Michael McKee and Diane McKee v. City of Council Bluffs

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-2061
Filed October 30, 2024

MICHAEL MCKEE and DIANE MCKEE,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

vs.

CITY OF COUNCIL BLUFFS,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County,

Michael Hooper, Judge.

Property owners appeal a district court decision denying them relief in a

dispute over surface water drainage. AFFIRMED.

Dane J. Schumann of Capitol Counsel, PLLC, Urbandale, for appellant.

Malina M. Dobson, Assistant City Attorney, Council Bluffs, for appellee.

Heard by Schumacher, P.J., Badding, J., and Chicchelly, J.
2

BADDING, Judge.

This is Michael and Diane McKee’s second appeal in a dispute over surface

water drainage from Simms Avenue—a road owned by the City of Council Bluffs

that abuts the McKees’ lower-lying land. In their first appeal, we reversed the

district court’s grant of summary judgment for the City on the McKees’ claims for

declaratory or mandamus relief, private nuisance, and pure nuisance and

remanded for further proceedings. McKee v. City of Council Bluffs, No. 21-1117,

2022 WL 2160681, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 15, 2022). After a bench trial on

remand, the court found the McKees’ “property, for drainage purposes, has always

been the servient estate to the higher-lying land surrounding it,” including Simms

Avenue. But the court determined the City was not responsible for the damage

the McKees claim their property has suffered from the surface water drainage and

dismissed their claims against the City. We affirm that ruling.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Some of the basic facts giving rise to this drainage dispute were laid out in

our opinion reversing the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the City:

In 1987, the McKees purchased real property situated north
of and abutting Simms Avenue. Simms Avenue is now owned by the
City. According to the amended petition, the McKees’ home is
located “down a lane a few hundred yards away from Simms
Avenue” and, when they purchased the property, “a small amount of
drainage from Simms Avenue ran into a small ditch parallel with the
McKees’ lane that accessed their home” and this “drainage channel
continued North, passing under the McKee’s driveway and then
meandering downstream until crossing the McKees’ Northern
property line.”

Id. at *1.
3

At trial, Michael described this historic drainage path—which he said has

been the same “since the beginning of time”—as a small swale that ran “north

along the east side of the driveway until it encountered an 18-inch tube across the

driveway, east to west, and allowed the water to another swale to reach its final

course it wanted to go, to the north.” Michael testified the swale was only about a

foot deep and “not even three feet” wide. Between 1987 and 1992, Michael said

the swale handled every rainfall and did not erode. That changed, according to

both McKees, in 1992 when they sold the south two acres of their fourteen-acre

property to a land developer. As we set out in our opinion from the first appeal,

which testimony and evidence at the trial confirmed,

Beginning in early 1992, the McKees entered into a purchase
agreement and various addendums to sell a southern strip of their
property abutting the north side of Simms Avenue to Duggan Land
Development, Inc. (Duggan)—which Duggan would develop as a
single-family subdivision called Northern Oaks—with the McKees
retaining a right of way to Simms Avenue for their driveway. The
portion of land attributable to the McKees’ pre-existing driveway
would ultimately come to be known as Lot 7. In March, Duggan and
the City entered into a subdivision agreement concerning the final
plat consisting of the twelve-lot subdivision. The agreement required
Duggan to complete certain steps before the City would issue final
plat approval.
On April 16, the McKees deeded the strip of land to Duggan.
The same day, Lot 7, “as shown in a survey drawing by Paul M. Kline
dated April 7, 1992,” was deeded back to the McKees by Duggan.
The following is a portion of the Kline survey that was referenced in
the deed:
4

As the image demonstrates, the striped portion of Lot 7, just
east of the “existing drive,” is a “PRIVATE 10’ STORM DRAINAGE
EASEMENT,” and the survey provides: “THIS DRAINAGE
EASEMENT AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IS TO BE INSTALLED AND
MAINTAINED BY THE OWNER AND HIS OR HER ASSIGNS OF
LOT 7 OF NORTHERN OAKS SUBDIVISION.”

