State of Iowa v. Octavius Zenus Sallis

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1588
Filed April 9, 2025

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

OCTAVIUS ZENUS SALLIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Meghan Corbin,

Judge.

A defendant appeals his conviction for homicide by vehicle, challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence. AFFIRMED.

Christopher A. Clausen of Clausen Law Office, Ames, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

Considered without oral argument by Greer, P.J., and Langholz and

Sandy, JJ.
2

SANDY, Judge.

Octavius Sallis appeals his conviction for homicide by vehicle by operating

while intoxicated in violation of Iowa Code section 707.6A(1) (2023), challenging

the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction. Specifically, he asserts

the evidence was insufficient to establish that (1) he was intoxicated while driving

and (2) his intoxication caused the death of the victim.

Because we conclude the jury’s verdict is supported by substantial

evidence, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

At around 8:30 p.m. on May 18, 2022, Sallis was traveling in his Dodge

Journey westbound on Kimberly Road in Davenport. As he approached the four-

way intersection of Kimberly Road and Fairmount Street, Sallis merged into the

left turn lane to turn left onto Fairmount Street. This intersection is controlled by

traffic lights on each side.

At the time Sallis attempted to turn left onto Fairmount Street, the lights for

traffic traveling eastbound and westbound on Kimberly Road were solid green,

meaning vehicles turning left on either side were required to yield to oncoming

traffic. However, Sallis rolled through the intersection at a speed of seventeen

miles per hour and failed to yield to oncoming traffic. As he turned left through the

intersection, Sallis’s vehicle collided with a motorcycle driven by Michael Vickers.

The collision sent Vickers and his motorcycle soaring through the air. Vickers

landed nearly sixty feet from the point of impact with Sallis’s vehicle. Vickers

suffered multiple blunt force injuries from the collision, including severe injuries to
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his head, chest, and abdomen area. He succumbed to these injuries shortly

thereafter.

Within minutes of the collision, multiple police officers with the Davenport

Police Department were dispatched to the scene. One of those officers was Officer

Justin Adams. After Officer Adams arrived on scene, he immediately approached

Sallis’s vehicle to check on him. Officer Adams found Sallis sitting slouched and

dazed in the driver’s seat. A deployed airbag was hanging down from the steering

wheel. One bystander who witnessed the accident told Officer Adams he believed

Sallis lost consciousness immediately after the collision. Officer Adams advised

Sallis that he should go to the hospital to be checked out if he had lost

consciousness, but Sallis declined transportation to the hospital.

Officer Adams then asked Sallis for information on what had occurred. As

Officer Adams testified at trial, Sallis reported “he was traveling westbound on

Kimberly, he was going to take a—turn left onto Fairmount Street to head south,

and he had a green light but no green arrow, and then the motorcycle was coming

eastbound on Kimberly from the west.”

As Officer Adams was talking with Sallis, he began to suspect Sallis was

intoxicated. According to Officer Adams, Sallas had “bloodshot/watery eyes, slow,

lethargic movements.” Another officer described Sallis as having a “slow,

methodical” demeanor and “deliberate and slow speech.” After speaking with

several eyewitnesses, Officer Adams asked Sallis if he would consent to field

sobriety testing. Sallis agreed.
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Officer Adams conducted three field sobriety tests. He first had Sallis

perform the horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test. Officers Adams described the test in

his testimony:

So the procedure starts with him standing with his legs straight, his
arms at his side, straight up. It tests the involuntary eye movement
of impaired drivers. Specifically, under alcohol, they typically have,
or should have, nystagmus, which is the involuntary eye movement.
I stand about a foot away, with my finger—I always use my
finger as the point for him to look at, about a foot away from his face
as well. There’s four steps. One is to test pupil size and to make
sure he’s tracking the finger; and the next one is to look for smooth
pursuit, making sure the eyes are following the finger smoothly; and
there’s nystagmus at max deviation, and nystagmus onset prior to
forty-five degrees.

Officer Adams added that the horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test evaluates six

possible clues of impairment. A score of four out of six indicates an individual is

impaired. Sallis “scored six out of six.”

The next test Sallis performed was the walk-and-turn test. Officer Adams

testified that during this test, individuals “take nine steps down the line, are

supposed to take a turn by taking a series of small steps, and then another nine

steps back down the line.” Sallis was instructed to do this with his arms at his side

throughout the test. Officer Adams stated there are eight possible clues of

impairment the walk-and-turn test attempts to discern and that a score of two out

of eight indicates impairment. Sallis scored five out of eight. Officer Adams

described Sallis’s balance as “poor” during the test. According to Officer Adams,

Sallis

stepped off the line prior to starting, which is a clue. He stepped off
the line going both directions, the first nine steps and the second nine
steps. On the first nine steps, he raised one of his arms greater than
six inches. He also counted ten steps on the first nine instead of nine
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steps. And I believe he missed heel to toe greater than half an inch
on both directions.

