ZMIJEWSKA

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In re Bozena ZMIJEWSKA, Respondent
File A70 576 279 - New York
Decided February 21, 2007
U.S. Department of Justice
Executive Office for Immigration Review
Board of Immigration Appeals
(1) The Board of Immigration Appeals lacks authority to apply an “exceptional
circumstances” or other general equitable exception to the penalty provisions for failure to
depart within the time period afforded for voluntary departure under section 240B(d)(1) of
the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.A. § 1229c(d)(1) (West Supp. 2006).
(2) An alien has not voluntarily failed to depart the United States under section 240B(d)(1)
of the Act when the alien, through no fault of his or her own, was unaware of the voluntary
departure order or was physically unable to depart within the time granted.
FOR RESPONDENT: Ruchi Thaker, Esquire, New York, New York
FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Michael Horowitz, Assistant
Chief Counsel
BEFORE: 	Board Panel: HURWITZ, Acting Vice Chairman; HOLMES and GRANT,
Board Members.
GRANT, Board Member:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has remanded
this case with a request that we clarify whether, under section 240B of the
Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229c (2000), “Congress
intended to permit courts, in the exercise of their equitable discretion, to grant
exceptions to the 10-year ineligibility period imposed as a penalty for failure
to comply with voluntary departure orders.” Zmijewska v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d
99, 101 (2d Cir. 2005).
The court further requested that we reconsider the respondent’s claims “in
light of the Government’s revelation at oral argument that [her] voluntary
departure deadline was in fact November 8, 2002, rather than November 9,
2002, and therefore that [her] Board-accredited representative had not
informed her of the existence of the BIA’s voluntary departure order by the
time her departure deadline passed.” Id. at 100-01.
As discussed below, Congress has provided certain exceptions to the
penalties for overstaying a period of voluntary departure. 	The statute now
limits application of the penalty provisions to situations in which a respondent
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“voluntarily fails to depart the United States within the time period specified.”
Section 240B(d)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C.A. § 1229c(d)(1) (West Supp. 2006)
(emphasis added). Thus, assuming the truth of the respondent’s allegations
regarding her accredited representative’s delay in informing her of our
voluntary departure order, we find that the respondent did not voluntarily fail
to depart within the period for voluntary departure. We will therefore vacate
our prior decision denying the respondent’s motions to reopen and reconsider,
grant her motion to reopen to apply for adjustment of status, and remand the
record to the Immigration Judge for further proceedings.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The respondent entered the United States in July 1988 and remained
beyond the 6 months authorized by her visitor’s visa. The Immigration and
Naturalization Service (“INS”), now the Department of Homeland Security
(“DHS”), initiated removal proceedings in September 1999.
Assisted by an accredited representative, the respondent conceded in
Immigration Court that she was subject to removal for staying beyond the
period authorized by her nonimmigrant visa. 	In a decision dated June 13,
2000, the Immigration Judge pretermitted her application for cancellation of
removal under section 240A(b)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1) (2000),
for lack of a qualifying relative. 	In addition, because the respondent’s
pending request for a labor certification had not yet been approved, the
Immigration Judge found her ineligible for adjustment of status and any other
relief from removal other than voluntary departure. The Immigration Judge
issued an order granting the respondent 60 days for voluntary departure from
the United States, with an alternate order of removal to Poland. 	The
Immigration Judge also instructed the respondent that if she failed to depart
within the time afforded, she would be barred from relief from removal
“unless there were exceptional circumstances beyond [her] control as to why
[she] didn’t comply with that order of voluntary departure such as being very
sick or someone dying in [her] family or some other type of exceptional
circumstance.”
The respondent timely appealed the Immigration Judge’s pretermission of
her request for cancellation of removal. On October 9, 2002, we summarily
dismissed the respondent’s appeal and granted her 30 days for voluntary
departure.
On January 7, 2003, after learning that her appeal had been dismissed and
obtaining new counsel, the respondent filed a motion to reopen alleging
ineffective assistance by her former representative for failing to seek a remand
for adjustment of status while her appeal was pending with the Board and for
failing to notify her of the Board’s decision until after the period we granted
her for voluntary departure had passed. 	The respondent attached to her
motion to reopen an approved labor certification and an approved employment
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visa petition. 	The relevant Visa Bulletins indicate that visas with the
respondent’s priority date were available for the respondent’s employment
category in March 2002.
