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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SATNAM SINGH,
Petitioner,
v.
KRISTI NOEM, Secretary of Homeland
Security, et al.
Respondents.
Case No.: 26-cv-0265-GPC-BLM
ORDER:
(1) GRANTING IN PART
PETITION FOR WRIT OF
HABEAS CORPUS
(2) DENYING JOINT MOTION
TO CONTINUE AS MOOT
[ECF Nos. 1, 6]
On January 16, 2026, Petitioner filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. ECF No. 1 (“Pet.”). On January 22, 2026, Respondents filed a return
to the petition. ECF No. 5 (“Ret.”). For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS IN
PART the petition for writ of habeas corpus, VACATES the hearing set for January 30,
2026, and DENIES the Joint Motion to Continue the Order to Show Cause Hearing as
moot.
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
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I. BACKGROUND
a. Factual Background
Petitioner is a native and citizen of India who entered the United States without
inspection on January 8, 2025 near San Ysidro, California. Pet. ¶ 1. After entering the
country, border patrol agents encountered and detained Petitioner. Ret., Ex. 2. Border
agents determined Petitioner was inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Ret.
at 2. Petitioner was then placed into expedited removal proceedings pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §
1225(b)(1) and taken into Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) custody
pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(B). Id. Petitioner was then interviewed by an asylum
officer and received a positive credible fear determination. Id.
On February 19, 2025, Petitioner was issued a Notice to Appear (“NTA”),
scheduling his initial master calendar hearing for March 3, 2025. ECF No. 1-2. On January
13, 2026, an immigration judge scheduled Petitioner’s individual merits hearing for April
15, 2026. Ret., Ex. 3. Thus, Petitioner’s removal proceedings remain pending. Petitioner is
presently detained at the Otay Mesa Detention Center and has been denied an
individualized bond hearing. Pet. ¶ 1.
b. Procedural Background
On January 16, 2026, Petitioner filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. ECF No. 1. On January 22, 2026, Respondents filed a
return. ECF No. 5.
Petitioner presents two claims. First, Petitioner claims that his detention without a
bond hearing violates the 5th Amendment Due Process Clause. Pet. ¶¶ 1, 31-34. (First
Cause of Action). Second, Petitioner alleges Respondents have violated the Immigration
and Nationality Act (“INA”) by (1) misapplying §1225(b)(2) to Petitioner, who had
already entered and was residing in the United States at the time of apprehension and (2)
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failing to detain Petitioner pursuant to a warrant as required under § 1226(a). Id. ¶¶ 27-
30.
The Petitioner asks the court to (1) declare ICE’s “Interim Guidance Regarding
Detention Authority for Applicants for Admission” policy unlawful, (2) issue a writ of
habeas corpus clarifying that § 1225(b)(2) does not apply to Petitioner and requiring
Respondents to release Petitioner immediately with a seven days’ notice requirement and
provide a pre-deprivation bond hearing if Respondents seeks to re-detain Petitioner. Id. at
17-18.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, a writ of habeas corpus may be granted to any petitioner
who demonstrates that he is “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties
of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3); see Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466, 473 (2004).
As explained by the Supreme Court, “the essence of habeas corpus is an attack by a person
in custody upon the legality of that custody, and...the traditional function of the writ is to
secure release from illegal custody.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 484 (1973);
Pinson v. Carvajal, 69 F.4th 1059, 1067 (9th Cir. 2023) (habeas actions limited to
challenges of the legality or duration of confinement).
A prisoner bears the burden of demonstrating that “[h]e is in custody in violation of
the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” See Espinoza v. Sabol, 558 F.3d
83, 89 (1st Cir. 2009).
III. DISCUSSION
a. Jurisdiction
Petitioner invokes this Court’s jurisdiction under the habeas provision, 28 U.S.C. §
2241, the Suspension Clause, federal question, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and the APA, 5 U.S.C. §
702. Respondents maintain that this Court lacks jurisdiction over Petitioner’s claims,
stating that the claims and relief are barred by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g).
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8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) states that, with limited exceptions, “no court shall have
jurisdiction to hear any cause or claim by or on behalf of any alien arising from the decision
or action by the Attorney General to commence proceedings, adjudicate cases, or execute
removal orders against any alien.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) (emphasis added); Reno v. Am.-Arab
Anti-Discrimination Comm., 525 U.S. 471, 482 (1999). In that light, § 1252(g) is a narrow
statutory provision that concentrates on those three discrete actions. Reno, 525 U.S. at 482.