Lastly, Officer Adams had Sallis perform the one-leg stand test. He testified that

this test

starts as the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, with both feet together,
legs straight, arms at their side. They are then instructed to raise
their foot approximately six inches off the ground, with their foot
pointed straight, so that way their bottom of their foot is parallel to the
ground, and then they are instructed to count to thirty seconds.

Officer Adams stated Sallis scored “a two out of four” on the test, indicating

impairment. Officer Adams observed Sallis “swaying and hopping” during the test.

Due to Sallis failing the field sobriety tests, Officer Adams believed he was

intoxicated. Following the tests, Sallis requested to be transported to the hospital.

Prior to Sallis being transported to the hospital, Officer Adams requested

evaluation by a drug recognition expert (DRE). Iowa State Trooper James

Lancaster—a certified DRE—was subsequently dispatched to the scene to

perform an evaluation. Trooper Lancaster testified that DREs are

brought in after the fact, if, say, for instance a, a subject’s out on the
road and they find that they’re impaired after doing the three battery
standard field sobriety tests but they don’t have any alcohol in their
system or they can rule alcohol out, then they would ask a DRE to
come in and evaluate the subject. If the subject cooperates, we do
a twelve-step process. We call it a DRE evaluation. At the end of
the DRE evaluation, I form an opinion on what drug is in his body, or
her body, and what’s impairing him at that time.

Before Trooper Lancaster could begin his evaluation, Sallis was loaded into an

ambulance to be transported to the hospital. However, Trooper Lancaster spoke

briefly with Sallis in the ambulance before he was transported to the hospital.

While speaking with Sallis in the back of the ambulance, Trooper Lancaster noticed

“a moderate odor of alcohol—of an alcoholic beverage coming from his person.”
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Trooper Lancaster subsequently followed the ambulance to the hospital. At the

hospital, he asked Sallis to consent to a DRE evaluation. Sallis agreed.

Trooper Lancaster first had Sallis perform the modified Romberg test, which

asks an individual to stand with their feet together, tilt their head backwards, close

their eyes, and estimate the passage of thirty seconds. Trooper Lancaster testified

certain categories of drugs “will slow the body down, speed the body up, so that

thirty seconds helps us determine if they’re sped up or slowed down.” Sallis

estimated the passage of thirty seconds in approximately thirty-two seconds. But

during the test, Trooper Lancaster observed “eyelid tremors and body tremors,”

indicating impairment.

Trooper Lancaster next performed the horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test.

During this test, Trooper Clary identified four out of six possible clues of

impairment. According to Trooper Lancaster, Sallis “showed lack of smooth

pursuit and distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation.” Trooper

Lancaster also noted Sallis had “bloodshot/watery eyes.”

Trooper Lancaster then performed an oral cavity search to assess whether

Sallis had recently used drugs. During the oral cavity search, he noticed a “very

strong” odor of marijuana emanating from Sallis. In his words, “I could smell

another strong odor of alcohol, but it was being overwhelmed by an odor of

marijuana.” Trooper Lancaster also observed a “green coating” and “some heat

bumps” on Sallis’s tongue. Trooper Lancaster testified these indicated Sallis had

recently smoked marijuana.

Following these tests, Trooper Lancaster spoke extensively with Sallis on

what had occurred that day prior to the accident. While talking with Sallis, he
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noticed his speech was “[m]umbled and slurred.” During their conversation, Sallis

admitted to being “an avid user of marijuana and that he consumed marijuana

about three hours prior to driving that day.” Trooper Lancaster testified that the

effects of marijuana use typically last about two to three hours. Sallis also

disclosed “that about that same time [as he used marijuana] he had a twenty-five-

ounce can of Bud Ice.” Based off Sallis’s test results and statements, Trooper

Lancaster testified that he believed Sallis was under the influence of marijuana

and alcohol.

While Trooper Lancaster was performing a DRE evaluation with Sallis,

Officer Adams applied for and received a search warrant to extract a sample of

Sallis’s blood and urine. A blood and urine sample were extracted from Sallis at

the hospital just before midnight. These samples were subsequently sent to the

Iowa Department of Criminal Investigation Criminalists (DCI) laboratory for

testing.1 Testing of Sallis’s urine sample revealed the presence of metabolites of

amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. Additionally, cocaine and marijuana

metabolites were found in Sallis’s blood sample. Testing of Sallis’s blood sample

disclosed he had a blood alcohol concentration of .142 at the time of extraction—

well above the legal limit. See Iowa Code § 321J.2(1)(b) (providing that the legal

limit in Iowa is “an alcohol concentration of .08 or more.”).

