -. 0) 2 c	, \I H
.:4 H b..0 CA 04 S- H -4-) a) 4-, ,C, CO = H C) . r-1 •-c_5 S. 4-) 4-4 H
O 0 S-1 0 0 0 01) 0 0 4/4 7.1 40 0 .. 0 ' r' :,-, r-i c: 0 (,,i r,
-	
o cal 4+ ta a) ca, „D 0 r-1 ctl (1) 4-) ;-4 -P al 0 H 4-, 5.. c._. -4-1 +3 • ri
Cr rA •r4 0 2	4 F-4 n) u) c.) S. CO P 0, a) -I-) ,c," CC.. x n) CO cii txr,
St +) ,c) t---. ,0 0 g r-I •r4 .g -1 ,' --i (r) 0.) -P a-, : -Ho QC:	.1-4 1 0 •4-1
., 4 t, f., , 7. t, :.) 0 0.	0.) $4 P( 0 bp cd T-, 0) H 41)
'4 (1) (1) C..1--1 g 4--I '0 CC ..a V-, ..g 0) u) -64 'U U) 2 `C S-• -P Sr
= g 5 a) -(-) •r1 r--I 0 4-) S-, g .H 0 0 0 0 e.:. 0) r0 (1)
'1121 .)--1 0 .0 "1 4-i QS bEl r-I r-i 0, 0 0) c., fl. F- 4 g S... 0 .1) .C.' 1:2) . 0 (1)
id 0 >~ al .,-4 0 u) g 0 0 a) g .,--1 -p tr., c), ...c: ,C: c \I 1:1 -1 3 kli 0 ...
r d -4-3 = 4:1) ,1.1 U) U) = .,--I 4-4 > 71 ..-1 U) .,--i = C) -P Cl) -0 41 0 0 = U) -4-.)
Commis s ion 's
 
fin ding :
 
This element of the claim reads on the	
Thi
r-
g :4-- i--4
▪
H g 0
▪
a. g g
.H 'CI c...;	00 0 V) al co 44 .1-1 .(-4 CI 5 (1) 0
g 0 a) -4-, .r1 0 4-1 H r4 U) C -P 0
.rf H .14 $.4 (1) 0) H (1.) 0.0 .ri a7C. ) U) Tl
g b.0 0 0 CO 0 TI 0 -1-> g :)-, -0 0 ...c o o a)
co .r-I 0 4-) •,- I U) (-1, S. (0	-rl r-: -ri r-i U)
0 1::
g 0
0 (,--,
0.)
,
0 = .
4-)
.1-I
I-40 .H v)
U)
•,-4 +3 e0
.4-i
,o 1as
C1-1 ti)

This element ofthe claim reads on
 
the exhibits.
the claim does not rea d on the
[ Exhibi tI]
 
is made *** [o f]
Commission 's
 
finding :
 
This e lement of the claim reads on
 
the exhibi ts.
This element of the claim reads on the exhibits.
bD
.r1
4-1
(1)
to
0
0	
Commission 's
 
finding :
 
This e lement ofthe claim reads on the exhibi ts.
Commis sion 's finding :
 
