People v. Stauch

The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.

SUMMARY
April 2, 2026
2026COA22

No. 23CA1067, People v. Stauch — Criminal Law — Structural
Error — Waiver — Invited Error; Juries — Juror Bias —
Challenges for Cause — Peremptory Challenges

A division of the court of appeals considers whether an

erroneously denied challenge for cause is waived or invited by virtue

of the fact that the defendant does not use a peremptory challenge

to remove a biased juror to correct the trial court’s error. The

majority finds neither waiver nor invited error in this context and,

applying People v. Abu-Nantambu-El, 2019 CO 106, concludes the

error warrants reversal for structural error because a biased juror

deliberated.

The dissent concludes that the defendant waived the right to

claim error on appeal by exhausting all of her peremptory

challenges without excusing the biased juror.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2026COA22

Court of Appeals No. 23CA1067
El Paso County District Court No. 20CR1358
Honorable Gregory R. Werner, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Letecia Stauch,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE
REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

Division VII
Opinion by JUDGE PAWAR
Gomez, J., concurs
Bernard*, J., concurs in part and dissents in part

Announced April 2, 2026

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Katharine Gillespie, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Eric A. Samler, Alternate Defense Counsel, Hollis A. Whitson, Alternate
Defense Counsel, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant

*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2025.
¶1 Defendant, Letecia Stauch, appeals the judgment of conviction

entered after a jury found her guilty of first degree murder (after

deliberation), first degree murder (of a child under twelve by one in

a position of trust), tampering with a deceased body, tampering

with physical evidence, and multiple crime of violence sentence

enhancers. Because we conclude that the trial court committed

structural error by denying Stauch’s challenge for cause to a biased

juror, who deliberated, we reverse the convictions and remand for a

new trial.

I. Background

¶2 The prosecution presented evidence at trial that Stauch

brutally murdered her eleven-year-old stepson, G.S., in Colorado;

put his body in a suitcase; and left it underneath a bridge in

Florida. Stauch had pled not guilty by reason of insanity, arguing

that she suffered from dissociative identity disorder, but the jury

rejected that defense and found her guilty as charged. The trial

court sentenced Stauch to life imprisonment without the possibility

of parole, plus two consecutive sentences for the two tampering

convictions.

1
¶3 On appeal, Stauch claims the court committed structural error

when it denied her challenge for cause to a biased prospective juror

who then deliberated. She also asserts the court erred by denying

her request to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to an

overbroad warrant, and by admitting certain testimony by her ex-

husband (G.S.’s father). We agree that the court committed

structural error when it denied Stauch’s challenge for cause and a

biased juror deliberated. As a result, her convictions must be

reversed. Because it is likely to arise on remand, we also consider

and reject Stauch’s Fourth Amendment challenge to the search

warrant. However, we do not reach the remaining evidentiary issue.

II. Challenge for Cause

A. Applicable Law

¶4 Section 16–10–103(1) provides that a trial court

shall sustain a challenge for cause on one or
more of the following grounds:

....

(b) Relationship within the third degree, by
blood, adoption, or marriage, to a defendant or
to any attorney of record or attorney engaged
in the trial of the case;

....

2
(j) The existence of a state of mind in the juror
evincing enmity or bias toward the defendant
or the state . . . , [unless] the court is satisfied,
from the examination of the juror or from other
evidence, that he will render an impartial
verdict according to the law and the evidence
submitted to the jury at the trial.

¶5 Jurors who fall within one of these categories are considered

biased as a matter of law — impliedly biased under subsection (1)(b)

and actually biased under subsection (1)(j) unless they can be

rehabilitated. Upon a challenge for cause, the trial court is required

to excuse them because, except as described in subsection (1)(j),

they cannot be rehabilitated. People v. Abu-Nantambu-El, 2019 CO

106, ¶ 33.

¶6 In People v. Macrander, the supreme court held that when an

elected district attorney is the attorney of record, section 16-10-

103(1)(b) includes prospective jurors who are related not only to the

elected district attorney but also to any deputy district attorney in

that office at the time jury selection occurs. 828 P.2d 234, 241

(Colo. 1992), overruled on other grounds by, People v. Novotny, 2014

CO 18. That is, the statute directs automatic removal of a juror

related within the third degree to any deputy district attorney in the

elected district attorney of record’s office, regardless of whether the

3
deputy district attorney appeared or participated in the case. See

id. at 242 (This preserves “the appearance if not the reality of

fairness in a criminal prosecution and . . . public trust and

confidence in the criminal justice system.”).

¶7 When a trial court erroneously denies a challenge for cause

and a biased juror serves on the jury, the error is structural and

requires reversal. Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶¶ 23, 36.

B. Additional Facts

¶8 As part of voir dire, the prospective jurors completed a

questionnaire that included a question about whether they had

friends or relatives in law enforcement. Prospective Juror M.B.

indicated that his son-in-law worked with the El Paso County

District Attorney. During follow-up questioning, Juror M.B.

confirmed that his son-in-law worked as a deputy district attorney

in the same office as, and for, Michael Allen, the elected district

attorney in El Paso County and the prosecuting attorney in this

case.

