In the Interest of T.J. and K.J., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 25-1407
Filed December 3, 2025

IN THE INTEREST OF T.J. and K.J.,
Minor Children,

D.J., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Kimberly Ayotte, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to two children.

AFFIRMED.

Mark D. Reed, Urbandale, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Michelle R. Becker, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Jami J. Hagemeier, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor

children.

Considered without oral argument by Greer, P.J., and Schumacher and

Ahlers, JJ.
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SCHUMACHER, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to two children: T.J.,

born in 2017, and K.J., born in 2019.1 She challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting the grounds for termination, claims termination is not in the

children’s best interests, argues permissive exceptions to termination apply, and

requests additional time to work toward reunification. Upon our review, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

This family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and

Human Services most recently in May 2024,2 upon concerns about the mother’s

mental health.3 The mother threatened to cause harm to herself, T.J., and

department caseworkers, reporting that “if it weren’t for [K.J.], she would have

already committed suicide because of [T.J.]” The mother admitted to alcohol and

substance use. The children tested positive for multiple substances, including

methamphetamine, cocaine, and THC. They were removed from the mother’s

custody and adjudicated children in need of assistance. T.J. was placed with his

father. K.J., whose father was not identified, was placed in foster care with a family

that is a concurrent plan. Both children have remained in these placements since

removal.

1 T.J. was placed with his father, whose parental rights are not at issue. The
parental rights of any putative father of K.J. were terminated.
2 In 2010, the mother consented to the termination of her parental rights to another

child. In 2016, the mother’s parental rights to three other children were also
terminated by consent. The order in that case indicates “[t]hat services have either
not been successful or the mother has not complied with services.” The family
also engaged in department services in 2021 to address the mother’s physical
abuse of T.J.
3 The mother has diagnoses of bipolar 1, post-traumatic stress disorder,

oppositional defiant disorder, and adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct.
3

In June 2025, due to the mother’s lack of consistent participation in services,

the State petitioned to terminate her parental rights. The termination hearing took

place the following month. The mother testified that the children “probably” tested

positive for substances because she allowed her friend to babysit them and the

friend’s “mother did meth.” The mother maintained she used “[j]ust marijuana,” but

she acknowledged, “I do go off the handle sometimes.” She agreed she had not

completed a substance-use evaluation despite being requested to do so “since

almost the beginning of this case.” She testified that she was clean, explaining

that she was not able to complete most of the department’s requested drug

screens due to her work schedule. When asked why her most recent test results

were “diluted,” the mother responded, “I didn’t know it was against the law to drink

water or Gatorade . . . .”

The mother testified that in spring 2025, she began participating in therapy

“[e]very other week,” which she found beneficial. She also began medication

management around that same time, which helped manage her “moods.” She

explained that prior to being on medication she “wanted to kill everybody.” The

mother maintained that her goal was to “stay[] safe,” but she could not “identify any

triggers” that had not allowed her to stay safe in the past. She managed her mental

health “day by day.” When asked how she maintained sobriety, the mother stated,

“I work too much” “[a]nd sleep.” She refused to provide her boyfriend’s full name

or where she was living. The mother did not take accountability for how her actions

affected the children and instead declared, “I’m over it.”

The department and guardian ad litem recommended termination of

parental rights. The court thereafter entered an order terminating the mother’s
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rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (g) (2025). The mother

appeals.

II. Discussion

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo, asking

whether (1) a statutory ground for termination is satisfied, (2) the children’s best

interests are served by termination, and (3) a statutory exception applies and

should be exercised to preclude termination. See In re L.B., 970 N.W.2d 311, 313

(Iowa 2022); see also Iowa Code § 232.116(1)–(3). The mother’s appeal touches

on each of these steps.

A. Grounds for Termination

The district court terminated the mother’s parental rights on two statutory

grounds, but we may affirm if one ground is supported by the record. In re A.B.,

957 N.W.2d 280, 313 (Iowa 2021). We focus on section 232.116(1)(g), under

which the court may terminate parental rights if it finds:

(1) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(2) The court has terminated parental rights pursuant to
section 232.117 with respect to another child who is a member of the
same family or a court of competent jurisdiction in another state has
entered an order involuntarily terminating parental rights with respect
to another child who is a member of the same family.
(3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the parent
continues to lack the ability or willingness to respond to services
which would correct the situation.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that an additional
period of rehabilitation would not correct the situation.

The mother challenges the court’s findings that she has not responded to services

and additional time will not make a difference. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(g)(3)–

(4).
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The mother testified that she “remember[ed] nothing” about her prior

termination proceeding in 2010. She did acknowledge her involvement with the

department in 2016. As she explained, “I don’t know. I guess, I like drinkin’. I

didn’t think there was a problem.” She agreed she didn’t complete a substance-

use evaluation or comply with the department’s expectations in that case. She

explained that she consented to the termination of her parental rights because she

“just wanted to be done and over.”