Id.

Once construction on the subdivision began, which included the installation

of a 24-inch corrugated metal pipe under Simms Avenue that discharged onto

Lot 7, the McKees started experiencing drainage problems. Michael testified: “It

increased dramatically. The flows were tremendous, the velocity was terrible.”

Because of these problems, the McKees sought relief from the City in October

1992 and again in March 1993. But the City denied responsibility because of the
5

McKees’ agreement with Duggan for the private 10-foot storm drainage easement

on Lot 7.

After their efforts with the City went nowhere, the McKees hired a contractor

in 1994 or 1997 to install a drainage system on Lot 7 for the first time. Michael

explained that the contractor “[d]ressed up the site around the outlet of the 24-inch

[pipe] and just tried to reestablish the cross section of the ditch there at the time”

down to the preexisting 18-inch pipe running under their driveway. That was the

only drainage system in place on Lot 7 until 2001 when the owner of Lot 8

threatened legal action against the McKees. A letter from that owner’s attorney

alleged that sinkholes had formed on Lot 8 because of the “inadequate” system on

Lot 7 that had “fallen into a state of disrepair.” To address the issue, Michael

testified that he “purchased 180 feet [of] 24-inch corrugated metal pipe.” He then

hired another contractor to attach the pipe to the outlet at Simms Avenue. The

contractor also replaced the 18-inch pipe underneath the McKees’ driveway with

a 36-inch pipe and changed its drainage direction because the McKees’ front yard

was flooding. The McKees took these steps without consulting an engineer or the

City.

While these steps resolved the issues on Lot 8, and the flooding in the

McKees’ front yard, the northwest corner of the McKees’ property started eroding.

Aerial photographs show a widening cavern over the years that, as exhibits

admitted at trial illustrate, has progressed from this in 2006:
6

to this years later:
7

The Northern Oaks Subdivision can be partially seen at the bottom of the last

photograph, with the McKees’ driveway extending north from Simms Avenue

through Lot 7 to their house. The dark line branching off to the west and north

from the driveway is a ravine from erosion that Michael said is as much as fifty-

feet deep and forty-feet wide.

The McKees sued the City in August 2020, alleging “they never ‘agree[d] to

maintain any easement on Lot 7’ and, due to the subdivision improvements and

infrastructure, they experience flooding and erosion from drainage.” Id. at *2. They

also alleged “the City was the dominant estate holder of any easement on Lot 7

and the continued flowage path of drainage across the remainder of their property.”

Id. Count one of their petition “sought relief requiring the City, as the dominant

estate holder, to repair and maintain the easement on the Lot 7 portion of their

property,” while count two “sought the same relief, but as to the drainage path that

continues on the portion of their property north of Lot 7.” Id. “The McKees also

alleged the drainage on their property amounts to a private and pure nuisance and

the invasion of their property is an unconstitutional taking.” Id.

On the City’s motion for summary judgment, the district court found the

McKees accepted an express easement on Lot 7 in their dealings with Duggan,

which placed the burden of maintaining the easement on the McKees rather than

the dominant estate. As for the McKees’ argument about the water flowing from

Simms Avenue through Lot 7 to the north of their property, the court found

that Lot 7 is dominant to the northern property, and therefore, it is
subject to the general rule regarding the flow of water: Lot 7 has a
right to the natural flow downward and is responsible to the northern
property for the associated maintenance costs. Since the McKees
8

own both properties, they are still responsible for the water flow from
Lot 7 to the northern property.

(Internal citation omitted). These findings led the court to conclude that the City

was entitled to judgment on counts one and two of the petition. The court then

dismissed the remaining counts as time-barred.

In reversing the district court’s entry of summary judgment on count two,1

we agreed with the McKees “that when Lot 7 was deeded back to the McKees and

they became owners of both properties, they merged and any easement between

Lot 7 and the northern property was extinguished.” Id. at *3. Our opinion

continued:

True, the McKees are responsible for maintaining the express
easement on Lot 7. But Simms Avenue is dominant to both Lot 7
and the north portion of the property. According to the district court,
the McKees are only responsible for Lot 7 because the documents
creating the express easement on that lot overruled the general rule
that the easement holder is responsible for repairing and maintaining
the easement. What lies beyond Lot 7 on the northern portion of the
McKees’ property and who is responsible for it remains a genuine
issue of material fact subject to legal underpinnings the district court
did not address.

