Walter Ernest Clark

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
RALEIGH DIVISION
IN RE:
WALTER ERNEST CLARK,
DEBTOR.
CASE NO. 11-07943-8-JRL
CHAPTER 13
ORDER
This matter came before the court on the debtor’s objection to proof of claim. A hearing
was held on April 4, 2012, in Raleigh, North Carolina.
BACKGROUND
Prior to the present case, the debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 13
of the Bankruptcy Code on December 7, 2001 (“prior case”). The Internal Revenue Service
(“IRS”) filed a timely proof of claim in the prior case, alleging that the debtor owed income
taxes for the 2000 calendar year. On October 29, 2002, the IRS amended its proof of claim,
reducing the amount of the priority tax claim for the 2000 income taxes allegedly owed. On
September 24, 2005, at the completion of the debtor’s chapter 13 plan in the prior case, the
debtor was granted a discharge, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a).
The debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code
SO ORDERED.
SIGNED this 18 day of May, 2012.
________________________________________
J. Rich Leonard
United States Bankruptcy Judge
____________________________________________________________
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1 The remaining $948.60 relates to 2010 income taxes.
2
on March 15, 2012, commencing the case presently before the court. On November 10, 2011, the
IRS filed a proof of claim, asserting secured claims of $40,455.00, unsecured priority claims of
$29,258.23, and general unsecured claims of $114,467.63. As the basis for perfection of its
secured claims, the IRS attached a notice of federal tax lien (“NOFTL”), evidencing that a
federal tax lien against the debtor was validly recorded on November 2, 2010. The NOFTL is
based on the debtor’s failure to pay various taxes from 2001 to 2006. Relevant here, $20,770.78
related to unpaid employment taxes in the fourth quarter of 2001 and the first quarter of 2002 are
subject to the NOFTL.
On December 12, 2011, the IRS filed an amended proof of claim, reducing its secured
claims to $5,166.46 and general unsecured claims to $44.76. However, the amended proof of
claim continued to assert unsecured priority claims in the amount of $29,258.23. The majority
of this total amount—$28,309.63—is based on civil penalties and interest relating to unpaid
employment taxes in the fourth quarter of 2001 and the first quarter of 2002.1 The NOFTL was
attached to the amended claim in exactly the same form and manner as it was to the original
claim. On December 15, 2011, the debtor filed an objection to the amended claim of the IRS.
The IRS filed a response in support of its proof of claim on February 22, 2012.
The debtor’s main argument is that at least some of the IRS’s claim related to the unpaid
employment taxes in the fourth quarter of 2001 arose before the filing of the debtor’s prior case
on December 7, 2001, and therefore, because this portion was not included in the IRS’s proof of
claim in the prior case, the debtor’s subsequent discharge on September 24, 2005 now bars the
IRS from claiming the same in the present case. The debtor’s basis for this argument is that
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2 The taxes for November 2001 would have been due on December 15, 2001, and the
December 2001 taxes on January 15, 2002. Therefore, the debtor would only have been required
to deposit the October 2001 taxes before the prior case was commenced. Obviously, there is no
argument that any of the liability relating to the unpaid taxes from the first quarter of 2002 was
discharged in the prior case.
3
given the size of debtor’s payroll at the time, tax regulations mandated that the debtor withhold
and deposit the employment taxes at issue on a monthly basis. The debtor argues that because of
this procedure, the taxes became payable and the debtor’s liability accrued on a month-to-month
basis, rather than a quarterly basis. Notably, this monthly deposit schedule—that the debtor
argues would have been applicable to the debtor’s business in 2001—requires that employment
taxes on payments made during any given month be deposited by the 15th of the following
month. Therefore, the debtor admits that even if the court accepted its argument, the October
2001 taxes would have been the only deposit that was due prior to December 7, 2001.2 In
response, the IRS takes the position that the taxes—as well as the related penalties—arose
postpetition, “as the fourth quarter of 2001 ended on December 31, 2001, several weeks after the
[prior case] was filed, and the payroll tax return for that period was not due to be filed until
January 31, 2002.” Furthermore, the IRS argues that even if the court were to find that it is
possible, in theory, to bifurcate the quarter into prepetition and postpetition taxes, it would be
both inappropriate and impossible to do so in the present case because the debtor has submitted
no proof that any portion of the liability arose prior to December 7, 2001. Because the debtor
has submitted no proof to support its objection, the IRS argues that its properly filed proof of
claim is presumed valid. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3001(f) (“A proof of claim executed and filed in
accordance with these rules shall constitute prima facie evidence of the validity and amount of
the claim.”)
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In addition, the debtor makes two arguments with regard to the NOFTL. First, the debtor
requests that the court require the IRS to provide competent evidence establishing that it
complied with the Internal Revenue Code’s prerequisites for filing a notice of federal tax lien,
before allowing the NOFTL to serve as the basis of perfection of its secured claim. Specifically,
the debtor requests that the court order the IRS to provide proof that: (1) a tax assessment was
made; (2) a notice of assessment was sent to the taxpayer within sixty days of the tax
assessment; and (3) the debtor failed to pay the tax assessed within ten days after notice and
demand. See I.R.C. §§ 6203, 6303, 6331. Lastly, the debtor argues that the IRS cannot use the
civil penalties and interest relating to unpaid employment taxes in the fourth quarter of 2001 and
the first quarter of 2002 as the basis for both its unsecured priority claim and the NOFTL.
