Flexport, Inc. v. Freightmate AI, Inc. et al

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United States District Court
Northern District of California
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION
FLEXPORT, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
FREIGHTMATE AI, INC., et al.,
Defendants.
Case No. 25-cv-02500-RFL (PHK)
ORDER RE: DISPUTES OVER
PERSONAL DEVICES
Re: Dkts. 80, 83
INTRODUCTION
This case generally concerns Plaintiff Flexport Inc.’s (“Flexport”) allegations that former
employees Yingwei Zhao and Bryan Lacaillade misappropriated trade secrets from Flexport in
connection with their launching a competing new venture, Freightmate AI, Inc. (“Freightmate”).
See generally Dkt. 76. Plaintiff asserts claims for trade secret misappropriation, copyright
infringement, and breach of contract. See id.
This case has been referred to the undersigned for all discovery purposes. [Dkt. 81]. The
Parties filed a Discovery Letter Brief on September 10, 2025. [Dkt. 80]. After review, the Court
ordered the Parties to meet and confer in full compliance with the Standing Discovery Order now
applicable to this case. [Dkt. 82]. After that meet and confer, the Parties filed a Joint Discovery
Letter Brief on September 26, 2025, in which the Parties indicate that only one of the three issues
raised in the Parties’ original joint discovery letter brief [Dkt. 80] remains unresolved. [Dkt. 83].
After carefully reviewing the papers and the Parties’ submissions, the Court finds this matter
appropriate for adjudication without the need for oral argument. See Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For the
reasons discussed herein, the Court DENIES the requested relief regarding the remaining discovery
dispute in the instant discovery letter brief [Dkt. 83].
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LEGAL STANDARD
The Court has broad discretion and authority to manage discovery. U.S. Fidelity & Guar.
Co. v. Lee Inv. LLC, 641 F.3d 1126, 1136 n.10 (9th Cir. 2011) (“District courts have wide latitude
in controlling discovery, and their rulings will not be overturned in the absence of a clear abuse of
discretion.”); Laub v. U.S. Dep’t of Int., 342 F.3d 1080, 1093 (9th Cir. 2003). The Court’s discretion
extends to crafting discovery orders that may expand, limit, or differ from the relief requested. See
Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 598 (1998) (holding trial courts have “broad discretion to
tailor discovery narrowly and to dictate the sequence of discovery”). For example, the Court may
limit the scope of any discovery method if it determines that “the discovery sought is unreasonably
cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that is more convenient, less
burdensome, or less expensive.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i).
The relevant legal standards for discovery are well-known. Rule 26(b)(1) delineates the
scope of discovery in federal civil actions and provides that “[p]arties may obtain discovery
regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and proportional
to the needs of the case.” Information need not be admissible to be discoverable. Id. Relevancy for
purposes of discovery is broadly defined to encompass “any matter that bears on, or that reasonably
could lead to other matter that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case.” In re Williams-
Sonoma, Inc., 947 F.3d 535, 539 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437
U.S. 340, 350-51 (1978)); see also In re Facebook, Inc. Consumer Privacy User Profile Litig., No.
18-MD-2843 VC (JSC), 2021 WL 10282215, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2021) (“Courts generally
recognize that relevancy for purposes of discovery is broader than relevancy for purposes of trial.”)
(alteration omitted).
While the scope of relevance is broad, discovery is not unlimited. ATS Prods., Inc. v.
Champion Fiberglass, Inc., 309 F.R.D. 527, 531 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (“Relevancy, for the purposes of
discovery, is defined broadly, although it is not without ultimate and necessary boundaries.”).
Information, even if relevant, must be “proportional to the needs of the case” to fall within the scope
of permissible discovery. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). The 2015 amendments to Rule 26(b)(1)
emphasize the need to impose reasonable limits on discovery through increased reliance on the
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commonsense concept of proportionality: “The objective is to guard against redundant or
disproportionate discovery by giving the court authority to reduce the amount of discovery that may
be directed to matters that are otherwise proper subjects of inquiry. The [proportionality
requirement] is intended to encourage judges to be more aggressive in identifying and discouraging
discovery overuse.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment. In evaluating
the proportionality of a discovery request, the Court considers “the importance of the issues at stake
in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties' relative access to the information, the parties'
resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense
of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).
The party seeking discovery bears the burden of establishing that its request satisfies the
relevancy requirements under Rule 26(b)(1). La. Pac. Corp. v. Money Mkt. 1 Inst. Inv. Dealer, 285
F.R.D. 481, 485 (N.D. Cal. 2012). The resisting party, in turn, has the burden to show that the
discovery should not be allowed. Id. The resisting party must specifically explain the reasons why
the request at issue is objectionable and may not rely on boilerplate, conclusory, or speculative
arguments. Id.; see also Blankenship v. Hearst Corp., 519 F.2d 418, 429 (9th Cir. 1975) (“Under
the liberal discovery principles of the Federal Rules defendants were required to carry a heavy
burden of showing why discovery was denied.”).
