In the Interest of S.C. and S.C., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-1436
Filed March 17, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF S.C. and S.C.,
Minor Children,

S.P., Mother,
Appellant,

C.C., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Kimberly Ayotte,

District Associate Judge.

The mother of two children and the father of the older child separately

appeal the termination of their parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Jeremy M. Evans of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant

mother.

Cole J. Mayer of Macro & Kozlowski, L.L.P., West Des Moines, for appellant

father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Kayla A. Stratton of Juvenile Public Defender, Des Moines, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by May, P.J., and Greer and Schumacher, JJ.
2

GREER, Judge.

The mother of two children, born in 2016 and 2018, appeals the termination

of her parental rights. The father of the older child separately appeals the

termination of his parental rights.1 The mother and father each claim the State

failed to prove the statutory grounds cited by the juvenile court to terminate their

parental rights and termination of their rights is not in the best interests of their

respective child or children. Because of their strong bond, the father also contends

a statutory exception should be applied to save the parent-child relationship.

Alternatively, the father requests another six months as an alternative to

termination or that the guardianship and custody of the child be transferred to the

paternal grandfather in Colorado.

I. Facts and Earlier Proceedings.

This family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human Services

(DHS) in November 2018, when the younger child tested positive for THC at birth.

In July 2019, the mother was accused of using methamphetamine while caring for

the children, prompting DHS to open an investigation. A month later the children

were removed from the parents’ care due to an allegation that the father assaulted

the mother.2 The father was arrested as a result of the assault allegation. The

1 Paternity testing revealed the father is not the biological father of the younger
child. The biological father of the younger child was not determined, but the
juvenile court terminated the rights of an unknown or putative father. No father
appeals the termination of his rights to the younger child. Any reference to “the
father” in this opinion is a reference to the older child’s father.
2 Removal was uncontested by both parents. The district court found the following

at the removal hearing:
There is substantial evidence to support the allegations in the
removal application. The children’s lives or health would be in
imminent danger if returned to the . . . parent[s] because [the younger
3

charges were later dismissed, but the father stipulated to a probation violation and

was jailed in Polk County from August to December 2019.

The children were adjudicated children in need of assistance (CINA) in

September 2019, pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (n) (2019).

The mother and father did not contest adjudication. An uncontested disposition

hearing was held in November 2019, and the court continued placement of the

children with a DHS approved caretaker. In December 2019, the children’s

placement was modified, and the children were transferred to a foster home where

they have remained throughout these proceedings. A review hearing was held in

January 2020. At this point the father was out of jail, sober, and working. The

mother had ceased substance-abuse treatment at House of Mercy but indicated

she intended to reengage. A permanency hearing was scheduled for late March

2020. In the following months the father obtained a court-ordered mental-health

evaluation and attended several therapy sessions.

Days before the scheduled permanency hearing, both parents were

attending a visit with the children at the House of Mercy. While the mother was

inside, the father was shot at outside the facility, but he avoided injuries. Although

the mother was also receiving substance-abuse treatment at the House of Mercy

prior to the shooting, she was not allowed to return due to safety concerns. As a

result, the permanency hearing was continued. In April, the father was shot and

child] was born positive for marijuana. The family was offered DHS
eligible services to address the . . . mother’s marijuana usage. The
mother has continued to use marijuana and has tested positive for
methamphetamine. Additionally, the father . . . assaulted the mother
while the children were present. He is currently at the Polk County
Jail.
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hospitalized. The father maintained the shootings were random, yet it was later

discovered that the mother knew an individual arrested in connection with the

shooting. After being released from the hospital, the father decided to move to

Colorado to stay with family and recuperate from his injuries. The juvenile court

ordered an ICPC3 study to evaluate whether the older child’s paternal grandfather,

who resided in Colorado, was a suitable placement option.

A review hearing was held in early June 2020. The mother still needed

substance-abuse treatment and was seeking alternatives to treatment at House of

Mercy. Following the hearing, the State filed petitions to terminate the mother’s

and father’s rights. The two-day termination hearing took place on September 3

and October 2.