This element of the claim reads on
 
the exhibits.
78
= ••
to IaL1
* g
• s
• '0 41
- U)
+) 0 —
c (9
g 0
▪ 1-1 tO •
H 0)
P. g
o -0 8 ;El
(.3 H
0
I
I P4 Ci I
bD 0 0) 1 •r-1 q-1 1:;) RS 0 I
LT 4 1= g 0 -H I 11) I
g 0 (I) -13 ;A 4-1 /-1 0) to 41 a) .ri a) u) .0 c.) .1-1 :d
0.) -ri 14
./-1 H -I-1 a) a) a) (r) 04 +) tv) a) Co
0 +I co =
g til) 0 G .0 -P 1 '0 -13 0 4-4 b.0 f-t 21 "0 0 c0
O 0 •H ;--I .-0
0. •s-1 +' 0 P0
g
a) .4--) -I-1	• 0,r1g	R. 0 g ;A =
-r1 4-1 u) CI, 1 (1) H 5
tl) "
Q) 0 4-) 0
0 (i) Evi 0 cd 01 ri -1-) Xi 0 (r) 0
0 U) ;-.4 it tFo
rg ° 8- -0 t., ti
0o w 0) 1--1 Ps
I 0 N
...' r-1 1:10 4-4 +) = H -i-' 11) .., 0 0 4-) -CI 'CI C-i r.-I •t-1 bD g olD
O 0 ;-n g 0 g cd 0 a) to to ,ra •,-i 5 a) a) 0 a) '0 1-.3 g 4-I 0 .g
.r-1 I 0 q-1 = .1	4-1
•r-1 H 0 > .0 0 -1-) -1-) g 'a (1) 1 a)	.ri "
4-1 (f) a) q c.-, -1 g 0 r-I 'Ti 0 (1) Qi A +)
∎0 a' H -,-4 0. '0 -1-) (I) (4 0 "ti) .-013) cUto 0". I-4 IA P, r-1
i : w4, JD 04.) T.., I,0 .(.4 (I) 1,-, (d
k, ,e, u) 0 0, H f--4 0 a) 0 to 5 4-) •r1
	H ;-4 '0 03 .r, 5, C r-I a) a)
6 = H p
ni 'CI •r-I 0 -1--)
g
g 0	
cd b0 H f-4 0 r-1--( >+ 3 0, g FA
H g ( W	-0 0 g 01
0 cl 00
•ri •.,..i (I) g 0 0 .0 (0 •L-1 r.: 4	01 s) -00 ...a +3 •pH r_i l ov) a)
O 0.1 4-3 = 0) r . 4-, (..4 = -r-1 4 i r> =
m bD
hD
O
rl
to
O
O