¶9 Defense counsel later identified Juror M.B. among the

prospective jurors he wished to challenge for cause. When the

court asked for more detail, defense counsel explained, “His son-in-

4
law works for Mr. Allen.” The prosecutor and court then made the

following comments:

Prosecutor: I hate to agree with [defense
counsel], but the follow-up questions were
never asked, how that’s gonna impact his
ability to be a fair and impartial juror. And
that certainly doesn’t rise to a level of statutory
cause. So we would object to him being
released for cause.

Court: Yeah, I’m gonna circle back to that one,
too. Probably what I’m . . . gonna do is not
excuse Juror [M.B.] at this point in time, and
think about it over the weekend and see where
we are. I tend to agree that I don’t think it’s a
statutory cause, and I didn’t hear anything
else about that fact creating an issue or
conflict or something else . . . . I don’t run
across those sets of facts very often, so I just
need to think about that one, and it may be
that I decide [it] next week.

¶ 10 The prosecutor suggested that the court ask further questions

of Juror M.B., and the court agreed. Defense counsel objected:

I think the record is what it is, and I guess the
only thing, I think that there is, you know, a
difference between somebody saying, I have a
son or daughter who works for the police, then
[sic], I have a son-in-law who works for the
D.A. who is actually trying the case. And so I
think that’s where it becomes different. Even
if it was a different District Attorney, other
than his son-in-law’s direct boss, who is trying
the case, I think it would be different, and I’ll
leave it on that.

5
¶ 11 The trial court brought the prospective jurors back into the

room and asked Juror M.B. how long his son-in-law had worked for

the district attorney, whether Juror M.B. had discussed the case

with his son-in-law, and whether Juror M.B. might be influenced by

a desire to have the case work out better for his son-in-law. Based

on his answers, the court instructed Juror M.B. to return the next

day. He was not ultimately dismissed.

C. Discussion

¶ 12 The Attorney General does not dispute that Juror M.B. fell

within the category described by section 16-10-103(1)(b). Because

he was related within the third degree to his son-in-law, who was a

deputy district attorney in the prosecuting district attorney’s office,

we are bound by the supreme court’s determination that his bias

was implied by law. See Macrander, 828 P.2d at 238-39.

¶ 13 Nevertheless, the Attorney General argues that reversal is not

warranted because it is not clear from the record whether Juror

M.B. deliberated. The Attorney General also asserts that defense

counsel’s challenge for cause was not properly preserved and that

counsel either waived or invited the trial court’s error. We are not

persuaded by these arguments.

6
1. M.B. Deliberated

¶ 14 Our review of the record demonstrates that Juror M.B.

deliberated. Indeed, the trial court granted Stauch’s motion to

settle the record on this point, removing any doubt.1

2. The Challenge Is Properly Before Us

¶ 15 The Attorney General first argues that Stauch failed to

properly preserve her challenge for cause because counsel did not

explicitly cite section 16-10-103(1)(b) and did not correct the trial

court’s purported misunderstanding that the challenge for cause

was based on something other than a statutory ground. The

Attorney General further asserts that defense counsel’s comments

after making the challenge for cause suggest that the challenge was

based on Juror M.B.’s actual bias (subject to rehabilitation), not his

implied bias based on his relationship to the prosecutor. For the

reasons discussed below, we conclude that the court considered

1 While the Attorney General attempts to dismiss this portion of the

record as “new material,” the trial court’s order settling the record
was accepted as part of the supplemental record on appeal. It is
therefore properly before us.

7
and ruled on a statutory challenge for cause under section 16-10-

103(1)(b). Therefore, the challenge is properly before us.2

¶ 16 To begin, we recognize that defense counsel’s challenge for

cause potentially implicated two different subsections of section 16-

10-103. Recall that the statute requires the court to sustain a

challenge for cause “on one or more” grounds — including implied

bias based on a relationship to an attorney of record (subsection

(1)(b)) and actual bias subject to rehabilitation (subsection (1)(j)).

That is, defense counsel could have based his challenge on Juror

M.B.’s relationship to the prosecutor (subsection (1)(b)) or his state

of mind resulting from that relationship (subsection (1)(j)).

¶ 17 Given this context, we reach two conclusions from the record.

First, we conclude that counsel’s stated reason — “[h]is son-in-law

works for Mr. Allen” — was sufficient to trigger a ruling under

2 The Attorney General frames their argument in terms of

preservation, which directs our standard of reversal. But structural
error generally requires automatic reversal without regard to
whether the error was preserved. See People v. Miller, 113 P.3d
743, 749 (Colo. 2005); see also id. at 752 (Bender, J., concurring).
Nonetheless, in order for us to review the erroneous denial of a
challenge for cause, a challenge for cause must have been made.
See People v. Abu-Nantambu-El, 2019 CO 106, ¶ 37.

8
subsection (1)(b). Second, even if it were not clear solely from

counsel’s challenge to Juror M.B. on which part of the statute

counsel was relying, we nevertheless conclude the prosecutor’s and

court’s subsequent comments brought subsection (1)(b) squarely

into play for purposes of our review. See People v. Melendez, 102

P.3d 315, 322 (Colo. 2004) (talismanic language is not required to

preserve arguments for appeal, but the trial court must be

presented with opportunity to rule on the issue).