With regard to proportionality, “[t]he parties and the court have a collective responsibility
to consider the proportionality of all discovery and consider it in resolving discovery disputes.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 26 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment. “A party claiming undue burden or
expense ordinarily has far better information—perhaps the only information—with respect to that
part of the determination. A party claiming that a request is important to resolve the issues should
be able to explain the ways in which the underlying information bears on the issues as that party
understands them. The court’s responsibility, using all the information provided by the parties, is to
consider these and all the other factors in reaching a case-specific determination of the appropriate
scope of discovery.” Id.
As part of its inherent discretion and authority, the Court has broad discretion in determining
relevancy for discovery purposes. Surfvivor Media, Inc. v. Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th
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Cir. 2005) (citing Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002)). Similarly, a district court’s
determination as to proportionality of discovery is within the district court’s discretion. See Jones
v. Riot Hospitality Grp. LLC, 95 F.4th 730, 737-38 (9th Cir. 2024) (finding district court did not
abuse discretion on proportionality ruling). Ultimately, “the timing, sequencing and proportionality
of discovery is left to the discretion of the Court.” Toro v. Centene Corp., No. 19-cv-05163 LHK
(NC), 2020 WL 6108643, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 14, 2020).
DISCUSSION
The sole remaining discovery dispute here concerns Flexport’s request for production
(“RFP”) No. 5 which seeks from Freightmate “Documents and Communications concerning this
Action or Flexport[.]” [Dkt. 83 at 2]. Flexport has served an identical document request on the
Individual Defendants, but the instant dispute centers on discovery directed to Freightmate and thus
reduces to whether Freightmate should be obligated to search the personal devices of both co-
defendants and other employees and contractors. That is, the Parties’ dispute concerns which
electronic equipment should be searched by Freightmate in response to RFP No. 5.
Flexport argues that Freightmate should be required to search for and produce responsive
documents from the personal devices of all Freightmate’s employees and agents because
Freightmate allegedly has control over those devices. [Dkt. 83 at 1]. Flexport argues that an IP
Assignment Agreement executed by the Freightmate employees gives Freightmate a legal right to
obtain documents from the personal devices. Id. Flexport also argues that Freightmate has actual
possession of the data from the employees’ devices because they were all collected in late 2024 for
forensic imaging. Id. Flexport argues that the fact that Freightmate was able to collect the devices
previously for imaging demonstrates that Freightmate can obtain the devices again, and thus
Freightmate should be required to do so for further searching. Id.
Freightmate argues that “Flexport demands that freightmate review and produce documents
on the Individual Defendants’ personal computers (bought with personal funds, before joining
freightmate, and containing personal documents), phones, email accounts, etc.” Id. at 2 (emphasis
in original). Freightmate further argues that it has only three employees (two of whom are the named
Individual Defendants), that Flexport has already subpoenaed the third employee, and that
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Freightmate only has a contractual right to its own work product on the employees’ personal devices
– and thus, anything other than Freightmate work product should be sought directly from the
employees. Id.
Freightmate admits that it has retained an ediscovery vendor which has apparently searched
all the Defendants’ devices, including the named co-defendants. Id. Further, Freightmate has
agreed to produce all three of its employees’ nonprivileged Freightmate emails, Teams messages,
and Slack messages. Id.
Finally, Freightmate argues that it “has no right” to request production of materials from the
personal devices of its “group of international contractors”. Id.
Personal Devices of the Individually Named Co-Defendants
First, regarding the Individual Defendants, Flexport has sent document requests identical to
RFP No. 5 to the two co-defendants. Flexport provides no reason why those Individual Defendants
have been unable or unwilling to search their own personal devices for responsive documents.
Those Individual Defendants are not parties to the instant dispute. As noted, discovery must not
merely be relevant, but must also be proportional. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). As the party seeking
discovery from Freightmate, Flexport has the burden to explain why it is proportional to the needs
of the case to seek the Individual Defendants’ materials via RFP No. 5 directed to Freightmate. In
that regard, Flexport has failed. For example, there is no basis on the current record to conclude
that the electronic files from those co-defendants’ personal devices are somehow being withheld
from discovery by those co-defendants. Seeking materials from Freightmate, where those same
materials are also sought from the co-defendants, is not proportional because such request is by
definition duplicative effort.