Respondents argue that the § 1252(g) bar applies because Petitioner’s claims arise
“from the Department of Homeland Security’s decision to commence removal
proceedings against him.” Ret. at 4. Specifically, the government’s decision “unavoidably
triggers mandatory detention under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii) until the conclusion of
his removal proceedings.” Id. However, rather than challenging the decision to commence
proceedings, Petitioner challenges the legality of his detainment, specifically objecting to
the application of § 1225(b)(1) and the prolonged length of detention. See Pet. at 7-16.
Detainment of Petitioner does not fall within the three discrete actions identified in §
1252(g) and, thus, would not deprive the Court’s jurisdiction. See, e.g., Aditya W. H. v.
Trump, 782 F. Supp. 3d 691, 704 (D. Minn. 2025) (finding a claim against detention did
not fall under Section 1252(g)); Mahdawi v. Trump, 781 F. Supp. 3d 214, 224-26 (D. Vt.
2025) (same); Deng Chol A. v. Barr, 455 F. Supp. 3d 896, 901 (D. Minn. 2020) (“Although
the court may not review discretionary decisions made by immigration authorities, it may
review immigration-related detentions to determine if they comport with the demands of
the Constitution.”).
b. Merits
Petitioner claims that his detention violates the INA and the Fifth Amendment’s Due
Process Clause. Pet. ¶¶ 27-34. Respondents, in turn, maintain that Petitioner is mandatorily
detained under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1) and has not been subjected to unconstitutionally
prolonged detention. Ret. at 5-11.
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i. Detainment Under the INA
Section 1225(b)(1) states that “[i]f an immigration officer determines that an
alien…who is arriving in the United States or is described in clause (iii) is inadmissible
under section 1182(a)(6)(C) or 1182(a)(7)…and the alien indicates either an intention to
apply for asylum…or a fear of persecution, the officer shall refer the alien for an interview
by an asylum officer under.” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(A)(ii). Once the noncitizen has been
referred for an interview, “[i]f the [asylum] officer determines at the time of the interview
that an alien has a credible fear of persecution…the alien shall be detained for further
consideration of the application for asylum.” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii). Thus Section
1225(b)(1) “mandate[s] detention of applicants for admission until certain proceedings
have concluded.” Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 297 (2018). Until the noncitizen’s
asylum application has been fully considered, “nothing in the statutory text imposes any
limit on the length of detention…[or] says anything whatsoever about bond hearings.” Id.
Here, Petitioner is a noncitizen and an applicant for admission. See 8 U.S.C. §
1225(a)(1). An immigration officer determined Petitioner was inadmissible under 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) and 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Ret. at 2, Exs. 1-3. Petitioner, however,
indicated a fear of persecution, was given an interview, and received a positive
determination. Ret. at 2. These facts indicate that Petitioner falls within the purview of
Section 1225(b)(1).
Petitioner notes that § 1225(b) provides for mandatory detention of those seeking
admission into the United States, and that this does not apply to Petitioner, who was already
residing in the country at the time of apprehension. Pet. at 9. While there is a distinction
between applicants seeking admission and those who have resided in the United States for
years, and thus a distinction in application between § 1225(b) and 1226(a), that distinction
does not apply to Petitioner. See generally Pacham v. Archambeault, No. 3:25-CV-03163-
GPC-DEB, 2025 WL 3653984 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2025). Petitioner was detained within
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fourteen days of their last entry into the United States and within 100 miles of any land
border. See Ret., Ex. 2. The NTA identified both 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) and
1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) as the sources of Petitioner’s inadmissibility, which places Petitioner
under Section 1225(b)(1). Id., Ex. 1. Further, Petitioner demonstrated a credible fear of
persecution and torture, the demonstration of which results in detainment for further
consideration of the application for asylum. See 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii).
Thus, Petitioner is lawfully detained under Section 1225(b)(1).
ii. Prolonged Detention
1. Entitlement to Due Process Claim
While Petitioner is mandatorily detained under Section 1225(b)(1), he has raised a
due process claim, arguing that his detention has become unconstitutionally prolonged. Pet.
at 12-14. Respondents contend, relying on Thuraissigiam, that inadmissible arriving
noncitizens have no due process rights other than those afforded by statute. Ret. at 7.
In Thuraissigiam, the respondent was a noncitizen detained close to the border and
shortly after unlawful entry. Dep't of Homeland Sec. v. Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. 103, 140
(2020). Keeping those characteristics in mind, the Supreme Court held that those “in
respondent's position ha[ve] only those rights regarding admission that Congress has
provided by statute.” Id.
