Lopez et al v. Bell Bank et al

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WO
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
Carolina M. Lopez, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Bell Bank, et al.,
Defendants.
No. CV-25-02808-PHX-SHD
ORDER
At issue are (1) Movant Silver Law PLC’s (“Silver”) Objection to Subpoena to
Produce Documents, which will be construed as a motion to quash Defendants’ subpoena
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(d)(3)(A), (Doc. 23), to which Defendants
responded, (Doc. 31),1 and (2) a closely related discovery dispute relating to Defendants’
request for production which seeks similar materials from Plaintiffs, rather than Silver
directly, (Doc. 51). The parties raised this dispute, Discovery Dispute 4, at the May 14,
2026 hearing, (Doc. 46), and submitted a joint statement on May 21, 2026, (Doc. 51). For
the reasons stated below, Silver’s motion to quash will be denied, and Defendants’ request
in Discovery Dispute 4 will be granted.
I. Motion to Quash Subpoena
“The party seeking to quash a subpoena bears the burden of persuasion.” Chartis
1 Silver did not reply. On March 5, 2026, Plaintiffs filed a “Response to Defendants’
Motion to Compel.” (Doc. 32.) There, they argue that Defendants’ Response to the Silver
Objection is effectively a motion to compel, and as such, violates LRCiv 7.2(j)’s conferral
requirement. (Id.) Because Silver’s Objection is construed as a motion to quash, LRCiv
7.2(j) does not apply, and Defendants’ Response is properly presented.
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Specialty Ins. Co. v. Scott Homes Multifamily Inc., 2015 WL 13566919, at *1 (D. Ariz.
2015). Relevant here, “the court . . . must quash or modify a subpoena that . . . requires
disclosure of privileged or other protected matter, if no exception or waiver applies;
or . . . subjects a person to undue burden.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(3)(A)(iii)–(iv).
The subpoena at issue requires Silver to produce four categories of communications
and documents: (1) all non-privileged communications related to Plaintiff Charles
Kirkland’s criminal case, United States v. Kirkland, No. 2:23-cr-00005-JHC, (W.D. Wash
2023) (the “Criminal Case”); (2) non-privileged communications between Silver and the
Department of Justice (“DOJ”), United States Attorney’s Office for the Western District
of Washington (“USAO”), and the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigations Unit
(“IRS-CI”) related to the Criminal Case; (3) non-privileged documents and
communications received from the USAO during discovery in the Criminal Case; and (4)
non-privileged documents and communications provided to the USAO during discovery in
the Criminal Case. (Doc. 23-1 at 7–8.)
Silver argues that it cannot comply with the subpoena because of Arizona’s Ethical
Rule 1.6 (“ER 1.6”),2 which prohibits a lawyer from “reveal[ing] information relating to
the representation of a client.” (Doc. 23 at 1–2.) Silver also argues that the subpoena is
unduly burdensome and seeks documents and communications that are not relevant. (Id.
at 2.) Each argument is addressed in turn.
“First, any concerns [Silver] has with complying with Ethical Rule 1.6, which
requires lawyers to maintain confidentiality unless authorized to disclose by their client,
law, or court order, will be resolved by the instructions in this order.” Chartis Specialty
Ins. Co., 2015 WL 13566919, at *1 n.2 (citing ER 1.6(d), which allows attorneys to
disclose information when authorized by court order); see also Corbin v. Unifund CCR
Partners, 2007 WL 9724726, at *2 (D. Ariz. 2007) (holding that while “ER 1.6 is a valid
objection to a production request,” it is “not a defense to compulsion by a court order”).
2 Silver did not specify that Arizona’s ethical rules apply. (See generally, Doc. 23.)
But Silver Law PLC is an Arizona law firm, and Defendants rely on Arizona’s ethical rules
and case law in their Response. (See e.g., Doc. 31 at 5.) Silver has not objected to or
otherwise challenged the application of Arizona law.
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To the extent Silver is concerned that the subpoena requires production of privileged
communications in violation of Rule 45(d)(3)(A)(iii), that result is foreclosed by the
subpoena itself, which only seeks production of non-privileged materials. (See Doc. 23-1
at 7–8.) Indeed, the subpoena primarily seeks documents and communications exchanged
between Silver and the USAO, DOJ, and IRS-CI. (Id.) Such materials “obviously are not
privileged because they were disclosed to a third party with [the] client’s consent.” Chartis
Specialty Ins. Co., 2015 WL 13566919, at *1 n.2. The only category of communications
not defined by exchange with the DOJ, USAO, or IRS-CI, is the request for “all non-
privileged communications related to [Kirkland’s] criminal case.” (Doc. 23-1.) But again,
this category is modified by “non-privileged” and thus does not run afoul of Rule
45(d)(3)(A)(iii)’s privileged-communications prong.