0
0
:r.
F
O
F.
4)
F.
H
ro
v:)
reads on
 
the
element of the claim
This element of the claim rea ds on the
 
exhibits.
This e lement of the claim reads on the exhibits.
79
la st element
•
I u) u)
TI '0 +) +3
0 G •r1 •r4
/4 0 .0 .0
a) P. .1-1 .1-1
'0 .0 .0
.1-1
) G.) X
	Cf c a)
0
O Ti 0 0)
0 C XI XI
al 4- ) -P
• G.)
(V 14 g /....
a) 0 o
- -0 +)
c•-n g s- •ri 0 u)
EIS 0A T.) Ti
•,9 r-1 V:. ,.Q (1) CO
-.1
cti
, co S n I., S-I
•r-1 U) . rl cl	bL) .0 0) - (11
H
-1 .g •-1 0 0 0
;I:41 M 0 0 a)
04 0) •r1 SC .0
0. (r) .0 W -I-i +3
rd - +3 H
CA c,..1
G 4-I F..: 0 0
•r1 0 0 0
"0 0 .4 3 4 3
'1:1 G UI 1.-1 1::
0 0 •) 0 0) 0
G P. g -P r.
.,-1 U) 0 0 0
0 {2 g g 0 0
'0 0 co
'0 0 El, ul u)
(i) G 0) •,-4 ,..ri
	.1-4 ill 0) H
.0 0 E7.n_- 0 E(
a) 4-)
F. 4-) to
o .f4 •• to • r....) Lai
1.-( •r-I (1) 1-1 .1
C1) 0. ^ '0 '0 '1-
0
•	--0 (d t0 •ri .1-1
:= S-1 E 41 4.4
11) •r1 H
	(1.1 to in
•• a) H	-0 11) -
O
-
c::
1 0 •r1
4-3 12;
0 0
•r1 0 4-1 tIO .0 •r4
-1-> .1-1 0 .1-1 In U)
.1-1 tki -P
g.1 r-1 0 .1 •r1
(/)
4-1
in
orl 04 0 4 ri
	4-1 E -P 04 h
0 0 co o. u) 0 0
A011, (O.- (...) 0
-i-)
0 0 0
-1-> •r1 0
exhibi ts.
o a)
c.)
o
u) •
0
"0
'0(1)c0
• H
H S-1
v)
to .r-4 •ri
G (Cl
H
C. (1 (1)
cts
P -Pc-i
•r1 0 0
T.1 '0 + 30)C,
0 0)
g)-n
"a) au') ,-1(1)
a)
to 't
•r1 •rl G •r-1
(11
H
+' 0
G
- 0 4-) .• ..
t3.0 .,-1 .r4 40 Li) tu5
G r-I	• .0 0 Z 0'
•r-1•ri •r-1 •ri .1-1 ; El
0 0 0 0 0
•r1 13:: gl •r1 •r-1 •r1
4-4 = 4-1 4-4 4-i
U)
v) - U) 11) U)
• • 4-) ."' "
O rn ' 01 r. «
0 0 0 0 [fj
•L--I) .4.)•ri .,40 •ur-1) •ul .1-1
V)
v)	U) •,-1 (IS (I) (1)
.1-10 H •
1	E .ri 0,
c-i i-.
o a) 0 0 0 0
0 pcio 0 0
O
4-)
•,--a
117-1
(Cl 0 0)
F-4 -1-) 40
r
( (1.1 P.4 r-cit 0 '0
•r1
A-)
,0 g..4 -0 (/) 0
0 -+-) 0
r...- CI)
n>. +)
l
0 0, ra .4-) o .ri ,-1
T? a ca o 0 cd taf) g-t C0
-Pu.) .0	•r.-4 ...4 0 r-1 0+3 ,40) bi)	F-1
0 h.
.0 ,0 (C 4-Ti 1). 0
4-)
--r. 0 U) $.4,3 r0(I) 0(1) V" ' girl +30
b a) al
uo 0. sl)), .r4	rr:11 .1 11 •,--4
.1-1 col g u) G =
0 •r1
,.. to '0 0`.. 'd c, 2 • `u
Cl) w . .0 00	to .fla) 42.) .r4
• 1; gA F:
::. f -I -1--) '0 F. H -0 •ri -P
4 I 0 (11 11 •,-1 H 4-4 F.
0 f0 cri ii ,.....CIS $.(1, (l.1 4-) lig ) 84
I 1 4-1
I g4 0 "1:3 0
0 t..0 0 0 4-I 0 13)
0 al ct-i 0.. u) 0 40 40 1.
u) 5 4-1 0 ct ;-1 0
r-1 0 fl /-n 4-1 H 0 0 h' -1- )
H 0 0 a) o ca o r0
as 4-) •C :z a) a)
, a) •1-1 '0 u) a) +3 -0
; '0 C.1) ',),-, cti •,-e n) ;-, 0
•/-1 0 +-) (-1 10- n ,,, 0 P 0
J
) (0•1-4 •r4 a) (1) H .4-) •r-4 IA
(.0 . P. H V) (11 g-i •
4-i .0 0 0 (ti) (1)(Pil' O0C1P7 N
Cll CO P.1 0
0 ZS a)
(c) la) U) (.1.) U) :.-- ,.(1 .1-1 11. 1:
CV 0 U) 0 :3 (1) 0 •+3 -CI ' +-1 •rl
0 0 0 (4 4) F. 0 , 4 •r1 .0 F. (0
I	0 .
= 4) 0 4 ) ,i) -1 3 4 3 r:.: er''),
F.
at )), l )
,-I H 1-4 a) :-.1 -,--1 r-

H
4-)
-H
,C
•r-
1')
co
4-)
(7.
4)
5
-ri
ca
H
4-4
0
O
O
0
•r-1
H
p
p
/1,
O
4-)
0
G.
H.
-P
C
0
U)
O
,
F
0
cl)
O
to
O
E
0
-P
O
This eleme nt cf the claim reads on
 