¶ 18 As the prosecutor correctly observed, at the time of the

challenge, neither attorney had asked any questions to elicit

whether Juror M.B. had “a state of mind . . . evincing enmity or

bias.” Without these questions, there was no way to tell whether

Juror M.B. should be excused for actual bias under section 16-10-

103 (1)(j). Having recognized this, the prosecutor continued to note

that the challenge “certainly d[id]n’t rise to a level of statutory

cause.” In this context, we conclude the prosecutor could only have

been referring to statutory cause based on implied bias under

subsection (1)(b).

¶ 19 The trial court’s subsequent comments likewise suggest its

awareness of the distinct for-cause challenges available under

9
subsections (1)(b) and (1)(j). The court first said, “I don’t think it’s a

statutory cause,” and then noted that it “didn’t hear anything else

about that fact creating an issue or conflict or something else.”

These comments indicate a cursory (and improper) rejection of a

challenge based on the relationship itself under subsection (1)(b),

followed by a separate consideration and rejection of a challenge

based on a biased state of mind under subsection (1)(j). Despite the

Attorney General’s arguments, we do not read these statements as

demonstrating confusion about the nature of defense counsel’s

challenge. Instead, read in context, we conclude the trial court’s

statement, “I don’t think it’s a statutory cause,” reflected the court’s

mistaken belief that Juror M.B.’s implied bias based on his

relationship to the prosecutor (as distinct from his actual bias as a

result of that relationship) did not trigger mandatory removal under

section 16-10-103(1)(b). In other words, the trial court was not

questioning whether defense counsel was making a statutory

10
challenge for cause based on the relationship itself.3 Instead, and

critically for purposes of our review, we read the trial court’s

statement as expressing its inclination to deny the challenge for

cause on both grounds.

¶ 20 When the trial court ruled on the claim raised on appeal, it is

properly before us. People v. McFee, 2016 COA 97, ¶ 31. Defense

counsel’s subsequent argument that the situation might be

different if the juror’s son-in-law worked for the police or for a

different district attorney “other than his . . . direct boss, who is

trying the case,” does not change the result. As the Attorney

General acknowledges, that argument went to whether Juror M.B.

should be excused for actual bias under section 16-10-103(1)(j).

And the trial court had already rejected the challenge under section

16-10-103(1)(b). As a result, defense counsel was under no further

3 The record further supports this reading. In addition to Juror
M.B., defense counsel identified Juror No. 8 among the jurors he
wished to challenge for cause. He explained that Juror No. 8 had
indicated on his questionnaire that he could not be fair in a case
involving child abuse, was not sure he could set aside information
he had heard about the case, believed a not guilty by reason of
insanity plea was a ploy to excuse the alleged crime, and “was never
asked about any of that.” By contrast, when asked for his basis for
challenging Juror M.B. for cause, defense counsel simply said,
“Yeah. His son-in-law works for Mr. Allen.”

11
obligation to restate his objection. See People v. Coughlin, 304 P.3d

575, 580 (Colo. App. 2011).

¶ 21 Likewise, that defense counsel did not cite section 16-10-

103(1)(b) is of no moment. The Attorney General relies on People v.

Cevallos-Acosta, 140 P.3d 116, 121 (Colo. App. 2005), in which a

division of this court declined to consider the denial of a challenge

for cause because defense counsel did not specifically cite section

16-10-103(1)(k). But in Cevallos-Acosta, “defense counsel moved ‘to

challenge the juror for cause, because he would place authority on

the testimony of a police officer over anybody else,’” not based on

the mere existence of a relationship covered by the statute. Id.

¶ 22 This case is distinguishable. Defense counsel’s initial

challenge for cause succinctly stated that Juror M.B. was related to

the prosecutor. Unlike in Cevallos-Acosta, counsel did not argue

that Juror M.B. might have actual bias in favor of the prosecution.

And, as discussed, even if defense counsel’s comments left any

doubt, the prosecutor and trial court expressly acknowledged and

dismissed the possibility of a statutory challenge based on the

relationship itself. On these facts, we conclude the trial court was

on notice of the particular ground for the challenge, even without a

12
specific reference to section 16-10-103(1)(b). See People v. Komar,

2015 COA 171M, ¶ 55 (an argument that goes to the subject matter

of a statute, without citing the statute directly, sufficiently

preserves the matter for appeal); see also People v. Conyac, 2014

COA 8M, ¶ 12 (challenge for cause was preserved, even though it

was not expressly “for cause,” because the context made clear it

was a challenge for cause).

3. The Error was Neither Waived nor Invited

¶ 23 Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right or

privilege. People v. Rediger, 2018 CO 32, ¶ 39. We indulge every

reasonable presumption against it. Id. Invited error, by contrast,

prevents a party from complaining on appeal of an error that the

party invited or injected into the case. Id. at ¶ 34. It “is a narrow

doctrine and applies to errors in trial strategy but not to errors that

result from oversight.” Id.

¶ 24 The Attorney General asserts that defense counsel waived or

invited the trial court’s error by failing to clarify the basis of the

challenge after the ruling suggesting that the court was confused

about the grounds for the challenge. But we have already

concluded that the trial court’s comments did not indicate that it

13
misunderstood the nature of the challenge for cause — only that it

did not believe excusal was warranted. Given this reading of the

record, the foundation of the Attorney General’s waiver–invited error

argument collapses. In any event, even after Juror M.B. answered

the trial court’s follow-up questions, defense counsel said, “I

maintain my objection to [Juror M.B.]” This ongoing objection

suggests there was no waiver.

