In the Interest of Z.K. and L.K., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-0775
Filed July 20, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF Z.K. and L.K.,
Minor Children,

D.R., Mother
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Susan Cox, District

Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to these two

children. AFFIRMED.

Barbara O. Hoffman, Des Moines, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Nancy Pietz, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
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AHLERS, Judge.

This is a termination-of-parental-rights proceeding. The family came to the

attention of the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) due to domestic

violence between the parents. Following nearly two years of voluntary DHS

involvement, the children were removed from the parents’ custody. After the

juvenile court became involved, services were provided for an additional year.

Although the juvenile court eventually terminated the rights of both parents, only

the mother appeals. Accordingly, we focus on her.

There were several concerns regarding the mother’s ability to parent that

persisted throughout the case, namely substance abuse, mental health, stability,

and consistency. The mother tested positive for methamphetamine and marijuana

shortly before the children’s removal and placement in foster care. Although she

tested negative for drugs after the initial positive test, she failed to engage in any

substance-abuse treatment. The mother also admitted to having mental-health

issues, so she was ordered to undergo treatment. However, she failed to do so

until a couple weeks before the termination hearing.

Due to the substance-abuse and mental-health concerns, the mother’s

visitation was fully supervised at first. Even with fully supervised visits, concerns

remained about her ability to safely supervise the children and keep her home

clean. There were also consistency concerns, as the mother failed to attend

numerous visits.

After breaking up with the children’s abusive father, the mother began a

relationship with a new man who had his own substance-abuse and violence

concerns. The mother and this new man have a child together. That child is not
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the subject of these proceedings, but that child was also removed from the

mother’s custody.

Eventually, after the children who are the subject of this case were

adjudicated as children in need of assistance, the juvenile court entered a

permanency order directing the State to initiate termination-of-parental-rights

proceedings against the parents.1 The State did so. As the termination hearing

approached, upon finding that the mother had begun participating in “some

services,” the juvenile court continued the hearing for nearly two months to give

the mother additional time to show progress. When she failed to do so, the

termination hearing was held—nearly four months after the originally scheduled

hearing.

The juvenile court ultimately terminated the mother’s parental rights to these

two children. The mother appeals.

I. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights matters de novo.2 We give weight

to the juvenile court’s findings of fact and credibility determinations, but we are not

bound by them.3 Clear and convincing evidence must support the grounds for

termination.4

II. Analysis

The mother raises two issues on appeal. She contends the State failed to

1 See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(c) (2021) (providing as one of the permanency
options available to the juvenile court to “[d]irect the county attorney or the attorney
for the child to institute proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship”).
2 In re Z.P., 948 N.W.2d 518, 522 (Iowa 2020).
3 In re Z.P., 948 N.W.2d at 522–23.
4 In re Z.P., 948 N.W.2d at 523.
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prove statutory grounds for termination and the State failed to make reasonable

efforts toward reunification by giving her additional visitation.

A. Statutory Grounds

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s rights on a single ground. That

ground is the one covered by Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h). In spite of the fact

the juvenile court only terminated the mother’s rights under paragraph (h), the

mother raises challenges to termination under section 232.116(1)(e) and (h). As

the juvenile court did not terminate the mother’s rights under subsection (e), we do

not address that ground. Instead, we limit our discussion to paragraph (h).

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) permits termination of a parent’s rights to

a child upon clear and convincing proof that:

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.

The mother concedes that the State proved the first three elements. She

challenges only the fourth element, contending the children could have been

returned to her custody at the time of the termination hearing.5

Following our de novo review of the record, we agree with the juvenile court

that the children could not be safely returned to the mother’s custody. The DHS

5 See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014) (interpreting “at the present
time” to mean at the time of the termination hearing).
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was involved with this family for nearly two years before the children were removed

from the parents’ custody. Services were provided for an additional year after

removal. Despite these services, the problems that were present at the start

persisted through the time of termination. The mother continued to exhibit poor

parental decision-making and a lack of protective capacity. She missed numerous

visits with the children, often citing a failure to wake up on time to confirm for the

visits. Her visits remained supervised, as there were cleanliness and safety

concerns within the home during visits. She continued to remain involved and

living with an individual with an extensive and recent criminal history with

substance-abuse and violence concerns of his own.6 The mother also continued

to exhibit an inability to identify safe caretakers for the children. In spite of

admitting that she had mental-health issues and being ordered to address them,

the mother had just begun seeking mental-health treatment a few weeks before

the termination hearing.7 At the hearing, the mother could not even identify the

reasons behind DHS involvement and the children’s removal.8 We agree that the

6 See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 223 (Iowa 2012) (finding continued
dysfunctional relationships as a basis for finding a child cannot be returned to a
parent’s custody).
7 See In re D.H., No. 18-1552, 2019 WL 156668, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2019)

(collecting cases and finding failure to meaningfully address mental-health issues
to be a valid basis for terminating parental rights); see also In re D.M., 516 N.W.2d
888, 891 (Iowa 1994) (finding efforts “of very recent origin” to be an unpersuasive
“eleventh hour attempt to prevent termination”); In re K.A., No. 20-0979, 2020 WL
5946114, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2020) (“[E]leventh hour attempts do not
warrant an extension of time or prevent termination of [parental] rights.”).
8 See In re D.D., 955 N.W.2d 186, 193 (Iowa 2021) (highlighting the danger

associated with a parent who refuses to acknowledge risks to the children by
noting, “It’s folly to think the mother will stand sentinel to protect against a foe she
doesn’t acknowledge exists”).
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children could not be returned safely to the mother’s custody at the time of the

termination hearing.

B. Reasonable Efforts

The mother contends the State failed to make reasonable efforts to reunite

her with the children prior to termination. However, this argument is not preserved

for our review because the mother failed to raise it in the juvenile court.9 Due to

the mother’s failure to preserve error, her reasonable-efforts argument is not

before us for review. Nevertheless, we note the juvenile court made findings at

each stage leading to termination that reasonable efforts had been made.

Following our de novo review, we agree with those findings and conclude

reasonable efforts toward reunification were made. The failure to achieve

reunification was a result of the mother’s actions and inaction, not a lack of effort

by the DHS or other service providers.

III. Conclusion

The State proved a ground for termination of the mother’s parental rights.

The mother’s challenges to the reasonableness of the efforts made by the State to

achieve reunification are not preserved for our review. As a result, we affirm the

juvenile court’s decision to terminate the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.

9 Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental
doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided
by the district court before we will decide them on appeal.”).