After the decision, district courts have taken two different approaches. In one blanket
approach, district courts have dismissed or denied habeas petitions from those in
Petitioner’s position when they challenge detention on due process grounds and go beyond
statutory protections. See, e.g., Petgrave v. Aleman, 529 F. Supp. 3d 665, 669 (S.D. Tex.
2021) (“As far as Petitioner is concerned, whatever procedure Congress has authorized is
sufficient due process.”); Gonzales Garcia v. Rosen, 513 F. Supp. 3d 329, 336 (W.D.N.Y.
2021) (“Petitioner is on the threshold of initial entry into the United States and [ ] he
accordingly is not entitled to procedural protections beyond those provided by statute.”);
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Zelaya-Gonzalez v. Matuszewski, No. 23-CV-151-JLS-KSC, 2023 WL 3103811, at *4
(S.D. Cal. Apr. 25, 2023) (“Binding Ninth Circuit and Supreme Court precedents are clear
that Petitioner lacks any rights beyond those conferred by statute, and no statute entitles
Petitioner to a bond hearing.”); Mendoza-Linares v. Garland, No. 21-CV-1169-BEN-
AHG, 2024 WL 3316306, at *2 (S.D. Cal. June 10, 2024) (same).
However, a majority of courts have opted for an alternative, as-applied approach.
Specifically, while facial challenges to mandatory detention have been rejected, see
Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510, 530-31 (2003), nothing has been said “about whether due
process may eventually require a hearing.” Black v. Decker, 103 F.4th 133, 149 (2d Cir.
2024) (emphasis in original). This is also true for Thuraissigiam. Though Thuraissigiam
limits an arriving noncitizen’s due process rights in regard to admission, the court did not
address the issue of prolonged detention. See Padilla v. U.S. Immigr. & Customs Enf't, 704
F. Supp. 3d 1163, 1171 (W.D. Wash. 2023) (“Thuraissigiam’s discussion of due process
is necessarily constrained to challenges to admissibility to the United States. This was the
sole claim presented and the respondent expressly asked for a chance to reapply for asylum
and admission.”).
Additionally, “the Supreme Court has…explicitly stated that as-applied
constitutional challenges to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)[, which cover mandatory detention under
that statute,] are not foreclosed.” Abdul-Samed v. Warden of Golden State Annex Det.
Facility, No. 1:25-CV-00098-SAB-HC, 2025 WL 2099343, at *5 (E.D. Cal. July 25, 2025).
While the Ninth Circuit has not spoken on whether due process requires a bond hearing for
noncitizens mandatorily detained, the First, Second, and Third Circuits have held that “the
Due Process Clause imposes some form of ‘reasonableness’ limitation upon the duration
of detention ... under [section 1226(c)].” Reid v. Donelan, 17 F.4th 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2021)
(alterations in original) (citation omitted); see Black, 103 F.4th at 138; German Santos v.
Warden Pike Cnty. Corr. Facility, 965 F.3d 203, 209-10 (3d Cir. 2020). Though § 1225(b)
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was not specifically addressed by the Supreme Court or the three Circuit courts, § 1225(b)
contains similar mandatory detention provisions to § 1226(c). Thus, the reasoning
underlying this as-applied approach would seemingly also transfer to § 1225(b).
Given this background, a majority of district courts have found prolonged detention
under § 1225(b) without a bond hearing can eventually give rise to due process issues. See,
e.g., Sadeqi v. LaRose, No. 25-CV-2587-RSH-BJW, 2025 WL 3154520, at *2 (S.D. Cal.
Nov. 12, 2025) (“This Court agrees with the majority position that a petitioner detained
under Section 1225(b)(1) may assert a due process challenge to prolonged mandatory
detention without a bond hearing.”); Abdul-Samed v. Warden of Golden State Annex Det.
Facility, No. 25-cv-98-SAB-HC, 2025 WL 2099343, at *6 (E.D. Cal. July 25, 2025)
(“Although the Ninth Circuit has yet to take a position on whether due process requires a
bond hearing for noncitizens detained under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)…‘essentially all district
courts that have considered the issue agree that prolonged mandatory detention pending
removal proceedings, without a bond hearing, will—at some point—violate the right to
due process.’”) (quoting Martinez v. Clark, No. C18-1669-RAJ-MAT, 2019 WL 5968089,
at *6 (W.D. Wash. May 23, 2019)); Kydyrali v. Wolf, 499 F. Supp. 3d 768, 772 (S.D. Cal.