At the termination hearing, the evidence presented addressed the mother’s

unresolved barriers to successful parenthood. Those main concerns centered on

the mother’s chronic substance abuse. Between removal of the children in August

2019 and the termination hearing, the mother received three substance-abuse

evaluations. She was diagnosed with severe amphetamine-type and cannabis use

disorders with a recommendation for residential treatment. Although she

attempted residential treatment, the mother failed to ever complete it. Up to the

time of the termination hearing, the mother continued to use methamphetamine

and marijuana. In May 2020, she was arrested and charged with felony drug

distribution. At the end of that month, she again stopped attending treatment,

continuing her inconsistent track record of treatment. She did not maintain sobriety

3 Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children.
5

for a meaningful length of time. She also did not engage in mental-health services

to treat her history of trauma and substance abuse. The mother’s inconsistency

also extended to visits with her children; at the time of termination, she had

attended only half the visits offered.

Issues involving the father’s ability to parent were different from those of the

mother. His history contained incidents of domestic violence and anger-control

issues. He was arrested twice in 2019, once for an assault causing injury to the

mother’s sister and a second time for domestic abuse assault of the mother. Both

assaults occurred in the presence of the children. The first assault resulted in a

founded child abuse assessment against the father for denial of critical care. The

second assault led to removal of the children and a four-month stint in jail for the

father’s probation violation. DHS advised the father to engage in therapy services

to address domestic violence and anger management in Colorado after he moved

there in April 2020. He completed an intake at the Mental Health Center of Denver

and attended one session to work on anger management, coping skills, and stress

management, although he declined to discuss domestic violence issues. The

father consistently refused to address his history of domestic violence and, at the

termination hearing, he continued to deny ever assaulting the mother or her sister.

After his release from jail, the father struggled to maintain stable housing.

Excluding the time spent in jail and recovering from the shooting, the father worked

but jumped from job to job. Before he returned to Iowa in October 2020, he voiced

concerns about his mental, financial, and housing stability to the ICPC coordinator

in Colorado. He also consistently attended visits with the children, whether in
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person or by video, and has been sober since his release from jail in December

2019.

The court issued its termination order in October 2020, terminating the

father’s parental rights to the older child under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h)

(2020) and terminating the mother’s parental rights to both children under

232.116(1)(h) and (l). Both parents appeal this decision.

II. Standard of Review.

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re L.T.,

924 N.W.2d 521, 526 (Iowa 2019). Our primary concern, as always, is the best

interests of the children. In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006).

III. Analysis.

Termination under chapter 232 follows a three step analysis.
First, the court must determine whether a ground for termination
under section 232.116(1) has been established. If a ground for
termination is established, the court must, secondly, apply the best
interest framework as set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if the
grounds for termination should result in a termination of parental
rights. Third, if the statutory best-interest framework supports
termination of parental rights, the court must consider if any statutory
exceptions set out in section 232.116(3) should serve to preclude
termination of parental rights.

In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706–07 (Iowa 2010) (citations omitted). Under that

framework, we address each parent and the requests developed in each appeal.

A. Statutory Grounds.

Both parents challenge the statutory grounds for termination relied on by

the juvenile court. When the juvenile court terminates on more than one ground,

as it did the mother’s rights, we need to find only one ground supported by clear

and convincing evidence to affirm. See id. at 707. Because the juvenile court
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relied on paragraph (h) as to both parents, we choose to focus on it. Section

232.116(1)(h) provides for termination of parental rights where:

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance . . . .
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve
months . . . .
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.

Neither parent contests the first three elements of 232.116(1)(h) were met. But as

to the fourth element, they each assert the State failed to prove their respective

child or children could not be returned to their care at the time of the termination

hearing.

Turning first to the mother, she openly acknowledges her struggles with

substance abuse and her mental health. She points to her three separate

substance -abuse evaluations as proof of her desire to seek help. Then she argues

the shooting outside the House of Mercy complicated her efforts to receive

treatment. But she has not actually completed any of the treatment programs she

started. Still, she maintains the children could be returned to her care at the time

of the termination hearing. While a substance-abuse evaluation is the first step in

addressing her issues, the mother has struggled to follow through with any other

steps. Completing treatment and existing without drugs in her life had to occur

here. The mother admits she continued to use methamphetamine and marijuana

throughout the pendency of these cases. See In re J.P., No. 19-1633, 2020 WL

110425, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. January 9, 2020) (“A parent’s methamphetamine use,

in itself, creates a dangerous environment for children.”). Then, just four months
8

before the termination hearing, the mother was arrested for felony drug distribution.