1 Madison Martin—a DCI criminalist—testified at Sallis’s trial concerning the
difference between blood and urine samples. As she explained, “[s]o the blood
specimen is a sample that’s looking at more recent use, so the last few hours,
versus a urine specimen is going to be looking at use in the last few days, so it
could have been three or four days for that specimen.”
8

Sallis was subsequently arrested and charged by trial information with

homicide by vehicle by operating while intoxicated; operating while intoxicated,

third offense; possession of a controlled substance, third or subsequent offense;

and unlawful possession of a prescription drug. Sallis entered into a plea

agreement with the State and pled guilty to possession of a controlled substance

and unlawful possession of a prescription drug. He proceeded to a jury trial on the

counts of homicide by vehicle by operating while intoxicated and operating while

intoxicated. A jury convicted him on both counts.2

This appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

“Sufficiency of the evidence claims are reviewed for correction of errors at

law, and we will uphold a verdict if substantial evidence supports it.” State v.

Wickes, 910 N.W.2d 554, 563 (Iowa 2018) (citation omitted). “Substantial

evidence exists when the evidence ‘would convince a rational fact finder the

defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Buman, 955 N.W.2d 215,

219 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted). “We view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State, ‘including legitimate inferences and presumptions that may

fairly and reasonably be deduced from the record evidence.’” State v. Tipton, 897

N.W.2d 653, 692 (Iowa 2017) (citation omitted).

III. Analysis

The jury was instructed that to find Sallis guilty of homicide by vehicle by

operating while intoxicated the State was required to prove:

2 Because operating while intoxicated is a lesser-included offense of homicide by

vehicle by operating while intoxicated, Sallis’s convictions on these counts merged.
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1. On or about the 18th day of May, 2022, the defendant
operated a motor vehicle.
2. At that time, the defendant either:
a. was under the influence of alcohol or a drug or a
combination of such substances; or
b. had an alcohol concentration of .08 or more, or
c. had any amount of a controlled substance present in his
system as measured in the defendant’s blood or urine.
It is not necessary for all jurors to agree to just (a) or (b) or (c).
It is only necessary that each juror agrees to at least one of these
three alternatives.
3. The defendant’s act or acts set out in Elements 1 and 2
unintentionally caused the death of Michael Vickers. Cause is
established if the defendant act or acts set out in Elements 1 and 2
were a substantial factor in bringing about the death of Michael
Vickers, and the death of Michael Vickers would not have happened
except for those acts.

On appeal, Sallis contends the evidence was insufficient to show that “he was

impaired, and if he was impaired, that the impairment caused the unintentional

death of the decedent.” He goes on to argue “there is no evidence in the record

to support that he was impaired or that his impairment caused Michael Vicker[s]’s

death. There is no evidence to support Michael’s Vicker[s]’s death would not have

occurred absent impairment, if any was proven.” We disagree with Sallis on both

points and conclude substantial evidence supports the jury’s conclusions that he

was intoxicated and that his intoxicated driving caused Vickers’s death.

Beginning with Sallis’s intoxication argument, “Iowa’s homicide-by-

intoxicated-operation statute makes it a crime to unintentionally cause someone’s

death ‘by operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, as prohibited by

section 321J.2.’” State v. Johnson, 950 N.W.2d 232, 236 (Iowa 2020) (quoting

Iowa Code § 707.6A(1)). “The definition of ‘intoxicated’ means a person is under

the influence of alcohol or drugs (or some combination of them), has a blood

alcohol content .08 or greater, or has any amount of a controlled substance present
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as measured in a blood or urine test.” Id. (emphasis added) (citing Iowa Code

§ 321J.2).

Here, there was substantial evidence Sallis was intoxicated within the

meaning of section 321J.2. The State presented evidence that Sallis’s urine

sample contained metabolites of amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. The

State also presented evidence that Sallis’s blood contained metabolites of cocaine

and marijuana. This evidence alone was sufficient to establish Sallis was

intoxicated at the time he was driving. See Iowa Code § 321J.2(1)(c) (providing

an individual operates a vehicle while intoxicated if “any amount of a controlled

substance is present in the person, as measured in the person’s blood or urine.”

(emphasis added)).

Additionally, the State presented substantial evidence that Sallis had a

blood alcohol concentration of .08 or greater at the time he was driving. See id.