2020) (“[T]he Court joins the majority of courts across the country in concluding that an
unreasonably prolonged detention under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b) without an individualized
bond hearing violates due process.”); Banda v. McAleenan, 385 F. Supp. 3d 1099, 1116
(W.D. Wash. 2019) (collecting cases); A.L. v. Oddo, 761 F. Supp. 3d 822, 825 (W.D. Pa.
2025) (“Nowhere in [Thuraissigiam] did the Supreme Court suggest that arriving aliens
being held under § 1225(b) may be held indefinitely and unreasonably with no due process
implications, nor that such aliens have no due process rights whatsoever.”).
The Court agrees with the majority. While Thuraissigiam limits an arriving
noncitizen’s due process rights in regard to admission, a petitioner may still assert a due
process claim against prolonged mandatory detention without a bond hearing.
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2. Violation of Due Process
To determine whether a petitioner’s detention has been unreasonably prolonged, the
Court applies the Banda v. McAleenan’s six-factor analysis as a framework, which weighs:
(1) total length of detention to date; (2) likely duration of future detention; (3) conditions
of detention; (4) delays in the removal proceedings caused by the detainee; (5) delays in
the removal proceedings caused by the government; and (6) the likelihood that the removal
proceedings will result in a final order of removal. Banda v. McAleenan, 385 F. Supp. 3d
1099 (W.D. Wash. 2019).1
Total Length of Detention to Date. Petitioner has been detained for over one year.
Petitioner argues that this detention, without a bond hearing, is prolonged and a violation
of due process. Pet. at 11-16. Respondents, however, maintain that “Petitioner’s current
detention does not fall within the range [that] courts have found to be unreasonable.” Ret.
at 9. In Respondents’ view, detention should be for a much longer period to be
unreasonably prolonged. Id.
While one year of detention does not presumptively establish unreasonably
prolonged detention, it is also not so little time as to preclude constitutional scrutiny. See
Sadeqi v. LaRose, No. 25-CV-2587-RSH-BJW, 2025 WL 3154520, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Nov.
12, 2025) (“The Court agrees with Respondents that the length of Petitioner's detention to
date—almost 12 months—does not by itself, without more, establish prolonged detention
in violation of due process. But neither does that length of detention serve as a safe harbor
or insulate Petitioner's case from constitutional review.”). Additionally, courts have
previously found that similar or shorter lengths of detention were unreasonable. See, e.g.,
1 Respondent offers a similar three-factor balancing test from Lopez v. Garland, 631 F.
Supp. 3d 870, 879 (E.D. Cal. 2022). Given that all factors considered in the Lopez test are
encapsulated in the Banda framework, the Court shall apply the more comprehensive
Banda framework.
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Gao v. LaRose, No. 25-CV-2084-RSH-SBC, 2025 WL 2770633, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 26,
2025) (“The Court finds that Petitioner's detention for over 10 months without a bond
hearing, in the context of the specific circumstances described above, has become
unreasonable and violates due process.”); Amado v. United States Dep't of Just., No. 25-
CV-2687-LL-DDL, 2025 WL 3079052, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 4, 2025) (“Courts have found
detention over seven months without a bond hearing weighs toward a finding that it is
unreasonable.”); Masood v. Barr, No. 19-CV-07623-JD, 2020 WL 95633, at *3 (N.D. Cal.
Jan. 8, 2020) (finding detention for nearly nine months weighs in favor of the petitioner).
Thus, this factor weighs in favor of Petitioner, though it is not determinative alone.
Likely Duration of Future Detention. The second factor requires consideration of
“how long the detention is likely to continue absent judicial intervention; in other words,
the ‘anticipated duration of all removal proceedings—including administrative and judicial
appeals.’” Banda v. McAleenan, 385 F. Supp. 3d 1099, 1119 (W.D. Wash. 2019) (quoting
Jamal A. v. Whitaker, 358 F. Supp. 3d 853, 859 (D. Minn. 2019)).
Here, the length of future detention is unclear. Petitioner’s initial master calendar
hearing was set for March 3, 2025, and his individual merits hearing is scheduled for April
15, 2026. Ret. at 2. “While the Court cannot definitively determine the duration of
petitioner's future detention, based on the current record, it appears likely petitioner will
face many more months and potentially years in detention,” especially if there is a petition
for review before the Court of Appeals. Belqasim v. Bostock, No. 2:25-CV-01282-LK-
TLF, 2025 WL 3466971, at *9 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 28, 2025), report and recommendation
adopted sub nom. Belqasim v. Hermosillo, No. 2:25-CV-01282-LK, 2025 WL 3170929
(W.D. Wash. Nov. 13, 2025); Guatam v. Corr. Corp. of Am., No. 3:25-CV-3600-JES-DEB,
2026 WL 25846, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2026) (“[A] removal order may not become final
until after the appeals Petitioner could file, to both the Board of Immigration Appeals and
Ninth Circuit…These appeals can take a long time.”); Abdul-Samed v. Warden of Golden
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State Annex Det. Facility, No. 1:25-CV-00098-SAB-HC, 2025 WL 2099343, at *7 (E.D.