Without proof of progress, the mother’s history compels a termination of her

parental rights. See In re L.L., 459 N.W.2d 489, 493–94 (Iowa 1990) (raising

concern that a parent’s past performance may indicate the quality of care of a

parent in the future).

On top of the substance-use concerns, the mother’s visits with the children

became less frequent and she never progressed to a stage where she had

unsupervised visitation. Her stability remained uncertain. She was unable to

overcome her addiction and show she could be a suitable caretaker for the children

by the time of the termination hearing. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at (interpreting “at

the present time” to mean “at the time of the termination hearing”). Both children

were three or younger at the time of the termination hearing and had been removed

from the mother’s care for over a year. They deserve permanency. “Children

cannot simply wait for responsible parenting. Parenting . . . must be constant,

responsible, and reliable.” L.L., 459 N.W.2d at 495. The mother, who has

struggled with addiction for most of her adult life, continued to do so at the time of

the termination hearing. Thus, we find clear and convincing evidence of grounds

for termination of the mother’s rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h).

As to the father, he counters the juvenile court’s concerns over his housing

and employment instability and his unresolved domestic violence propensities.

While the father frequently changed jobs, he emphasizes that he remained

employed absent the time he was jailed or recuperating from his shooting injuries.

At the September hearing, the father was living in Colorado, but at the October

hearing he maintained he had stable housing with a female friend in Iowa.
9

Addressing the domestic assault concerns, the father adamantly denied assaulting

the mother or her sister and contended the January review order noted his

counselor did not require him to address anger or domestic assault concerns.

Finally, it is true, as he notes, there were no concerns raised about his parenting

skills or the attachment with his child.

If we view the facts through the father’s lens, we might agree he should

retain parental rights to his child. But we conduct a de novo review. In that review,

the stable housing described by the father is far from that. Without telling DHS

about the move, within the month between hearings in the termination trial, the

father moved in with a women who has a criminal history involving drugs. The

father called the recent housing “short-term.” While in Colorado, the father told the

ICPC investigator that he did not want to be a placement option for his child. In

the September termination hearing, when asked what he wanted the court to do,

he said, “Pretty much allocate parental rights to my dad. Give the kids to him on

the contingency that I continue to get my stuff right and get stable placement

because I was already on the track of doing that. I’m still on the track of doing

that.” This history fails to demonstrate stability. Given the young age of this child,

the legislature crafted a six-month limitation for parents to remedy a lack of

parenting skills. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000). Similar to In

re Z.P., where the father alleged his “mistakes” did not rise to the level to require

termination, the father here believes he is ready and able to be a full-time parent.

948 N.W.2d 518, 523–24 (Iowa 2020) (finding termination appropriate where after

statutory time frame ended, there was still not a plan in place to make a safe home

for the young child). While well intentioned, this father spent only four of the many
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months this child remained in foster care in the same state. At the time of the

termination hearing, visits remained supervised. There was no plan to meet the

child’s basic needs of housing, let alone the day-to-day demands of being a parent.

Finally, on the topic of domestic violence, the court stated:

[The father] still denies assaultive behavior towards [the mother] or
her sister. That denial is inconsistent with the evidence before this
court. Until [the father] honestly and meaningfully addresses his role
in domestic violence and addresses his anger issues, the children
continue to be at risk of exposure to violence.

Contrary to the father’s assertions, the juvenile court found evidence to support the

mother’s later retracted domestic assault allegation.4 The juvenile court also

expressed concern that the child could be exposed to ongoing violence,

considering the father was a victim of multiple unsolved shootings and was not

forthcoming about all of the details of the shootings.

Overall, we agree with the juvenile court that the father was not equipped

to have the older child returned to him at the time of the termination hearing. Thus,

we find clear and convincing evidence supports termination of the father’s parental

rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h).