§ 321J.2(1)(b) (providing that a person is operating a vehicle while intoxicated if

they are driving with “an alcohol concentration of .08 or more”). Sallis admitted to

Trooper Lancaster that he drank at least one twenty-five-ounce beer about three

hours prior to driving. The jury was also presented with evidence that at the time

Sallis’s blood sample was extracted, his blood alcohol concentration was .142

grams of alcohol per one hundred of milliliters of blood—well over the legal limit.

Sallis’s blood sample was extracted nearly three hours after the accident. The jury

heard testimony from James Bleskacek—a DCI criminalist who performed an

alcohol analysis of Sallis’s blood sample—that, “[o]n average, a person eliminates

alcohol at a range of around .015 to .019 grams of alcohol per hour.” Thus, the
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jury could reasonably infer that Sallis’s blood alcohol concentration was well over

.08 at the time he was driving.

Further, there was substantial evidence Sallis was under the influence of

alcohol while driving. See id. § 321J.2(1)(a) (providing that an individual operates

a vehicle while intoxicated if they are “under the influence of an alcoholic

beverage”). Sallis admitted to having at least twenty-five ounces of beer three

hours prior to driving. Two police officers observed that Sallis had

“bloodshot/watery eyes.” Officer Adams testified that Sallis had “slow, lethargic

movements” and displayed “poor” balance during field sobriety testing. Trooper

Lancaster testified that his speech was “[m]umbled and slurred.”

Based partly on these observations, both officers testified they believed

Sallis was intoxicated, with Trooper Lancaster opining that Sallis was under the

influence of alcohol. See State v. Shannon, No. 17-0717, 2018 WL 1182561, at *2

(Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2018) (finding an officer’s observations of signs of

impairment provides substantial evidence that a defendant was under the

influence); see also State v. Blake, No. 15-1771, 2016 WL 4384253, at *2 (Iowa

Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2016) (“The court may also consider an officer’s opinion

regarding another person’s sobriety.”). Moreover, Sallis failed three field sobriety

tests. See State v. Bunce, No. 13-1024, 2014 WL 1494961, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.

Apr. 16, 2014) (“Field sobriety tests allow officers to assess whether a driver is

under the influence of alcohol.”). For the foregoing reasons, we conclude

substantial evidence supports the jury’s determination that Sallis was intoxicated.

Moving onto Sallis’s causation argument, to convict a defendant of homicide

by vehicle the State “must prove a causal connection between the defendant’s
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intoxicated driving and the victim’s death.” State v. Adams, 810 N.W.2d 365, 371

(Iowa 2012). This type of causation is known as “factual causation.” Id. at 372.

“The determination of factual causation turns simply on whether ‘the harm would

not have occurred absent the [defendant’s] conduct.’” Id. (citation omitted).

Applying these principles, we conclude there is substantial evidence to

support the jury’s determination that Sallis’s intoxicated driving caused Vickers’s

death. Sallis admitted to Trooper Lancaster that he consumed alcohol and

marijuana three hours prior to driving. Additionally, he all but admitted to Officer

Adams that he failed to yield to oncoming traffic, which resulted in the collision with

Vickers’s motorcycle. Such admissions provide substantial evidence for the jury

to conclude Vicker’s death would not have occurred absent Sallis’s intoxicated

driving. See State v. Hernandez-Mendoza, No. 18-0083, 2019 WL 1932539, at *2

(Iowa Ct. App. May 1, 2019) (concluding the defendant’s admissions to consuming

alcohol and marijuana prior to driving and driving his vehicle off the road—leading

to the victim’s death—provided substantial evidence of factual causation).

Further, the jury heard testimony from Justin Grodnitzky—a DCI

criminalist—that alcohol generally impairs a person’s judgment and ability to drive.

He also testified that marijuana use would have a similar effect. He added that

alcohol and marijuana generally interact negatively to affect driving. Moreover, he

referenced “epidemiological studies” in his testimony that show an individual is

twenty-three times more likely to be involved in a fatal crash if they have alcohol

and marijuana in their system at the time. This evidence—combined with the

evidence concerning Sallis’s intoxication—provides substantial evidence to

support the jury’s conclusion that Sallis’s intoxicated driving caused Vickers’s
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death. See State v. Schaul, No. 15-0466, 2016 WL 2745934, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App.

May 11, 2016) (concluding evidence of a defendant’s intoxication combined with

an expert’s testimony that “blood alcohol content as low as .05 can result in lack

of coordination, slowed reaction time, diminished ability to pay attention,

decreased peripheral vision, and a slower ability to adapt to changes in light”

constituted substantial evidence of factual causation).

Accordingly, we conclude the jury’s verdict was supported by substantial

evidence.

IV. Conclusion

Because we conclude Sallis’s conviction is supported by substantial

evidence, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.