¶ 25 Nor can we conclude that defense counsel waived or invited

the error by failing to use a peremptory challenge to excuse Juror

M.B. The law does not require criminal defendants to use

peremptory challenges to preserve an unsuccessful challenge for

cause. To the contrary, the supreme court has held that its “prior

decisions do not require a defendant to cure a trial judge’s error on a

challenge for cause by using a peremptory strike against the

objectionable juror in order to preserve a claim that his right to a

fair trial was violated by the presence of a biased juror.” Morrison v.

People, 19 P.3d 668, 670 (Colo. 2000) (emphasis added); People v.

Garcia, 2018 COA 180, ¶¶ 10-11 (“Th[e] holding [in Morrison]

indicates that there is no inherent inconsistency in allowing counsel

14
to challenge a juror for cause while also permitting her to use

peremptory challenges to excuse other jurors.”).

¶ 26 We recognize that the majority in Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 38 n.7,

declined to consider whether waiver or invited error might apply in

such a situation because it was not raised on appeal. Nevertheless,

the majority suggested, albeit in dicta, that even if it were to

entertain an invited error argument, it would find no invited error

because the record did not suggest that defense counsel purposely

failed to use a peremptory challenge to remove the impliedly biased

juror. Id. Similarly, we see no suggestion of invited error here. And

particularly in light of defense counsel’s ongoing objection, we see

no suggestion of waiver in the record.

¶ 27 The Attorney General relies on Justice Samour’s dissent in

Abu-Nantambu-El, expressing that defense counsel’s decision not to

use a peremptory challenge to excuse a juror after the loss of a for-

cause challenge “is a classic example of waiver or invited error.” Id.

at ¶ 44 (Samour, J., dissenting). Like Justice Samour, the Attorney

General suggests that counsel may simply request, and trial courts

may be encouraged to grant, an additional peremptory challenge.

But as in Abu-Nantambu-El, the record here lacks any indication

15
that defense counsel was acting strategically. See Garcia, ¶ 14

(finding no invited error under the same circumstances).

Additionally, we are not persuaded that defense counsel should be

required to use a peremptory challenge to excuse a biased juror

after the court erroneously denies a for-cause challenge. See Abu-

Nantambu-El, ¶ 38 (“Moreover, nothing prevents the prosecution

from using a peremptory challenge to remove a juror who should

have been excused for cause.”). Nor are we persuaded that defense

counsel may re-level the playing field simply by requesting an

additional peremptory challenge.

¶ 28 Our supreme court has consistently recognized the type of

error implicated here — a violation of the defendant’s right to an

unbiased jury — as so harmful that it warrants automatic reversal.

See People v. Flockhart, 2013 CO 42, ¶ 17 (Structural errors

“require automatic reversal without individualized analysis of how

the error impairs the reliability of the judgment of conviction.”).

“The harm arising from a biased adjudicator ‘pervades and infects

the entire framework of the trial.’” Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 30 (citation

omitted). And because maintaining the integrity of the judicial

process is in the interest not only of the accused but of the public,

16
see People v. Nozolino, 2013 CO 19, ¶ 21, we are not inclined to

infer waiver from defense counsel’s failure to use a peremptory

challenge to correct the trial court’s error.4

4. Reversal is Required

¶ 29 When the trial court erroneously denies a for-cause challenge

to a biased juror, the defendant exhausts her peremptory

challenges, and the biased juror serves on the jury, the error is

structural. See Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶¶ 36, 39 (“[T]he result of the

[legislature’s] determination” that “certain relationships render a

potential juror impliedly biased” is “that the juror is deemed as a

matter of law to be biased, period.”). Such is the case here.

Accordingly, Stauch’s convictions must be reversed.

III. Search Warrant

¶ 30 Stauch also challenges the court’s denial of her motion to

suppress evidence obtained from a search of her cell phone.

4 Although Justice Samour’s dissent suggests that encouraging

judges to grant requests for additional peremptory challenges under
Crim. P. 24(d)(3) would re-level the playing field, see Abu-Nantambu-
El, ¶ 54, we are not so sure. After all, defense counsel would
necessarily premise a request for additional peremptory challenges
on the court’s prior wrongly denied challenges for cause — rulings
made by the same judge. And we are not confident that the same
judge would grant additional peremptory strikes on this basis.

17
Because this issue is likely to impact the proceedings on remand,

we elect to address it.

¶ 31 In denying Stauch’s motion to suppress, the trial court

acknowledged that the warrant to search Stauch’s cell phone was

broad but concluded that its breadth was necessary, given the

scope of Stauch’s conduct after G.S. went missing. Stauch argues

the court erred because the warrant violated the Fourth

Amendment’s particularity requirement. We discern no error.

A. Applicable Law

¶ 32 The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against

unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. A

search conducted pursuant to a warrant is typically reasonable.

People v. Coke, 2020 CO 28, ¶ 34. “However, so-called ‘general

warrants,’ which permit ‘a general, exploratory rummaging in a

person’s belongings,’ are prohibited.” Id. (quoting Andresen v.