Id. (footnote omitted) (internal citation omitted). As for the McKees’ nuisance

claims in counts three and four, we found the district court erred in finding those

claims were barred by the statute of limitations. Id. at *4.

On remand, the parties agreed to waive their previously requested jury trial

and proceeded to a bench trial in August 2023. Both sides presented expert

testimony from civil engineers about the drainage issues on the McKees’ property,

1 The McKees did not appeal the dismissal of counts one or five. Id.
9

as well as the McKees’ own observations from the decades they had lived there.

After reviewing this evidence, the district court dismissed the McKees’ claims.

In its ruling, the court repeated our statement in the first appeal that “Simms

Avenue is dominant to both Lot 7 and the north portion of the McKee property.”

But it found the experts disagreed on the cause of the drainage problems and

whether the flow of water across the McKees’ property substantially increased after

construction of the subdivision. The court discussed that testimony and found the

McKees had failed to prove “that there has been a substantial increase in

drainage.” Instead, the court determined the McKees’ property had been damaged

“because of the velocity of the water exiting the drainage system they installed” on

Lot 7. The court accordingly concluded “that the McKees are responsible for the

northern portion of their property and no easement of any kind exists beyond the

natural drainage path.”

The McKees appeal, asserting that the district court erred in (1) “fail[ing] to

identify [the City] as the dominant estate for the easement at issue” under count

two and require it to “repair, maintain, and clean” that easement; (2) dismissing

their claim for private nuisance because of the City’s failure to install drainage

infrastructure on the property north of Lot 7; and (3) declining to find the

“stormwater volume increase is a pure nuisance.”

II. Standard of Review

Before wading into the merits of the McKees’ claims on appeal, we must

determine our standard of review. The McKees argue the case was tried in equity,

so we should conduct a de novo review, while the City contends the “action should

be considered legal in nature.”
10

“Our review of a decision by the district court following a bench trial depends

upon the manner in which the case was tried to the court.” Dix v. Casey’s Gen.

Stores, Inc., 961 N.W.2d 671, 680 (Iowa 2021) (cleaned up). To determine

whether a proceeding is legal or equitable, “we look to the pleadings, relief sought,

and nature of the case.” Id. (citation omitted). “With competing indicators on both

sides, we elect to review these claims de novo because we would reach the same

result if we were reviewing for correction of errors at law.” Hindman v. Hindman,

988 N.W.2d 420, 425 (Iowa Ct. App. 2022); accord Albert v. Conger, 886

N.W.2d 877, 880 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016). Yet, even on de novo review, we do not

“decide the case in a vacuum, or approach it as though the trial court had never

been involved.” Hindman, 988 N.W.2d at 425 (citation omitted). Instead, we give

“‘great weight’ . . . to the findings of the district court where the testimony is

conflicting since the trial judge ‘is in the best position to assess the witnesses’

interest in the trial, their motive, candor, bias, and prejudice.’” Id. (citation omitted);

accord Hora v. Hora, 5 N.W.3d 635, 645 (Iowa 2024).

III. Analysis

A. Count Two—Drainage on the Property to the North of Lot 7

In count two of their amended petition, which was captioned, “Declaratory

and mandamus action for City to clean and maintain the easement that carries

stormwater north through the rest of the McKee property,” the McKees alleged the

City was the “dominant estate holder for whatever easement under which this

stormwater passes through the McKees’ property.” As the dominant estate holder,

the McKees contended the City “has the obligation to repair and maintain their

easement,” which the City failed to do. For relief, the McKees sought issuance of
11

a mandamus order “to compel the City’s performance of whatever duty may be

established within this action.”2

“Mandamus is generally limited to occasions where an official or entity has

a duty to act.” Hicks v. Franklin Cnty. Auditor, 514 N.W.2d 431, 441 (Iowa 1994).