Nor is there any basis for concluding that it makes practical sense to sidestep those Individual
Defendants (and relieve them of their discovery obligations) in favor of analyzing whether
Freightmate has possession, custody or control of those co-defendants’ devices. One of the factors
for proportionality is “the parties' relative access to the information” and here there is no doubt that
the Individual Defendants have the best direct access to the information on their personal devices,
not Freightmate.
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Freightmate contends that the reason Flexport seeks to obtain the materials via discovery
directed to Freightmate is because Flexport seeks a pretrial ruling that co-defendant Zhao’s
documents on his personal devices are within the possession, custody, or control of Freightmate,
thereby allowing for the argument that Freightmate is equally liable for Zhao’s alleged downloading
of Flexport materials onto his personal devices. [Dkt. 83 at 2]. Flexport makes no substantive
response to this argument. Whether a pretrial discovery ruling from the undersigned would be a
“backdoor victory on the merits of this dispute” (as Freightmate argues) is questionable, but in any
event, the argument highlights another reason why the requested relief as to these two Individual
Defendants’ personal devices should be denied: judicial efficiency. The entire analysis of an
employer’s possession, custody, or control of an employee’s personal devices can be a fact-intensive
inquiry based on evolving legal standards. See, e.g., Nugent v. Secretlab US, Inc., 2024 WL
4331812 at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 27, 2024) (resolving “control” issue regarding overseas affiliate’s
computer server and electronic files after evidentiary hearing and multiple rounds of briefing).
Through discovery, a requesting party may request that another party produce certain items in that
target party’s “possession, custody, or control.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a). For an employee’s personal
device to be deemed subject to the possession, custody, or control of their employer, “generally the
[party seeking discovery] must show that personal devices were used for business purposes.” Rattie
v. Balfour Beatty Infrastructure, Inc., 2023 WL 5507174, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2023) (quoting
Goolsby v. Cnty. of San Diego, 2019 WL 3891128, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2019)). Here, Flexport
has insufficiently demonstrated a need for the Court to undertake such an analysis of whether
Freightmate has custody or control over the personal devices of the Individual Defendants, where
the discovery is being sought from those co-defendants directly. See, e.g., INS v. Bagamasbad, 429
U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to make findings on
issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”).
The record indicates that the requested relief as to these two Individual Defendants’ personal
devices is duplicative for another reason. Freightmate has apparently collected all Defendants’
devices and imaged them using the services of its ediscovery vendor. [Dkt. 83 at 2]. Freightmate
is also apparently reviewing and producing responsive documents from those imaged files. Id.
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Clearly, Freightmate has control of the imaged data which apparently is under the control or custody
of its ediscovery vendor. There is no apparent dispute over the propriety of Freightmate’s
production of those responsive materials from the imaged files. Flexport admits that the forensic
imaging of the co-defendants’ personal devices took place in late 2024. Id. at 1. Flexport does not
explain how or why the process of producing materials from the imaged files is deficient or
insufficient. Based on the record provided, Freightmate appears to have imaged and is producing
responsive materials from the very personal devices of the co-defendants at issue. For this reason,
Flexport’s request that the Court rule that Freightmate has possession, custody, or control of these
personal devices appears both duplicative and moot.
For all these reasons, Flexport’s requested relief directed to Freightmate regarding the
personal devices of the named Individual Defendants is DENIED.
Personal Devices of Third Employee of Freightmate
The record is more sparse (and the dispute less developed) with regard to the third employee
of Freightmate. The Parties provide no information on who this third employee is or how many
personal devices he has. As noted, Flexport argues that an IP Assignment Agreement provides
Freightmate with the legal right to access all employees’ personal devices. Id. Freightmate responds
that the agreement only gives Freightmate ownership over its own work product on those devices,
not a legal ability to access or control everything on those devices. Id. at 2. Flexport argues further
that the forensic imaging of the co-defendants’ devices in 2024 indicates that Freightmate has
control over the devices of all employees. Id. at 1. The record indicates, however, that Freightmate
imaged the Defendants’ devices, not the devices of the third employee (who is not a named
defendant). Id. at 2. Flexport makes no individualized showing as to how or why Freightmate has
possession, custody, or control of this third employee’s personal devices.
Further, as noted, Flexport has apparently subpoenaed this third employee for the materials
on his personal devices (much like Flexport’s having served RFO No. 5 on the Individual
Defendants). Id. at 2. Flexport provides no reason to even suspect that this third employee has been
unable or unwilling to search his own personal devices for materials responsive to the subpoena.