In this case, at the time of the termination hearing, the mother had neither

completed a substance-use evaluation nor “accurately reflect[ed her] use” of

substances. The mother equivocated on how her children tested positive for

multiple substances prior to their removal from her custody. She repeatedly no-

showed for requested drug screens, and her most recent test was considered

positive because it was diluted. The mother had not signed releases allowing the

department to speak to her therapist or psychiatrist, so the department was not

able to address safety concerns relating to her mental-health issues. Given the

mother’s lack of progress over the course of the case, the caseworker opined she

didn’t believe it was likely the mother “could address those concerns.” Although

the mother had begun to engage in therapy and medication management in the

months preceding the termination hearing, she had not shown an ability to maintain

progress long enough to move beyond fully supervised visitation. See In re M.T.,

No. 24-1009, 2024 WL 4502261, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 16, 2024) (noting that

without a “necessary progression” to unsupervised visits, the court cannot be

convinced the mother is able to care for her children). When asked whether she
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could safely parent T.J., whom she referred to as “crazy,” the mother responded,

“As long as his father helps me and don’t just disappear for me.”

In short, the mother has done little to address the concerns that initiated

these proceedings. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(g)(3) (considering whether the

parent is able or willing to respond to services offered). Considering her lack of

progress or participation with services in her termination cases, we are not

convinced she is able to adequately care for the children in the future. In re J.H.,

952 N.W.2d 157, 171 (Iowa 2020) (considering “the parents’ past performance

because it may indicate the quality of care the parent is capable of providing in the

future” (citation omitted)). Clear and convincing evidence exists for termination of

her parental rights under section 232.116(1)(g).

B. Best Interests

The mother maintains that termination is not in the best interests of the

children. She claims “[h]er ability to parent remains intact and when she is not

using illicit substances and [is] on medication she is a ‘good mom.’” When

determining best interests, we give primary weight to “the child[ren]’s safety, to the

best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren],

and to the physical, mental, and emotional conditions and needs of the child[ren].”

Iowa Code § 232.116(2); accord In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d 521, 528 (Iowa 2019).

These factors all weigh in favor of termination. Clear and convincing evidence

shows that termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the children’s best

interests.
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C. Permissive Exceptions to Termination

The mother claims that the exceptions in paragraphs (a) and (c) of

section 232.116(3) apply to allow us to preserve the parent-child relationship

because “a relative has legal custody of the child”4 and “there is clear and

convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the

time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” Iowa Code

§ 232.116(3)(a), (c). These exceptions “are permissive, not mandatory.” In re

A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 475 (Iowa 2018) (citation omitted). “We may use our

discretion, based on the unique circumstances of each case and the best interests

of the child, whether to apply the factors in this section to save the parent-child

relationship.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Turning to the first exception, we observe “[a]n appropriate determination to

terminate a parent-child relationship is not to be countermanded by the ability and

willingness of a family relative to take the child. The child’s best interests always

remain the first consideration.” Id. The court declined to exercise an exception

under section 232.116(3), considering in part “the mother’s threatening behavior

towards [T.J.]’s father.” The mother has not met her burden to prove the custody-

of-a-relative exception applies.

As to the closeness of the parent-child relationship, despite any bond the

mother has with the children, the fact remains that they need a safe, stable, and

secure home, which the mother is unable to provide. Their needs are being met

4 We note that only T.J. is in the custody of a relative.
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in their current placements. The mother has not established termination of her

rights will be detrimental to the children.

D. Additional Time

The mother also contends the court should have granted her a six-month

extension “for continued work and planning for return.” See Iowa Code

§§ 232.117(5), 232.104(2)(b) (permitting the court to grant an extension to work

toward reunification if “the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will

no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period”). The court found

that a six-month extension would not change the outcome, and we concur. As the

caseworker opined:

So when we look at recommending termination, one of the
things we ask ourselves is: Would it be reasonably likely, given a six-
month extension, that the parent would be able to have the children
back in their care safely?
And in this specific case, it does not seem reasonably likely
due to the fact that [the mother] . . . has been engaged in mental
health services for approximately four to five months, and her
therapist says there’s been moderate improvements.
And the things that she’s working on are processing and
coping living without her children, but also working on recognizing
emotions and—I don’t know the exact quote—but it was like
regulation, I think, of emotions.
So with just moderate improvement in that time span, I don’t
see how in six months she could reach the type of improvement we
look for where she could safely parent the children.
There’s also been, oh, goodness, one, two, three, four, five,
six, seven, eight, nine drug screen requests at this time, which have
all been considered positive since they were not completed, as well
as the recent drug screen that was completed that was diluted; which
is considered positive.
So there would be ongoing concerns of substance use and—
that have not been addressed, and I don’t see—foresee it being likely
within six months that she could address those concerns.

Under this record, we find a six-month extension for reunification efforts is not

appropriate.
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IV. Conclusion

Having found the statutory grounds satisfied, termination is in the children’s

best interests, a permissive exception should not be applied to preclude

termination, and no extension is warranted, we affirm termination of the mother’s

parental rights to these children.

AFFIRMED.