The McKees rely on general easement principles as the source of the City’s duty

to “repair, maintain, and clean” its drainage easement across the northern part of

the McKees’ property. Turning to those general principles, it is well-settled

that the owner of the upper or dominant estate has a legal and
natural easement in the lower or servient estate for the drainage of
surface waters, that the natural flow or passage of the waters cannot
be interrupted or prevented by the servient owner to the detriment or
injury of the dominant proprietor . . . and that the owner of the
dominant estate may cast an additional quantity of surface water
upon the servient estate; if in so doing, he does not thereby do
substantial damage to the servient estate.

Ditch v. Hess, 212 N.W.2d 442, 448 (Iowa 1973) (citation omitted); accord Moody

v. Van Wechel, 402 N.W.2d 752, 757 (Iowa 1987) (“Water from a dominant estate

must be allowed to flow in its natural course onto a servient estate. . . . A

landowner may divert water by surface drainage constructed upon his or her own

land even though some different or additional water may thereby enter the servient

estate.”).

Because the natural flow of water from the higher-lying Simms Avenue runs

down to and through the McKees’ lower-lying property, the City is—as we stated

2 On appeal, the McKees also request an injunction under this count. While they
made the same request in their trial briefs, they did not ask for injunctive relief in
their petition, and the district court did not address the request in its ruling entering
judgment for the City. So we find it is unpreserved for our review. See Meier v.
Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of
appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the
district court before we will decide them on appeal.”).
12

in the first appeal and the district court restated on remand—the dominant estate.

McKee, 2022 WL 2160681, at *3; see Ditch, 212 N.W.2d at 448; see also Moody,

402 N.W.2d at 757 (“In determining which of adjacent tracts is dominant, relative

elevation and not general movement of floodwaters is controlling.”). The City does

not dispute this. So we reject the McKees’ insistence that the district court “fail[e]d

to identify the dominant estate” for the property to the north of Lot 7.

From there, the McKees argue the City “has all maintenance, repair,

cleaning, and other duties associated with being an easement’s dominant estate.”

See Koenigs v. Mitchell Cnty. Bd. of Supervisors, 659 N.W.2d 589, 594

(Iowa 2003) (stating that absent an agreement to the contrary, “easement holders

not only have the right but an obligation to repair and maintain their easement as

necessary” (citation omitted)). We disagree. See, e.g., Grace Hodgson Tr. v.

McClannahan, 569 N.W.2d 397, 400 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997) (finding resolution of

drainage dispute did not depend on just elevation but on “water flow, the alteration

of the land’s natural features, and the drainage district ditch and the county road

ditches”).

We first observe that the McKees’ claim in count two is not based on the

City’s failure to repair or maintain the drainage system the City installed at Simms

Avenue to control the flow of water onto the McKees’ property, as their argument

might suggest. Cf. A.D., L.L.C. v. 2004 SC Partners, L.L.C., No. 13-1498, 2014

WL 6680884, at *7–8 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2014) (discussing a dominant estate

owner’s duty to maintain a drainage system on the dominant estate); Newlin v.

Callender, No. 10-1014, 2011 WL 5460279, at *4–6 (Nov. 9, 2011) (addressing a

servient estate owner’s claim against the dominant estate for failing to maintain a
13

drain pipe on the dominant estate). Instead, the McKees claim the City, as the

dominant estate, “must install drainage infrastructure” on the McKees’ property

because “its increased water volume onto the servient [estate] is causing damage.”

The McKees cite no authority for the proposition that the owner of a dominant

estate can be mandated to install infrastructure on the servient estate, particularly

where there is an express easement agreement requiring the servient estate

owner to install and maintain a drainage system on the portion of their land abutting

the dominant estate. And our cases on surface water drainage provide “that when

water is moved from the dominant land to the servient land by nature, or by a tile

line in the natural course of drainage, the water becomes the water of the servient

owner.” McKeon v. Brammer, 29 N.W.2d 518, 521 (Iowa 1947); accord Johannsen

v. Otto, 282 N.W. 334, 336 (Iowa 1938).