On April 29, 2003, we denied the motion to reopen. 	We found that the
motion was untimely and, alternatively, that the respondent, as a consequence
of overstaying our grant of voluntary departure, was ineligible for adjustment
of status under the 10-year bar in section 240B of the Act. We also rejected
the respondent’s claim that “exceptional circumstances” excused her from the
10-year bar, finding that although such an exception was included in former
section 242B of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1252b (1994), a respondent in removal
proceedings instituted on or after April 1, 1997, is subject to the terms of
section 240B which, unlike former section 242B, does not contain an
“exceptional circumstances” exception for failing to comply with a voluntary
departure order.
The respondent then filed a timely motion for reconsideration, pointing out
that we had erred in finding that the motion to reopen was untimely and
requesting that we recognize an exception to the voluntary departure penalty
when failure to depart within the time provided is the result of ineffective
assistance of counsel. 	On September 26, 2003, we issued a decision
acknowledging that the motion to reopen had been timely filed but denying
reconsideration on the basis that “[t]he prior decision found that under
section 240B of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229c, the
respondent had not shown ‘exceptional circumstances’ for her failure to
comply with the voluntary departure order.”
The respondent appealed both the denial of the motion to reopen and the
denial of the motion to reconsider to the Second Circuit. In its remand to the
Board, the court framed the issue as follows:
The question presented is whether, in light of 8 U.S.C. § 1229c, [the respondent’s]
failure to comply with a voluntary departure order renders her statutorily ineligible
to receive an adjustment of status arising out of an employment offer, see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1255(a), or whether [she] may instead seek equitable relief from the provisions of
8 U.S.C. § 1229c(d) in the extraordinary circumstances presented here–namely,
where: (1) [she] relied on erroneous representations of an immigration agent advising
her not to seek adjustment of status after receiving a labor certification but prior to the
BIA’s order of voluntary departure; (2) [her] Board-accredited representative failed
to notify her of the existence of the BIA’s voluntary removal order until the day after
she was required to depart the United States; and (3) an Immigration Judge (“IJ”)
informed (or misinformed) [the respondent] on the record that even if she failed to
depart voluntarily in accordance with a BIA order, she still could avoid becoming
statutorily ineligible for further relief by demonstrating that “there were exceptional
circumstances beyond [her] control.”
Zmijewska v. Gonzales, supra, at 101 (footnote omitted).
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II. ANALYSIS
A. Statutory Language
We begin with the statutory language of the penalty provisions for failing
to depart within the time afforded for voluntary departure. 	Penalties for
failing to depart pursuant to a grant of voluntary departure were first imposed
in 1990 with the enactment of section 545(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990,
Pub. L. No. 101-649, 104 Stat. 4978, 5061, 5064 (effective Nov. 29, 1990).
The statute, which was codified at former section 242B(e)(2)(A) of the Act,
provided, in relevant part:
[A]ny alien . . . who remains in the United States after the scheduled date of
departure, other than because of exceptional circumstances, shall not be eligible for
relief described in paragraph (5) [including adjustment of status] for a period of
5 years after the scheduled date of departure or the date of unlawful reentry,
respectively.
(Emphasis 	added.) 	The 	initial 	penalty 	provision 	thus 	contained 	an
“exceptional circumstances” exception for failing to depart within the allotted
time. 	The 	term “exceptional 	circumstances” 	was 	defined 	to 	include
“exceptional circumstances (such as serious illness of the alien or death of an
immediate 	relative 	of 	the 	alien, 	but 	not 	including 	less 	compelling
circumstances) beyond the control of the alien.” Former section 242B(f)(2)
of the Act. The statute also required written notice in English and Spanish and
oral notice in a language the alien understands of the consequences of failing
to depart within the time afforded, other than because of exceptional
circumstances. Former section 242B(e)(2)(B) of the Act.
In 1996, Congress amended the penalty provision for failure to depart
pursuant to a grant of voluntary departure in a number of ways. See Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Div. C of
Pub. L. No. 104-208, § 304(a)(3), 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-587, 3009-596,
(“IIRIRA”). 	Most significantly, the IIRIRA eliminated the “exceptional
circumstances” exception. 	It also added a new clause specifying that the
penalties 	apply 	to 	an 	alien 	who 	“fails 	voluntarily 	to 	depart.”1
Id. § 304(a)(3), 110 Stat. at 3009-597. The newly enacted section of the
statute regarding penalties for failure to depart provided as follows:
If an alien is permitted to depart voluntarily under this section and fails voluntarily
to depart the United States within the time period specified, the alien shall be subject
to a civil penalty of not less than $1,000 and not more than $5,000, and be ineligible
for a period of 10 years for any further relief under this section and sections 240A,
1 The IIRIRA also increased the period of ineligibility for the specified forms of relief from
removal from 5 years to 10 years, added a bond requirement, and eliminated the requirement
of oral notice of the consequences of failing to depart within the period for voluntary
departure.