That subpoenaed party is not a party to the instant dispute. As noted, discovery must not merely be
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relevant, but must also be proportional. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). As the party seeking discovery
from Freightmate, Flexport has the burden to explain why it is proportional to the needs of the case
to seek materials from this employee’s personal devices via RFP No. 5 directed to Freightmate. In
that regard, Flexport has failed. For example, there is no basis on the current record to conclude
that the electronic files from this third employee’s personal devices are somehow being withheld
from discovery or that the subpoena is not being complied with. Seeking materials from
Freightmate, where those same materials are also sought from the subpoenaed third party, is not
proportional because such request is by definition duplicative effort.
Nor is there any basis for concluding that it makes practical sense to sidestep the third
employee (and relieve him of his discovery obligations in response to the subpoena) in favor of
analyzing whether Freightmate has possession, custody or control of that employee’s personal
devices. One of the factors for proportionality is “the parties' relative access to the information”
and here there is no doubt that this third employee has the best direct access to the information on
his personal devices, not Freightmate.
As discussed above, judicial efficiency also supports denying the requested relief with regard
to this third employee. The analysis of an employer’s possession, custody, or control of an
employee’s personal devices can be a fact-intensive inquiry based on evolving legal standards. See,
e.g., Nugent, 2024 WL 4331812 at *1; see also Rattie, 2023 WL 5507174, at *3. Here, Flexport
has insufficiently demonstrated a need for the Court to undertake such an analysis of whether
Freightmate has custody or control over the personal devices of this third employee, where the
discovery is being sought directly from that employee via subpoena. See, e.g., INS, 429 U.S. at 25.
For all these reasons, Flexport’s requested relief directed to Freightmate regarding the
personal devices of this third employee is DENIED.
Personal Devices of Freightmate’s Unidentified “Agents” and “Contractors”
Finally, the record is the most sparse with regard to Freightmate’s “agents” or “contractors”.
Rule 34 requires a party served with document requests to produce responsive, non-privileged
documents which are in that party’s possession, custody, or control. Because Rule 34 is written in
the disjunctive, control is a separate and sufficient basis for production; issues such as actual
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possession, legal ownership, and custody are distinct from the issue of control. Soto v. City of
Concord, 162 F.R.D. 603, 619 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (finding the City of Concord has control of
documents of non-employee psychiatrists who evaluated individual officer-defendants); Bess v.
Cate, No. 2:07-cv-1989 JAM JFM, 2008 WL 5100203, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2008) (for control
issue “actual possession of a document is not required.”). The Ninth Circuit has held that “[c]ontrol
is defined as the legal right to obtain documents on demand.” In re Citric Acid Litig., 191 F.3d 1090,
1107 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v. Int’l Union of Petroleum & Indus. Workers, 870 F.2d
1450, 1452 (9th Cir. 1989)) (concluding that legal control test is proper standard under Fed. R. Civ.
P. 45). As the party seeking production of documents under Rule 34, Flexport has the burden of
proving that Freightmate has legal control over (i.e., the legal right to obtain on demand) the third
parties’ documents. Hitachi, Ltd. v. AmTRAN Tech. Co., No. C 05-2301 CRB (JL), 2006 WL
2038248 at *1 (N.D. Cal. July 18, 2006) (citing Norman v. Young, 422 F.2d 470, 472–73 (10th Cir.
1970)).
Flexport makes no factual averments as to who exactly these “contractors” or “agents” are,
how many people are involved, what their retainer or consulting agreements state with regard to
their devices and access or control by Freightmate, or even why the personal devices of third-party
non-employees would be expected to contain relevant materials responsive to RFP No. 5. Flexport
makes no individualized showing as to how or why Freightmate should be found to have custody or
control over the personal devices of these third parties (because they are contractors, there appears
to be no dispute that Freightmate lacks possession of the personal devices). Flexport merely argues
that “Freightmate has multiple employees/agents, including outside the U.S., most of whom are not
defendants in this lawsuit . . . Freightmate’s control over the devices at issue is rooted in contract
and admitted.” [Dkt. 83 at 1-2] (emphasis omitted). However, Flexport does not provide any further
facts or analysis to support the bare allegation that Freightmate’s control “is rooted in contract and
admitted.” Flexport’s conclusory allegation is insufficient to establish legal control. Thus, on the
record presented here, there is no showing that the unidentified “agents” or “contractors” regularly
or necessarily used their personal devices for Freightmate’s business. There is also no showing that
Freightmate has a legal right to access those personal devices. See Nugent, 2024 WL 4331812 at *5.
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For these reasons, Flexport’s requested relief directed to Freightmate regarding the personal
devices of these “agents’” and “contractors’” is DENIED.
CONCLUSION
For all the reasons discussed herein, the Court DENIES Flexport’s requested relief directed
to Freightmate (and Freightmate’s response to RFP No. 5) regarding the various personal devices at
issue here.
This Order RESOLVES Dkts. 80 and 83.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: February 2, 2026
PETER H. KANG
United States Magistrate Judge
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