In any event, the McKees’ argument overlooks the effect of the general

principles from Ditch and other cases, which is “that the dominant owner is entitled

to drain surface water in a natural watercourse from his land over the servient

owner’s land, and if any damage results, the servient owner is without remedy.”

Grace Hodgson Tr., 569 N.W.2d at 399; see also Ditch, 212 N.W.2d at 448; Hunt

v. Smith, 28 N.W.2d 213, 221 (Iowa 1947) (stating the servient estate “owes a

servitude” to the dominant estate “to receive all water . . . as it is shown by the

evidence to pass therefrom” because the “owner of the dominant estate is entitled

to all the natural advantages of the location and contour of his land”). As our

supreme court stated more than one hundred years ago, “the flow of surface water

along . . . natural depressions or drains may be hastened, and incidentally

increased, by artificial means, so long as it is not diverted from its natural course.”
14

Lessenger v. City of Harlan, 168 N.W. 803, 806 (Iowa 1918) (citation omitted)

(affirming the dismissal of plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief to restrain a city

from discharging surface water from its storm sewer along a natural drainage

course onto plaintiff’s lower-lying land). It was undisputed at trial that the water

flowing from Simms Avenue onto the McKees’ property was following its “historic

drainage path” that, as Michael McKee testified, has been the same “since the

beginning of time.”

So just because Simms Avenue is dominant to Lot 7 and the north portion

of the McKee property does not mean the McKees are entitled to relief, as they

seem to claim. Instead, the McKees must meet the exception to the general

surface drainage rule: “that if the volume of water is substantially increased or if

the manner or method of drainage is substantially changed and actual damage

results, the servient owner is entitled to relief.” O’Tool v. Hathaway, 461

N.W.2d 161, 163 (Iowa 1990) (citation omitted) (describing this as “Iowa’s ‘natural

flow’ doctrine”). On that point, the district court found:

There is no doubt that more water drains through the Simms Avenue
outlet after the area was developed than before. But the dominant
estate is allowed to drain “additional” water so long as it does not do
substantial damage to the servient estate. And clearly, the McKees’
property is damaged, but not because of a substantial increase in the
volume of water being drained, but because of the velocity of the
water exiting the drainage system they installed.

We agree upon our de novo review of the record. See Anton v. Stanke, 251

N.W. 153, 155 (Iowa 1933) (“[T]he upper proprietor may drain his land through

natural watercourses in a way to increase the water that is to flow over the servient

land, providing the increase is not too great or in such unnatural quantities as to

be the cause of substantial injury.”).
15

The McKees’ expert witness, Jerry Shellberg, testified that when the

Northern Oaks Subdivision was constructed, “there was a lot of area added to the

drainage area that wasn’t there before. I mean, the area was there, but it wasn’t

directed drainage-wise to the north.” He calculated that pre-development, the area

being drained from Simms Avenue was two acres, while post-development, it was

7.5 acres. Shellberg explained that by increasing the area, “we increase the

velocity, and the velocity creates energy, which erodes the soil, so there’s been a

lot of soil erosion in that drainage ditch.” But on cross-examination, Shellberg

agreed that “[j]ust because volume increases, velocity can be controlled.” He did

not calculate whether the Simms Avenue pipe controlled the velocity of the water

coming through it, but he agreed that it was designed according to an accepted

ten-year engineering design standard.