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245, 248, and 249. The order permitting the alien to depart voluntarily shall inform
the alien of the penalties under this subsection.
Section 240B(d) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(d) (2000) (emphasis added).
We have never directly addressed in a precedent decision the meaning of the
phrase 	“fails 	voluntarily 	to 	depart 	the 	United 	States” 	contained 	in
section 240B(d).
In January 2006, after the Second Circuit remanded this case, Congress
amended section 240B(d) of the Act to make two changes relevant to the
voluntary departure penalty provision. 	See Violence Against Women and
Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-162,
§ 812, 119 Stat. 2960, 3057 (enacted Jan. 5, 2006) (“VAWA”). 	Section
240B(d) of the Act now provides as follows:
Civil Penalty for Failure to Depart
(1) In General
Subject to paragraph (2), if an alien is permitted to depart voluntarily under this section
and voluntarily fails to depart the United States within the time period specified, the
alien —
(A) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not less than $1,000 and not more than
$5,000; and
(B) shall be ineligible, for a period of 10 years, to receive any further relief under
this section and sections 240A, 245, 248, and 249.
(2) Application of VAWA Protections
The restrictions on relief under paragraph (1) shall not apply to relief under
section 240A or 245 on the basis of a petition filed by a VAWA self-petitioner, or a
petition filed under section 240A(b)(2), or under section 244(a)(3) (as in effect prior to
March 31, 1977), if the extreme cruelty or battery was at least one central reason for the
alien’s overstaying the grant of voluntary departure.
(3) Notice of Penalties
The order permitting an alien to depart voluntarily shall inform the alien of the penalties
under this subsection.
In enacting the 2006 amendments, Congress recognized that some VAWA
applicants may have overstayed a period of voluntary departure for reasons
that justify an exception to the penalty provisions. 	Notably, the VAWA
exception is limited to applicants who demonstrate that extreme cruelty or
battery was a central reason for overstaying the grant of voluntary departure.
Congress 	also 	changed 	the 	wording 	of 	the 	introductory 	clause 	of
section 240B(d) from “fails voluntarily to depart” to “voluntarily fails to
depart.” This change in wording clarifies that the phrase was not intended to
apply to every alien who failed to depart within the voluntary departure period
but was meant to limit the penalties to only those aliens whose failure to
depart was voluntary.
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B. Equitable Exceptions to the Voluntary Departure Penalty Provisions
Before 	reaching 	the 	question 	whether 	the 	respondent 	in 	this 	case
“voluntarily” failed to depart, we must first address the issue presented on
remand, i.e., whether courts may exercise equitable discretion to grant
exceptions to the penalty provisions of section 240B(d). We understand that
the court’s request requires us to consider whether the statute may be
interpreted to afford agency and court authority to recognize equitable
exceptions, in addition to the exceptions spelled out in the statute. For the
reasons specified below, we find that Congress has not given the Board or the
courts authority to recognize equitable exceptions to the section 240B(d) bar
beyond those specifically provided in the voluntary departure provisions.
The question of equitable exceptions to the voluntary departure penalties
involves considerations somewhat different from those relevant to the
question of equitable exceptions to statutes of limitations. See Iavorski v. U.S.
INS, 232 F.3d 124, 129 (2d Cir. 2000). Unlike a statute of limitations, the
voluntary departure grant involves a quid pro quo arrangement between an
alien and the Government of the United States. 	Banda-Ortiz v. Gonzales,
445 F.3d 387, 389 (5th Cir. 2006) (“Voluntary departure is the result of an
agreed-upon exchange of benefits between an alien and the Government.”)
In return for departing within the time afforded for voluntary departure, an
alien avoids certain adverse consequences of a removal order. 	See, e.g.,
section 212(a)(9)(A)(ii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A)(ii) (2000)
(rendering inadmissible for 10 years an alien who has been ordered removed
from the United States.) 	The voluntary departure agreement comes with
warnings of the consequences of failing to depart within the time granted.2
Therefore, exceptions to the penalty provisions, unlike exceptions to a statute
of limitation, are included in the statutory framework setting forth the terms
of the agreement.