Maryland, 427 U.S. 463, 479 (1976)). To prevent a general

exploratory search, a search warrant must be sufficiently particular

as to enable the executing officer to reasonably ascertain and

identify the things to be searched. People v. Rodriguez-Ortiz, 2025

COA 61, ¶ 22 (cert. granted Feb. 9, 2026). Because cell phones

18
contain so many different types of private data, warrants to search

them must be carefully scrutinized. See Coke, ¶ 37. To be

sufficiently particularized, warrants for the search of data on cell

phones must include specific limitations based on (1) the type of

alleged criminal activity; (2) the identity of the alleged victim; and

(3) the timeframe, if applicable, within which the suspected crime

occurred. Rodriguez-Ortiz, ¶ 27.

¶ 33 When evaluating whether a warrant is sufficiently particular,

we must look at the totality of the circumstances, reviewing the

warrant and any accompanying affidavits in a “practical, common

sense fashion” to determine if probable cause exists. Id. at ¶¶ 21,

23 (quoting People v. Roccaforte, 919 P.2d 799, 804 (Colo. 1996)).

Even if a warrant lacks particularity on its face, an affidavit

submitted in support of the warrant may cure its lack of

particularity if (1) the deficient warrant incorporates the curative

affidavit by reference; (2) both documents are presented to the

issuing judge or magistrate; and (3) the curative affidavit

accompanies the warrant during the execution of the warrant. Id.

at ¶ 24.

19
¶ 34 A trial court’s suppression order presents a mixed question of

fact and law. Id. at ¶ 20. We accept the court’s findings of fact if

they are supported by competent evidence, but we assess its legal

conclusions de novo. Id.

B. Additional Facts

¶ 35 The investigating detective sought a warrant to search

Stauch’s cell phone for the following:

a. Data that may identify the owner or user of
the device(s);

b. Address books and calendars;

c. Audio and video clips related to the above-
described criminal activity and further
described in this affidavit in support of the
search warrant;

d. Call histories, call logs and visual voicemail
related to the above-described criminal
activity and further described in this
affidavit in support of the search warrant;

e. Photographs and associated metadata
related to the above-described criminal
activity and further described in this
affidavit in support of the search warrant;

f. Text messages (SMS), multimedia messages
(MMS), recorded messages and subscriber
information modules [SIM cards] between
the cell phone owner and co-conspirators
involved in the above-described criminal

20
activity and further described in this
affidavit in support of the search warrant,
for the above-described Item(s);

g. E-mail messages and attachments, whether
read or unread and related to the above-
described criminal activity and further
described in this affidavit in support of the
search warrant, for the above-described
item(s);

h. Internet World Wide Web (WWW) browser
files including, but not limited to, browser
history, browser cache, stored cookies;
browser favorites, auto-complete form
history and stored passwords;

i. Global position system (GPS) data including,
but not limited to coordinates, way points
and tracks;

j. Documents and other text-based files
related to the above described criminal
activity and further described in this
affidavit in support of the search warrant,
for the above described item(s);

k. Applications (Apps) and other installed
programs, including widgets, and any data
stored by the application or remotely stored
by application server or database server;

l. Any and all computer software, to include
but not limited to operating systems,
applications, utilities, compilers,
interpreters, communication programs, or
any other digital information which can be
interpreted by a computer or any related
components, which may be stored in

21
electronic, magnetic, optical or other digital
form;

m. Any and all data stored within any
computer storage device or other processing
and/or storage devices, to include, but not
limited to, computer applications, images,
videos, text, programs, encryption routines
and algorithms, or any other data that may
be decoded, reconstituted, or otherwise
manipulated to produce, utilize, transmit,
receive, encrypt, encode, or display such
images, videos, text, programs, encryption
routines, and algorithms.

With respect to these items, the warrant authorized police, with the

aid of a law enforcement computer forensic laboratory, to “view,

photograph, record, copy, forensically image and conduct forensic

analysis of any and all metadata, programs and applications on the

above-described device(s), as well as on any data storage devices

and or mediums attached or installed in those device(s).”

¶ 36 The warrant incorporated an affidavit detailing G.S.’s

disappearance and Stauch’s conduct thereafter, including Stauch’s

refusal to cooperate with police, conflicting statements and

behavior, ongoing communication with family members, and social

media posts. The affiant submitted that it was necessary to search

Stauch’s cell phone to ascertain her past location and

22
communications and to aid in locating G.S., who was still missing

at the time.

C. Discussion

¶ 37 Stauch argues that the warrant to search her cell phone was

overbroad because it allowed police to access anything that might

be on her phone with no temporal limitations. While she

acknowledges that the affidavit was incorporated by reference into

the warrant, she argues that it broadened the scope of the search

even further by allowing a search for anything that could be used as

evidence against her. We disagree.