Essentially, the debtor argues that this allows the IRS to “double-dip,” taking advantage of
unsecured priority status while simultaneously encumbering the debtor’s assets for the same
debt. To remedy this inconsistency, the debtor contends that the court should order the IRS to
reduce the NOFTL by $20,770.78—the amount arising from the unpaid employment taxes in the
fourth quarter of 2001 and the first quarter of 2002. Once again, the IRS takes the position that
the debtor failed to offer any evidence supporting that the NOFTL or proof of claim are
inaccurate. Because the NOFTL states that the IRS complied with all requirements, the burden
is on the debtor to come forward with evidence, which he has failed to do.
DISCUSSION
Section 1305(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a “proof of claim may be filed
by any entity that holds a claim against the debtor for taxes that become payable to a
governmental unit while the case is pending[.]” In this case, the issue is whether the October
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3 The language of § 1305(a)(1) is permissive. The IRS is allowed, but not required, to
file a proof of claim based on a debtor’s postpetition taxes. See 11 U.S.C. § 1305(a) (providing
that a “proof of claim may be filed by any entity that holds a claim against the debtor for taxes
that become payable to a governmental unit while the case is pending”) (emphasis added).
5
2001 employment taxes became payable, within the meaning § 1305(a)(1), before or after the
debtor’s petition in the prior case. If they became payable prepetition, the taxes were subject to
the debtor’s discharge. On the other hand, if they became payable postpetition, the IRS was not
required to file a proof of claim in the debtor’s prior case,3 and therefore, the claims based on the
October 2011 would not be barred in the present case.
In the context of payroll or employment taxes, case law supports that the taxes “become
payable” when they are “withheld and not remitted” to the IRS. Unites States v. Lee, 184 B.R.
257, 262 (W.D. Va. 1995); see In re Friesenhahn, 169 B.R. 615, 626 (W.D. Tex. 1994) (“The
withholding taxes that allegedly were not remitted to the government in the instant case relate
exclusively to periods for which tax returns were due prepetition. The tax which the IRS seeks to
recover therefore became payable prepetition, when Southwest’s quarterly payroll tax returns
were due to be filed.”). In the present case, the court finds that the debtor makes a colorable
legal argument to support the proposition that the October 2001 taxes became payable
prepetition, because in theory, the taxes should have been withheld and submitted on November
15, 2011. However, the court does not need to address the validity of the debtor’s legal position
at this time, because as the IRS pointed out, the debtor has failed to provide any evidence that
any portion of the liability actually arose prior to December 7, 2001. When objecting to a
properly filed claim, such a burden is clearly on the debtor.
The Bankruptcy Code establishes a burden-shifting framework for proving the
amount and validity of a claim. The creditor’s filing of a proof of claim
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constitutes prima facie evidence of the amount and validity of the claim. The
burden then shifts to the debtor to object to the claim. The debtor must introduce
evidence to rebut the claim’s presumptive validity. If the debtor carries its
burden, the creditor has the ultimate burden of proving the amount and validity of
the claim by a preponderance of the evidence.
Stancil v. Harford Sands Inc. (In re Harford Sands Inc.), 372 F.3d 637, 640 (4th Cir. 2004)
(internal citations omitted); see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3001(f) (“A proof of claim executed and
filed in accordance with these rules shall constitute prima facie evidence of the validity and
amount of the claim.” ). The debtor’s hypothetical scenario of what he probably did, or should
have done, does not rebut the presumption of validity of IRS’s claim.
Additionally, the court finds no basis for the debtor’s request that the court order the IRS
to prove affirmatively that all administrative prerequisites were followed before allowing the
NOFTL to serve as the basis for perfection of its secured claim. If the debtor has competent
evidence that these prerequisites have not been met, the proper procedure would be to file an
adversary proceeding to attack the lien. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7001 (“The following are
adversary proceedings: . . . a proceeding to determine the validity, priority, or extent of a lien or
other interest in property . . . .”). Otherwise, the NOFTL stands as procedurally regular.
The court also finds that the debtor’s contention that the NOFTL must be reduced is
premature. The amount claimed on the NOFTL is over $140,000.00, while the IRS only asserts
a right in this case to a secured amount of $5,166.46. Clearly, there is a discrepancy, but at this
point in the case, the debtor has no right to demand a reduction in the NOFTL. If the debtor
successfully completes his chapter 13 plan, the lien will be removed in its entirety. However, if
the debtor’s case is converted or dismissed prior to completion of the plan, the lien will be
reinstated pursuant to § 349(b)(1)(C).
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CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the debtor’s objection to the proof of claim filed by the IRS is
OVERRULED.
“END OF DOCUMENT”
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