Silver next argues that the subpoena imposes an undue burden because it possesses
over 30,000 files related to Kirkland’s case, and, as a small boutique law firm, Silver does
not have the capacity to search the files and screen them for privileged information. (Doc.
23 at 2.) But Silver provides only generalized assertions regarding file volume and
resources, which are insufficient to carry its burden under Rule 45(d)(3)(A)(iv). See
Chartis Specialty Ins. Co., 2015 WL 13566919, at *1 (stating that on a motion to quash
subpoena, movant carries the burden of persuasion). As Defendants point out, running a
simple search for communications with the DOJ, USAO, and IRS-CI would gather most,
if not all, of the relevant materials. Similarly, discovery exchanged in the case should be
readily identifiable. Silver identifies no reason why communications with the USAO, DOJ,
and IRS‑CI and the discovery productions in the criminal case cannot be located using
ordinary search tools and file organization. (See Doc. 23 at 2.) Furthermore, there is a
protective order in this case, (Doc. 49), which resolves any confidentiality concerns.
Finally, Silver makes conclusory arguments that the subpoena is overbroad and
seeks information that is not relevant. (Id. at 2.) Regarding relevance, I find that the
documents and communications sought fall within Rule 26’s broad definition of relevance.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). As Defendants explain, “Bell Bank has alleged affirmative
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defenses that Mr. Kirkland misrepresented his financial status . . . at the time the relevant
transactions were negotiated and executed,” and “the Subpoena seeks non-privileged
materials that will reveal what Mr. Kirkland knew, when he knew it,” and “what he
disclosed (or failed to disclose) to Bell Bank.” (Doc. 31 at 2, 5.)
As for overbreadth, I find that the subpoena is appropriately narrowed by limiting
Silver’s production obligations to the same scope Defendants proposed in the parties’ Joint
Discovery Dispute Statement and which I will now adopt as the governing scope of both
the subpoena and, as set forth in Section II below, the request for production. (Doc. 51 at
1–2, 5–6.) Specifically, Silver shall produce the following non‑privileged materials:
Any substantive communications exchanged between Mr. Kirkland, or Silver
Law PLC, and any Department of Justice component (including IRS‑CI, U.S.
Probation, and Pretrial Services) related to the investigation that led to
criminal case no. 23‑CR‑00005 from the Western District of Washington.
These communications include: (1) all communications putting Mr. Kirkland
on notice of a criminal investigation, (2) any evidence exchanged between
the parties, (3) all communications that discuss the nature of any potential
charges and Mr. Kirkland’s culpability, and (4) all documents exchanged
with any U.S. Probation or Pretrial Services Officer prior to sentencing in
June 2023.
For purposes of this Order, “substantive” communications exclude ministerial or
purely logistical communications, such as communications limited to scheduling meetings,
hearings, or similar events. To the extent responsive documents are subject to a claim of
privilege or work product, Silver may withhold those documents and serve an appropriate
privilege log.
II. Discovery Dispute 4
Consistent with the modification to the subpoena, Defendants’ request in Discovery
Dispute 4 for production of the same category of documents from Plaintiffs will be granted.
Contrary to Plaintiffs’ arguments regarding relevance and proportionality, I find the
requested materials are relevant and that any burden on Plaintiffs is proportional to the
needs of the case, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), in which the liquidation of over $15,000,000
of securities is at issue, (Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 27, 37). Again, if responsive documents are subject
to a claim of privilege or work product, Plaintiffs may withhold those documents and serve
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an appropriate privilege log.
Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED denying the Objection to Subpoena to Produce Documents,
(Doc. 23), and modifying the subpoena to limit Silver Law PLC’s production obligations
to the non‑privileged materials described above. Silver Law PLC shall have 20 days from
entry of this Order to comply with the Subpoena.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED granting Defendants’ request in Discovery Dispute
4, (Doc. 51). Plaintiffs shall produce all non-privileged documents in their possession,
custody, or control that fall within the categories set forth above by no later than 20 days
from entry of this Order.
Dated this 22nd day of May, 2026.
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