¶ 38 True, the warrant itself did not describe the type of alleged

criminal activity, identity of the victim, or timeframe within which

the crime occurred. But it specifically incorporated the warrant

application and supporting affidavit that did — the warrant limited

the search to the items “specified in the application” and the

application, in turn, attached the four-page supporting affidavit and

“made [it] a part hereof.” The affidavit described how, on January

27, 2020, Stauch called to report G.S. missing, stating that he had

left her house on foot and had not returned. It continued to

describe how, “[d]uring the subsequent 40-hour period,” Stauch

23
refused to meet with police or provide requested information; was

unaccounted for during part of the day G.S. was reported missing;

called in sick to work for an unrelated reason; and had been

continuously communicating with her daughter, husband, and

other family members via text messages and Facebook. The

affidavit also described that Stauch met with police two days after

the report, when she substantially changed her statement regarding

G.S.’s disappearance. Stauch initially suggested G.S. went to a

friend’s house and didn’t return. But at the police station, she said

that he was abducted by a carpet repair person who had sexually

assaulted her at gunpoint. The affidavit went on to describe a roll

of carpet with blood on it that was found in a storage area inside

Stauch’s house. It also stated that Stauch’s cell phone was linked

to her doorbell camera security system.

¶ 39 Based on its specific incorporation of the affidavit, which was

signed by the issuing magistrate and accompanied the search

warrant during its execution, we conclude that the warrant was

sufficiently particular. See Rodriguez-Ortiz, ¶ 24. Stauch argues

otherwise based on Coke, ¶ 38, in which the court found a warrant

was insufficiently particular because it contained no limitation as to

24
the alleged victim or time period during which the crimes occurred.

But as described above, the warrant and affidavit here specifically

described Stauch’s conduct during the forty-hour period after G.S.

went missing. See Rodriguez-Ortiz, ¶ 30 (cell phone warrant was

sufficiently particular because it incorporated affidavit describing

period of investigation). While the warrant was broad, the affidavit

was specific: it described conduct limited to those forty hours,

clearly identified G.S. as the victim, and detailed inconsistencies in

Stauch’s conduct and story in the aftermath of his disappearance.

See id. at ¶¶ 31-32 (the fact that a warrant was broad was not

dispositive when it covered a six-month period, the affidavit

identified the victims and specific crimes, and the defendant’s

“conduct and communications surrounding the crimes were

relevant to identifying [him] as the suspect”).

¶ 40 Moreover, many of the categories described in the warrant

were expressly limited to items “related to the above described

criminal activity and further described in this affidavit.” While not

every category included the same limiting language, “the warrant’s

incorporation of the attached affidavit served the same function.”

25
Id. at ¶ 34 (warrant satisfied particularity requirement on this basis

even if it “could have been more particular”).

¶ 41 Because the warrant and affidavit, read together, limited the

search of Stauch’s cell phone to a specific timeframe, victim, and

type of criminal activity, the warrant did not allow for a general

search. Instead, it targeted a specific set of data that allowed police

to establish Stauch as a suspect. See Roccaforte, 919 P.2d at 803-

04 (a broad search warrant is nonetheless permissible when the

requested evidence is justified by the nature of the crime or crimes).

We therefore conclude that the Fourth Amendment’s particularity

requirement was satisfied, and Stauch’s motion to suppress was

properly denied.5

5 Because we conclude that the warrant and affidavit were

sufficiently particular, we do not address whether the good faith
exception applied. See People v. Rodriguez-Ortiz, 2025 COA 61, ¶
114 (cert. granted Feb. 9, 2026) (suppression based on an overbroad
warrant is not required when officers act in objectively reasonable
reliance on a warrant issued by a neutral magistrate). We also
decline to address Stauch’s remaining evidentiary contention
because it is unclear whether or how that issue will arise on
remand.

26
IV. Disposition

¶ 42 The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded with

directions.

JUDGE GOMEZ concurs.

27
JUDGE BERNARD, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

¶ 43 Assume a court erroneously denies a defendant’s challenge for

cause to hypothetical Juror A. Then, assume the court also denies

the defendant’s challenges for cause to hypothetical Jurors B, C, D,

E, F, G, and H. Next, assume the defendant has sixteen

peremptory challenges: she uses seven of those peremptory

challenges to remove Jurors B, C, D, E, F, G, and H from the jury

and the other nine challenges to remove prospective jurors whom

she did not challenge for cause. But she does not remove Juror A,

who sits on the jury that ultimately convicts her. In this situation,

does she waive her right to contend she is entitled to a new trial

because of the court’s error? I would answer this question “yes.”

¶ 44 Because the majority answers this question “no,” I respectfully

dissent from the portion of Part II.C.3 of the majority’s opinion

concluding defendant, Letecia Stauch, did not waive the error the

trial court made when it denied her challenge for cause to Juror

M.B. I concur with the majority’s determination in Part II.C.3 that

the court erred when it denied that challenge and with the

majority’s analysis of the Fourth Amendment issue in Part III.C.

28
¶ 45 I also address the issue the majority does not discuss: Did the

trial court err when it allowed the prosecution to present evidence

concerning defendant’s prior manipulative behavior to rebut her

defense of not guilty by reason of insanity? Because I do not believe

the court erred, I would affirm defendant’s convictions.

I. The Interplay of Challenges for Cause, Peremptory Challenges,
and the Waiver Doctrine

A. Waiver

¶ 46 Structural errors, even those impinging on fundamental

constitutional rights, can be waived. Stackhouse v. People, 2015

CO 48, ¶ 8. A defendant can waive her right to a public trial, id. at

¶ 17; her right to challenge a prospective juror who was the wife of

the judge presiding over her case, Richardson v. People, 2020 CO

46, ¶ 30; and her right to object to a judge presiding over her case

who had, while working as a public defender, previously

represented her, People v. Garcia, 2024 CO 41M, ¶ 53. And, by

pleading guilty, she waives a number of constitutional rights,

“including some that could lead to structural error if erroneously

denied,” such as the right to a trial by jury and to a public trial.