B. Best Interests.

Having found the State proved grounds for termination as to both parents

under section 232.116(1)(h), we must now decide whether termination is in the

best interests of the children. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 708. “In deciding whether

to terminate parental rights . . . we must give primary consideration to the

4 In the assault of the sister, she claims the father broke her nose. The mother did
retract her statement about the assault on her and the father pulling her hair out.
But, the police found a section of the mother’s hair on the father’s shorts at the
time of the assault.
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‘child[en]’s safety, . . . the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and

growth of the child[ren], and . . . the physical, mental, and emotional condition and

needs of the child[ren].’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2)).

At the time of the termination hearing, these children—at the tender ages of

one and three—had been out of the parents’ care for over a year. To support her

best-interest argument, the mother asserts she has a strong bond with the children

and they are “the focal point of her life.” Yet, the mother did not complete any

substance-abuse treatment and continued to use methamphetamine and

marijuana. She also attended only half the offered visits with her children prior to

the termination hearing. Her choices do not support her contention that she wants

to be free from drugs or that her children are her top priority.

As to the father, he has a history of domestic violence with the mother and

continues to deny his role in assaults his child witnessed. Over the course of these

proceedings he still has not obtained stable housing or even come close to day-

to-day parenting of this child. As the juvenile court stated in its termination order,

[C]hildren need a long term commitment from a parent to be
appropriately nurtured, supportive of their growth and development,
and who can meet their physical, mental, emotional, and safety
needs. No parent has demonstrated they are willing or able to fulfill
this parental role. [The mother] has been unable to address her
substance abuse and continues to use illegal substances. [The
father] has not meaningfully engaged in services to address the
domestic violence that he exposed his children to. Neither parent
demonstrates stability in their day-to-day lives. It is not in these
children’s best interests to continue to suspend the crucial days of
childhood while the parents experiment with ways to face up to their
own problems.
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This child and the sibling have a strong bond and deserve permanency. The

father has not placed his child’s growth and development in a position of

importance. It is in the child’s best interest to have stability and both of the

children here can have that as siblings in an adoptive home. See In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 474 (Iowa 2018) (“Children simply cannot wait for responsible

parenting.”).

We agree with the juvenile court and find it is in the best interests of the

children to terminate the mother’s and father’s parental rights.

C. Statutory Exceptions.

Finally, we address whether any exceptions apply under Iowa Code section

232.116(3) to preclude termination.5 While a finding of an exception avoids a

termination of parental rights, we note the factors are “permissive, not mandatory.

In re D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 474–75 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). The father emphasizes

his strong bond with this child and cites evidence that the child required therapy

after their visits transitioned to electronic means to support the exception. Under

the exception at section 232.116(3)(c), a court need not terminate the parent-child

relationship if “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would

be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child

relationship.” The juvenile court declined to apply the exception under section

232.116(3)(c), finding termination is in the child’s best interest. We agree. Both

children are currently together in foster care. We believe it would cause further

5 The juvenile court addressed the father’s alternate request to remove the child to
the paternal grandfather as an argument for an exception under Iowa Code section
232.116(3)(a). But the paternal grandfather did not have legal custody of the child,
so the exception was not applicable.
13

destabilization to separate them when one of the only constants in their short lives

has been the presence of the other.

D. Request for Additional Time or Custody and Guardianship with the

Paternal Grandfather.

As an alternative route, the father requested another six months to address

any stability concerns of the juvenile court. The legislature’s established time

frame for parents to show their ability to be parents mitigates against the request.

See J.E., 723 N.W.2d at 800. Here the father had over a year to demonstrate his

abilities, and that failed history does not allow for confidence that another six

months will change this outcome.

Finally, the father argues for establishing a guardianship with the

grandfather in Colorado in lieu of terminating the father’s rights. See Iowa Code

§§ 232.117(5) (permitting the option of entering a permanency order pursuant to

section 232.104 if the court does not terminate parental rights); 232.104(2)(d)

(allowing the court to enter a permanency order transferring guardianship and

custody or the child). We note the paternal grandfather in Colorado submitted to

an ICPC study to explore adoption of the child. But “a guardianship is not a legally

preferable alternative to termination.” In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2017). Placing the child in DHS custody for pre-adoptive care does not

preclude the grandfather from eventually being able to adopt the child. We leave

the question of whether the child should be with the paternal grandfather to the

adoptive process.
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IV. Conclusion.

For all the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court’s order

terminating the mother’s and father’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.