The City’s expert, Donald Staley, did perform those calculations. But first,

he testified the increased area identified by Shellberg was insignificant “relative to

the whole drainage basin,” which encompassed twenty-seven acres. Staley

explained the McKees’ northern property is “a very low spot with a lot of large

drainage basins surrounding it, and that is a lot of what’s contributing to erosion on

this property.” He also pointed to the loess soil on the property, where “erosion is

just a natural phenomenon.” Staley testified that “as far as erosion goes, the main

thing that you want to control as a civil engineer is the velocity of flow over the

area.” One way to control erosion is to throttle, or slow, the flow of water from a

drainage pipe by flattening the slope of the pipe. Staley testified that the 24-inch

pipe at the Simms Avenue outlet was installed at half-a-percent grade, which he

said slowed the “initial discharge velocity that was coming off the Northern Oaks
16

piping system [to] somewhere under three . . . feet per second, which is kind of the

magic number” under engineering standards. But when the McKees hooked their

180-feet of 24-inch pipe onto the Simms Avenue outlet, Staley said they put their

pipe in at a “very, very steep slope.” That steep slope “significantly

increased . . . the velocity coming out.” The city engineer and public works

director, Matthew Cox, agreed with Staley. He testified that because the McKees

installed their pipe on Lot 7 “at a steeper slope, that would accelerate the water

coming out the end.”

Based on this testimony, we agree with the district court that “the McKees

have suffered erosion from drainage conditions that they either created or by

actions they delayed in taking.” This is not a finding that the McKees’ equitable

relief was barred by their contributory negligence, as they argue on appeal. See,

e.g., A.D., L.L.C., 2014 WL 6680884, at *9 (rejecting dominant estate owner’s

argument that the Iowa Comparative Fault Act barred the servient estate owner

from any recovery). Instead, the court was properly determining whether the City’s

actions substantially increased the volume of water moving across the McKees’

lower-lying property or substantially changed the manner or method of drainage.

See Grace Hodgson Tr., 569 N.W.2d at 399. That was the key issue underlying

the McKees’ claim in count two, which the court decided adversely to them. We

affirm that decision.

B. Count Three—Private Nuisance

In count three of their amended petition, the McKees alleged the City

“designed and approved th[e] stormwater collection and outlet system” at Simms

Avenue “without any consideration it would have on the McKees’ property.” Their
17

claim has evolved on appeal, where they now assert the private nuisance “was for

the City’s failure to install drainage infrastructure on the McKee property north of

Lot 7 despite the increase in stormwater volume caused above.” Either way, we

agree with the district court that the McKees are not entitled to relief on this count.

“A private nuisance is ‘an actionable interference with a person’s interest in

the private use and enjoyment of the person’s land.’” Weinhold v. Wolff, 555

N.W.2d 454, 459 (Iowa 1996) (citation omitted); see also Iowa Code § 657.1(1)

(2023) (“Whatever is injurious to health, indecent, or unreasonably offensive to the

senses, or an obstruction to the free use of property, so as essentially to interfere

unreasonably with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, is a

nuisance. . . .”). Civil actions “may be brought to enjoin and abate [a] nuisance

and to recover damages sustained on account of the nuisance.” Iowa Code

§ 657.1(1). “The burden of proof is on the plaintiff ‘to establish by a preponderance

of evidence the existence of a defendant created nuisance which was a proximate

cause of resultant damages to person or property as alleged.’” Brockman v. Ruby,

No. 18-0170, 2018 WL 6338632, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 5, 2018) (citation

omitted).

For many of the same reasons stated above, we agree with the district court

that the McKees failed to meet their burden. Those reasons include the highly

erodible soil on the McKees’ property, the increased velocity of water from the

drainage system the McKees installed on Lot 7, and the topography of the area.

As the court found, the evidence established that “the McKee property is the

natural drainage pathway from several directions within the surrounding area.”

While the McKees contest some of these points by citing testimony from their
18

expert, the court implicitly found the City’s expert to be more credible. We give

deference to that finding upon our de novo review of the record. See id.

Credibility findings also led the district court to conclude

that the Northern Oaks Subdivision, Simms Avenue reconstruction
and stormwater inlet plans submitted by Duggan and approved by
the City were designed and constructed within acceptable
engineering standards and do not jettison substantially more water
down the drainage than before development, some water yes,
substantially more, no. The Court is fully convinced that the initial
construction was designed to engineering standards to effectively
slow the velocity of water, using a grading system of 0.5%, before
discharging it onto the McKee property. From there, the more
convincing evidence demonstrates that the McKees’ improvements
then accelerated the flow of water toward the north of their property
resulting in damage.