In the original version of the statute, Congress afforded a rather broad and
open-ended equitable exception to the penalty provisions for aliens who could
demonstrate “exceptional circumstances,” which was defined to include
“serious illness” and other “compelling circumstances.” See, e.g., Matter of
Grijalva, 21 I&N Dec. 472 (BIA 1996) (finding that ineffective assistance of
counsel may amount to “exceptional circumstances” in the context of a motion
to reopen an in absentia removal order).
The statute provides that the order permitting an alien to depart voluntarily “shall inform
the alien of the penalties under this subsection.” Section 240B(d)(3) of the Act. There is
no dispute in this case that the order of voluntary departure provided notice of the
consequences of failing to voluntarily depart. 	Nor is there any question in this case
concerning the posting of a voluntary departure bond. See Matter of Diaz-Ruacho, 24 I&N
Dec. 47 (BIA 2006) (holding that an alien who fails to post the voluntary departure bond is
not subject to penalties for failure to depart within the time specified for voluntary
departure).
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The congressional repeal of the “exceptional circumstances” exception to
the voluntary departure penalty soon after our decision in Matter of Grijalva,
supra, and its replacement with a “voluntariness” test strongly suggest that
Congress did not intend to allow the Board and the courts to create and apply
a set of equitable exceptions that would amount to a substitute version of the
repealed “exceptional circumstances” exception. Notably, at the same time
that 	Congress 	repealed 	the 	“exceptional 	circumstances” 	exception 	for
voluntary departure penalties, it left intact the same exception for rescission
of in absentia 	orders of removal for failure to appear. 	See 	section
240(b)(5)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C) (2000). Additionally, the
wording of the recently enacted VAWA exception, which requires extreme
cruelty or battery to be “a central reason” for a VAWA applicant’s failure to
depart, indicates that Congress intended to limit the exceptions to the penalties
for failure to depart to those situations specifically described in the statute, i.e.,
the “voluntariness” provision and the VAWA exception.
Given the contractual nature of the voluntary departure agreement, the
specificity of the exceptions to the penalty provision now provided by
Congress, and the amendments to the statute, most particularly the repeal of
the more general “exceptional circumstances” exception, we find that
Congress intended to foreclose the Board and the courts from applying an
open-ended equitable exception to the penalties for failing to depart within the
time for voluntary departure.3
C. Application of the “Voluntariness” Exception
We now turn to the question whether the respondent “voluntarily” failed to
depart within the period afforded for voluntary departure. 	The term
“voluntarily” ordinarily refers to conduct that is “brought about of one’s own
accord or by free choice.” 	The Random House Dictionary of the English
Language 1600 (unabridged ed. 1973). 	Congress has used the phrase
“voluntarily fails” in a number of provisions. 	See, e.g., 10 U.S.C.A.
§ 2192a(e) (West Supp. 2006) (a participant who “voluntarily fails” to
complete a Department of Defense education program shall provide a refund
to the United States in an appropriate amount); 20 U.S.C.A. § 1927(a)(3)
(West 2005) (an individual who “voluntarily fails” to complete a term of
service with the Capitol police must repay recruitment and relocation bonus
3 Some courts have ruled that a timely motion to reopen filed before the expiration of a
period of voluntary departure tolls the running of the voluntary departure period until the
agency rules on the motion. See, e.g., Azarte v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 1278 (9th Cir. 2005)
(reaching this result after considering the motion to reopen provisions of section 240(c)(7)
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7) (2000), in conjunction with the voluntary departure
provisions of section 240B(d)); cf. Dekoladenu v. Gonzales, 459 F.3d 500 (4th Cir. 2006)
(finding that the plain language of section 240B(d) precludes tolling of the voluntary
departure period upon the filing of a motion to reopen).
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on a pro rata basis); 22 U.S.C. § 3657(c)(2) (2000) (an employee who
“voluntarily fails” to complete the required period of employment must repay
recruitment and retention bonuses). In each instance, the phrase “voluntarily
fails” refers to a failure to complete an act or requirement within the actor’s
control. 	See Favreau v. United States, 317 F.3d 1346 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
(approving recoupment of enlistment bonuses when service members were
unable to meet obesity and physical fitness requirements by examining the
voluntariness of the underlying conduct of the employee, rather than the
voluntariness of termination). Under the terms of section 240B(d) of the Act,
a respondent who, through no fault of her own, remains unaware of the grant
of voluntary departure until after the period for voluntary departure has
expired cannot be said to have “voluntarily” failed to depart within the period
of voluntary departure.