People v. Jennings, 2021 COA 112, ¶ 13.

29
¶ 47 Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right.

Forgette v. People, 2023 CO 4, ¶ 28. Waivers may be explicit when,

for example, “a party expressly abandons an existing right.” Id.

Waivers may be also implied when the party “engages in conduct

that manifests an intent to relinquish a right . . . or acts

inconsistently with its assertion.” Id. When deciding whether a

waiver was implied, the record need only show that a defendant or

her “counsel made a conscious decision to forego raising a claim [or

an objection] for strategic or other reasons.” Cardman v. People,

2019 CO 73, ¶ 18 n.6. We “do not presume acquiescence in the

loss of fundamental constitutional rights, and [we] therefore indulge

every reasonable presumption against waiver.” People v. Curtis, 681

P.2d 504, 514 (Colo. 1984).

B. A Short History of Peremptory Challenges in Colorado

¶ 48 The United States Supreme Court has “long recognized” that

“[peremptory] challenges are auxiliary; unlike the right to an

impartial jury guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, peremptory

challenges are not of federal constitutional dimension.” United

States v. Martinez-Salazar, 528 U.S. 304, 311 (2000); see also

Rivera v. Illinois, 556 U.S. 148, 157 (2009)(“If a defendant is tried

30
before a qualified jury composed of individuals not challengeable for

cause, the loss of a peremptory challenge due to a state court’s

good-faith error is not a matter of federal constitutional concern.”).

¶ 49 The way Colorado courts view peremptory challenges has

changed significantly over the last quarter century. Before 2014,

our supreme court “requir[ed] the reversal of any criminal

conviction in which the defendant [used] a peremptory challenge to

remove a prospective juror, following an erroneous denial of h[er]

challenge for cause, and ultimately exhaust[ed] all the peremptory

challenges available to h[er].” People v. Novotny, 2014 CO 18, ¶ 14.

In 2000, the supreme court expanded the scope of this automatic

reversal rule to include “the erroneous grant of prosecution

challenges [for cause], reasoning that such error g[ave] the

prosecution an unfair tactical advantage.” Id. at ¶ 15.

¶ 50 But, in Novotny, our supreme court abandoned the automatic

reversal rule because “both federal and state law governing

harmless error review in general, and the [lack of] constitutional

significance of peremptory challenges in particular, have developed

so as to substantially erode the premises upon which” the

automatic reversal rule rested. Id. at ¶ 17. The court replaced the

31
automatic reversal rule with an outcome-determinative rule based

on the harmless error standard of Crim. P. 52(a): An “error [will] be

disregarded unless it affects substantial rights, [which] requires . . .

evaluating the likelihood that the outcome of the proceedings in

question were affected by the error.” Id. at ¶ 20. Under the

harmless error standard, if a juror biased against the defendant sits

on the jury, such an error is structural because it violates a

defendant’s right to an impartial jury, and the appellate court must

therefore reverse the defendant’s conviction. People v. Abu-

Nantambu-El, 2019 CO 106, ¶¶ 28-28.

¶ 51 The majority in Novotny did not address the scenario we face

in this case: Does a defendant waive the error if she uses all her

peremptory challenges, but she does not use one of them to remove

a juror whom she challenged for cause, and the trial court

erroneously denied that challenge? I will discuss that issue next.

C. Peremptory Challenges and Waiver

¶ 52 Some might say that, at least under federal law, the issue in

this case has already been decided by the United States Supreme

Court. In Martinez-Salazar, the government urged the Supreme

Court to read federal law “to require a defendant to use a

32
peremptory challenge to strike a juror who should have been

removed for cause, in order to preserve the claim that the for-cause

ruling impaired the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” 528 U.S. at

314. The Supreme Court rejected this invitation, reasoning there

was no federal law “demand[ing] that a defendant use or refrain

from using a peremptory challenge on a particular basis or when a

particular set of facts is present.” Id. (The Court recognized that

there is one obvious exception to this statement: The Equal

Protection Clause’s prohibition of exercising “a peremptory

challenge to remove a potential juror solely on the basis of the

juror’s gender, ethnic origin, or race.” Id. at 315.).

¶ 53 This language, some would suggest, shows the United States

Supreme Court rejected the application of the waiver doctrine to

situations such as the one in this case. But I submit there are

three reasons why Martinez-Salazar did not do so.

¶ 54 First, the language is dicta. See Whiting v. State, 969 N.E.2d

24, 32 n.9 (Ind. 2012); State v. Rubio, 195 P.3d 214, 216 (Ariz. Ct.

App. 2008).

¶ 55 Second, in a concurring opinion, Justice Scalia pointed out

the issue before the Supreme Court was not whether a defendant

33
should be required to use peremptory challenges curatively when a

trial court has erroneously denied a challenge for cause. Martinez-

Salazar, 528 U.S. at 318 (Scalia, J, concurring in the judgment).

Rather, the issue was whether a defendant’s actual use of a

peremptory challenge to effect such a cure impinged upon his

ability to exercise all his peremptory challenges under Fed. R. Crim.