Under Iowa Code section 670.4(1)(h),3 a municipality is immune from

liability for claims “based upon or arising out of a claim of negligent design or

specification, negligent adoption of design or specification, or negligent

construction or reconstruction of a public improvement,” so long as the

improvement was “constructed or reconstructed in accordance with a generally

recognized engineering or safety standard, criteria, or design theory in existence

at the time of the construction.” Both experts testified that the initial drainage

system installed at Simms Avenue was completed using accepted engineering

standards in existence at the time. The McKees argue this testimony is not

determinative because their private nuisance “claim is for the lack of any

3 While the district court didn’t expressly state that it was rejecting the McKees’

private nuisance claim under the immunity granted to the City by Iowa Code
section 670.4(1)(h), its findings support that conclusion. In any event, the City
urged that alternative ground in district court and on appeal. See Hawkeye
Foodserv. Distrib., Inc. v. Iowa Educators Corp., 812 N.W.2d 600, 609 (Iowa 2012)
(noting we may affirm a district court’s ruling on a proper ground urged but not
relied upon by the court).
19

infrastructure at all north of Lot 7—not the infrastructure that dumps additional

water down the McKee property from above.” Because we have already

determined the City did not have a duty to install infrastructure north of Lot 7, we

reject this argument and affirm the court’s dismissal of this claim.

C. Count Four—Pure Nuisance

This leaves the McKees with their pure nuisance claim. To establish that

claim, the McKees needed to “demonstrate a degree of danger (likely to result in

damage) inherent in the thing responsible for the harm, beyond that arising from

mere failure to exercise ordinary care in its use.” Kellogg v. City of Albia, 908

N.W.2d 822, 830 (Iowa 2018) (cleaned up). “[A] pure nuisance claim based on

harm inherent in an activity falls outside the immunity statute.” Id. The inherent

danger must stem from the activity engaged in by the defendant, not the activity’s

consequences. Id.

The McKees claim the “stormwater volume increase is a pure nuisance.”

The district court rejected that claim, reasoning that “because the Court has

already found that the City’s approval of the plan did not create or generate a

substantial increase in stormwater volume upon the historic drainage path after the

development was constructed, their claim for pure nuisance fails as well.” We

reached the same conclusion on our de novo review of the record and affirm the

court’s dismissal of the McKees’ pure nuisance claim on that ground. We also

affirm on the alternate ground urged by the City—that “[s]tormwater volume

increase is not pure nuisance because the danger is not inherent in [the] thing

itself.” See Hawkeye Foodserv. Distrib., Inc., 812 N.W.2d at 609.
20

In Kellogg, the court found that the plaintiff presented no evidence that the

City’s storm sewer system was inherently dangerous beyond the dangers

associated with failing to upgrade the pipe to handle an increased water flow. 908

N.W.2d at 830 (finding the plaintiff’s focus on the dangers of a wet basement, such

as mold, is not inherently dangerous). The same is true here. Beyond the dangers

associated with failing to install erosion control, the McKees did not offer any

evidence that the City’s drainage system at Simms Avenue is inherently

dangerous. Cf. Martins v. Interstate Power Co., 652 N.W.2d 657, 658 (Iowa 2002)

(holding that “[e]xcessive stray voltage from an electric utility resulting in damage

to a dairy herd” is an inherent danger). Like in Kellogg, the McKees focus on the

“activity’s consequent irritants,” not the activity itself. 908 N.W.2d at 830. While

the McKees claim that increasing the volume of stormwater creates the inherent

danger of erosion, both experts testified that if the McKees had used proper

engineering standards in their pipe addition, the erosion would not have occurred.

So their pure nuisance claim also fails on this alternate ground.

IV. Conclusion

Upon our de novo review of the record, and giving weight to the district

court’s factual and credibility findings, we agree with the court that the McKees are

not entitled to relief. We accordingly affirm the court’s dismissal of their claims.

AFFIRMED.