Cal. July 25, 2025) (“Although the Court recognizes that future events are difficult to
predict, the Court nevertheless finds that in the event Petitioner's applications for relief
from removal are denied, Petitioner's possible administrative appeal and judicial review by
the Ninth Circuit will be sufficiently lengthy such that this factor weighs in favor of
Petitioner.”).
Thus, the Court finds this factor falls in favor of Petitioner.
Conditions of Detention. For the third factor, “[t]he more that the conditions under
which the noncitizen is being held resemble penal confinement, the stronger his argument
that he is entitled to a bond hearing.” Banda, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 1119 (citation omitted).
Courts have recognized that the conditions at the Otay Mesa Detention Center are
“indistinguishable from penal confinement.” See Kydyrali v. Wolf, 499 F. Supp. 3d 768,
773 (S.D. Cal. 2020); Amado v. United States Dep't of Just., No. 25-CV-2687-LL-DDL,
2025 WL 3079052, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 4, 2025). Thus, this factor weighs in favor of
Petitioner.
Delays in Removal. The fourth and fifth factors concern delays in the removal
proceedings caused by Petitioner or the government. In terms of the fourth factor, neither
party has indicated Petitioner caused any undue delays. As for the fifth factor, the Petitioner
only points to “the immense backlogs of the Immigration Court system,” and no facts to
support the conclusion that the Respondent’s actions are responsible for undue delay. See
Pet. ¶ 6. There is also no indication in any of the filings that Respondents caused any delay
in the proceedings. In sum, both the fourth and fifth factors are neutral.
Likelihood of Final Removal Order. For the sixth Banda factor, the Court
evaluates the likelihood that the removal proceedings will result in a final order of removal,
or “[i]n other words, the Court considers whether the noncitizen has asserted any defenses
to removal.” Banda, 385 F. Supp. 3d at 1120. Here, Respondent has determined that
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Petitioner demonstrates a positive credible fear determination. Petitioner will now have the
opportunity to present evidence supporting his asylum claims. While it remains unclear
how an IJ will eventually rule, Petitioner has so far presented a defense which reduces the
likelihood of a final removal order. Thus, the Court finds this factor slightly favors
Petitioner.
Weighing the Factors. In sum, at least four of the six factors weigh in favor
Petitioner, with the other factors being neutral. Accordingly, the Court concludes that
Petitioner’s detention has become unreasonably prolonged. Thus, Petitioner is entitled to a
prompt and individualized bond hearing, where Respondents must justify Petitioner’s
continued detention “by a showing of clear and convincing evidence that Petitioner would
likely flee or pose a danger to the community if released.” Sadeqi v. LaRose, No. 25-CV-
2587-RSH-BJW, 2025 WL 3154520, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 2025); Abdul-Samed v.
Warden of Golden State Annex Det. Facility, No. 1:25-CV-00098-SAB-HC, 2025 WL
2099343, at *9 (E.D. Cal. July 25, 2025); Toktosunov v. Wamsley, No. 2:25-CV-1724-TL,
2025 WL 3492858, at *6 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 5, 2025).
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the reasoning above, the Court GRANTS IN PART the petition for writ
of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241.
In his petition, Petitioner requests release. Pet. at 16. “The Court finds, consistent
with other post-Jennings cases, that the appropriate remedy is a bond hearing before an
immigration judge[.]” Lopez v. Garland, 631 F. Supp. 3d 870, 882 (E.D. Cal. 2022); Abdul-
Samed, 2025 WL 2099343, at *9. If Respondents fail to comply with this order, Petitioner
may seek further relief from the Court at that time.
Accordingly, the Court ORDERS Respondents to provide Petitioner with a bond
hearing within seven (7) days of this Order. Respondents are ORDERED to FILE a Notice
of Compliance within ten days of providing Petitioner with a bond hearing. The hearing
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set for January 30, 2026 is VACATED. Accordingly, the Parties’ Joint Motion to Continue
the Order to Show Cause Hearing is DENIED as moot. The Clerk of Court SHALL enter
judgment in Petitioner's favor and close this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: January 27, 2026
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