the
Id)
C
ri
C
.1-1
4-1
U)
U)
. 1J
0
Definition:
• 4.
I V) V)
2.1 'LI +3 .4W)
O S. 0 .0
0 0 0, , 1 'd
V: •/ (r) .c 1
(I) .,-, 1 0) 6.•
H 0 (1 1 (ii .(I1
(1) (::
o "(1) (1) il)
4-) 0
V) Fk1 ,f 1
4 )
,c1
-1.-)
(1) • Q)
N O o
•• -o 4-3
( r\ 0 S-• .1-4
0 0 .0 I 2.1
0
5 0, -r--1 N (0
.r-I r-1 P-• .-(-1
r0 (0 FN.. 0
S.
H 0
C.) -P
•
CE.
-.-4
1:0 .0 0) - (0
.E4 L ,-1 c.)
r•? r=1 cH 03 a)
f:). a) -,--1
al - 4-) H
-1-)	a, to .c.: ca
43 (-)., cf--, ,,,
g 1:: 4-4 1 0 o	.:
.1-1 0) 0 0
'LI 0 -;-)
'0 c-1 co C.
a) o -f-) 0 a)
C. 0, •-_: 4-) E
.,--1 (i) (I) e)
4-4 0 -P -P H
O (.2. 0 0
'0 0 0
23 0 C u)
V) s.:: CL) •--1
ll
▪
) 4
•
-)
F. 43 U) ** ..
P •1-I • • (0 • 1.0 110
4-) .0 ;-, f--♦ N C q
04 8 P. Cf) 0 0
▪
0
- P-1 E 4-4 4-1
to :3 •1-1 H
•- Co U) 10
-PCU H (0 "- -
5 r-1 0 4-) V:: 0
.r--1 .1-1 0 0
(-; 4-1 b.0.0 •r-1 •r-1
•r-1 0 •H to (,)
(6 _p -,-4,_,::,' tr. 0
r--1 0 1.• '' -r--1 H
0, 0) H-1 (-*1 1.:.) F.,
E 4' tar F. F.
O N 0, (4 0 0
0 P. (0- 0 04-)
O >~ C
4-) •,-1 0
This element
U)
-H
1
Lac) 1	I I r- I F.. .1-1 cli 'r.)- r--1
S-( 0 0) '0	r- 1
O (, r 1 03 -P a, t s.-. ;-4 4-) H 0
'Cl
Cl. a) LIS E: PI 0
ni a) 0 N-,4 u.) ;.„
• (0 .0 .Cr.)4 F..- V. -1(;) r	i ul m r-I 0	,c)
C)	
est 0 -P F. F. .r-i 19. r-i 0 0 ri -r-1 0 0 0
(0 0
• .1-I 4-4 4-) 0 4-) 01. 0. u) 0. '0 (0 0 F-.4 far
'0 4-) 0 bll rd 411 0 G. 0 ccl '0 -1-1 (O F. 0) 0.,
F-4 0 H (0 ..0 al 1.-, •rl cd 4-) 0
	4-) 0r..,
.0 1
O r{ -1-) 21
0 4 -r-I r '0 1)) • r.-1 ,-1 (I) .,4 -0
0 , `0 (11 0 110 29 0
0 0 a5 0 al
0 N 122. 0 "riw ,r9 .±)r,i U) r- TI	• 4" 1:-.). S..1 (/)(ki 0) c- r - 1°H (T1 a) rti •
.r1 =
..,/ 11:1 -P ..:-. 5'0 ir- U) Q) u) .i.-1 cli cl) „C u) 1-
'0 N N	X ••• u) u) 9.) ?, -p - U) Q) -1-) I-
N (1) 0 ,0 4-r .0 -P F. ..0 4 -1 1.1 Co (0 0 0 r-1 4- i n.,
.	hi) to 0 ro 0 G) 0 (I) C) 0) 04 •.0 C-4 0 1'L
r -0 (,) 0 01 (1.) a> -0 $-n 0 1), ,t-.4 -,--1 0
.r-1 • -1 0 0 a) r-i 0 c.; (-r 0 0 (0 r-1 r-1 0 (1) (fr ai r -1
0 0 S.. S. 0 H 0 p; fy ,c: 0 •r- ) , - / , 1
= .. 4-) -0 0 id r-1 0 (1./ ;- .r1 '0 . r10 0 C/ a) I-1 (i.1 p
tr, H 0 lli
8 to N0 „Li = :, 0 0 N-7, 4-) N3 3 0 4-) 0 n3 (,-1 Q)

Commis sion 's finding :
 
This e lement of the claim reads on the exhibits.
Commis s ion 's finding :
 
This element of the claim reads on the exhibits.
	This element of the claim reads on
 
the exhibits.
ri
0
•r1
to
0
.r4
to
O
0 
This elemen t of the claim reads on
 
the exhibits.
0
P4
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