We emphasize that the “voluntariness” exception is not a substitute for the
repealed “exceptional circumstances” exception. 	It is a much narrower
exception limited to situations in which an alien, through no fault of his or her
own, is unaware of the voluntary departure order or is physically unable to
depart. It would not include situations in which departure within the period
granted would involve exceptional hardships to the alien or close family
members. Nor would lack of funds for departure be considered an involuntary
failure to depart.
The respondent claims that she did not depart the United States within the
30-day period for voluntary departure because her accredited representative
failed to inform her of our October 9, 2002, order until after the expiration of
her voluntary departure period. When she learned of the order on day 31, she
also learned that she had become eligible for adjustment of status during the
course of her appeal and could have sought a remand for adjustment of status
several months before we issued our decision dismissing her appeal and
granting voluntary departure.
Ordinarily, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be supported
by (1) an affidavit setting out the agreement entered into with counsel,
(2) proof that notice of the allegations and an opportunity to respond has been
provided to counsel whose representation was allegedly ineffective, and
(3) the filing of a complaint with appropriate disciplinary authorities or an
explanation for the failure to file a complaint. 	Matter of Lozada, 19 I&N
Dec. 637 (BIA 1998), aff’d, 857 F.2d 10 (1st Cir. 1988). 	In this case, the
respondent was represented by an accredited representative, not an attorney.
See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1292.1(a)(4), 1292.2(d) (2006). 	During the course of her
appeal, the respondent submitted a copy of a formal complaint provided to her
accredited representative and apparently offered him an opportunity to
respond. Although we have not yet decided the question whether the Lozada
requirements should be strictly applied to an accredited representative, we find
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that the steps taken by the respondent in this case satisfy the concerns
underlying the Lozada requirements.4
Assuming the truth of the respondent’s allegations regarding her accredited
representative’s conduct, we find that she has shown that she did not
“voluntarily” fail to depart within the period of voluntary departure granted
by the Board.5 In addition, the respondent in this case was erroneously
instructed by the Immigration Judge that the penalty provisions would not
apply in the event that she could demonstrate exceptional circumstances for
having failed to depart within the time afforded.6 At the time the respondent
learned that she had overstayed the 30-day period of voluntary departure
granted by the Board, she could reasonably have believed that the ineffective
assistance of her accredited representative, and her apparent eligibility for
adjustment of status during the course of the appeal, could satisfy an
exceptional circumstances exception. 	See, e.g., Matter of Grijalva, supra
(holding that ineffective assistance of counsel that causes an alien to fail to
appear for a hearing may amount to “exceptional circumstances” within the
meaning of former section 242B(f)(2) of the Act).
Finally, we find that the respondent acted with due diligence in locating
new counsel and filing a timely motion to reopen proceedings within 2 months
of learning of our order dismissing her appeal and of her eligibility for
adjustment of status in removal proceedings. We will therefore vacate our
prior decisions denying the respondent’s motion to reopen and motion to
reconsider, grant the motion to reopen, and remand the proceedings to the
Immigration Judge for further proceedings.
ORDER: 	The October 9, 2002, and April 29, 2003, decisions of the
Board are vacated.
4 Had the respondent been represented by an attorney, we would have expected compliance
with the third prong of Matter of Lozada, supra, i.e., the filing of a complaint with the
appropriate disciplinary authorities or an explanation why such a complaint was not filed.
5 Ultimately, we leave the issue of the truth of the respondent’s allegations regarding her
accredited representative’s conduct to the Immigration Judge on remand.
6 At the hearing, the Immigration Judge provided the respondent with the following
explanation of her right to appeal to the Board and the consequences of failing to comply
with the voluntary departure order:
If an individual has a period of voluntary departure and does not leave by that date or
the date given by the Appeals Board, then an alternate order of removal, in this case to
Poland would go into effect. If you didn’t leave under those circumstances, then you
would be barred from reopening your case for 10 years to apply for any form of relief
and if you are ultimately removed or deported from the United States, you’d also be
barred for 10 years without obtaining a special waiver. All of that would happen unless
there were exceptional circumstances beyond your control as to why you didn’t comply
with that order of voluntary departure such as being very sick or someone dying in your
family or some other type of exceptional circumstance.
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FURTHER ORDER: The respondent’s motion to reopen is granted.
FURTHER ORDER: The proceedings are reopened and the record is
remanded to the Immigration Judge for further proceedings consistent with the
foregoing opinion and for the entry of a new decision.
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