P. 24(b), and the majority had concluded the exercise of the

defendant’s peremptory challenges had not been adversely affected.

Id.

¶ 56 Justice Scalia was “far from certain” that the Court’s analysis

of the use of peremptory challenges was “correct.” Id. “It is easy

enough to agree,” he continued, “that we have no warrant to read”

into Fed. R. Crim. P. 24(b) “a requirement that peremptories be

used to remove veniremen properly challenged for cause.” Id. “The

difficult question, however, is not whether” Fed. R. Crim. P. 24(b)

“requires exercise of the peremptory, but whether normal principles

of waiver . . . disable a defendant from objecting on appeal to the

seating of a juror he was entirely able to prevent.” Martinez-

Salazar, 528 U.S. at 318 (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment).

Then he added,

34
I would not find it easy to overturn a
conviction where, to take an extreme example,
a defendant had plenty of peremptories left but
chose instead to allow to be placed upon the
jury a person to whom he had registered an
objection for cause, and whose presence he
believed would nullify any conviction.

Id. at 318-19.

¶ 57 Third, Martinez-Salazar concerned a rule of federal criminal

procedure, not a rule of state criminal procedure. See Browning v.

State, 2006 OK CR 8, ¶ 9 (“While Martinez-Salazar is the law in

cases involving federal criminal procedure, it is not . . . law which

requires any change of course from this [c]ourt.”); see also State v.

Talbott, 521 P.3d 948, 955 (Wash. 2022)(The part of Martinez-

Salazar pertinent to this issue “is not based on any legal principle

that applies to the states.”); Deviney v. State, 322 So. 2d 563, 584

n.9 (Fla. 2021)(Lawson, J., concurring in part and concurring in the

result)(“Martinez-Salazar may have left open the issue of whether,

under federal law, ‘normal principles of waiver . . . disable a

defendant from objecting on appeal to the seating of a juror he was

entirely able to prevent’ through the use of a peremptory challenge.”

(quoting Martinez-Salazar, 528 U.S. at 318 (Scalia, J., concurring in

the judgment)); State v. Lindell, 2001 WI 108, ¶ 91 (“The Martinez-

35
Salazar opinion applies only to federal cases. It is not binding upon

state courts.”). In other words, it does not set out a constitutional

rule controlling state courts.

¶ 58 There is a potential Colorado counterpart to Martinez-Salazar.

Shortly before Martinez-Salazar came out, a division of this court

decided People v. Morrison, 985 P.2d 1 (Colo. App. 1999), aff’d, 19

P.3d 668 (Colo. 2000). The division concluded: “[B]ecause [the]

defendant chose not to excuse the juror in question by use of a

peremptory challenge, the court’s denial of his challenge for cause

did not have the effect of reducing the number of peremptory

challenges that he could exercise.” Id. at 3. As a result, the

defendant “failed to demonstrate how the court’s denial of his

challenge worked any prejudice upon him.” Id.

¶ 59 About five months after Martinez-Salazar was decided, our

supreme court affirmed the division’s decision in Morrison v. People,

19 P.3d 668, 670 (Colo. 2000), albeit on different grounds. The

supreme court’s opinion unspooled like this:

(1) “We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying the defendant’s challenge for cause because

36
the juror in question stated that she could fairly hear the

evidence.” Id.

(2) “Because the trial court did not commit any error

concerning this juror, we need not base our decision on

how the defendant responded to what he perceived to be

an erroneous denial of a challenge for cause.” Id.

(emphasis added).

(3) “We consequently find it unnecessary to determine

whether a defendant suffers an impairment of his right to

use peremptory challenges if he exhausts his peremptory

challenges but does not use one of his challenges against

a juror who he originally challenged for cause.” Id.

(emphasis added).

(4) “In such a scenario, the controlling question is whether

the defendant’s constitutional right to an impartial jury

was violated by the presence of a biased juror on his

jury.” Id.

(5) As a result, the division’s rationale “incorrectly” relied on

our supreme court’s precedent because those decisions

“do not require a defendant to cure a trial judge’s error

37
on a challenge for cause by using a peremptory strike

against the objectionable juror in order to preserve a

claim that his right to a fair trial was violated by the

presence of a biased juror on his jury.” Id.

(6) Citing Martinez-Salazar, the court wrote that,

“[r]egardless of whether the defendant chose to use a

peremptory challenge on the allegedly objectionable juror,

because he challenged [the juror] for cause and she

served on the jury, his right to an impartial jury was

violated if his challenge for cause was improperly

denied.” Morrison, 19 P.3d at 671.

(7) The opinion proceeded to discuss whether the record

showed the trial court had erred when it denied the

defendant’s challenge for cause, ultimately concluding

the trial court had not erred. Id. at 671-72.

¶ 60 Fast-forward nineteen years to Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 2, in

which the trial court erroneously denied a challenge for cause based

on section 16-10-103(1)(k), C.R.S. 2025. The majority described the

issue in that case to be as follows: “What standard of reversal

applies where a trial court erroneously denies a challenge for cause,

38
the defendant exhausts his peremptory challenges, and the

challenged juror ultimately serves on the jury?” Abu-Nantambu-El,

¶ 1. The majority answered the question this way: “[W]e conclude

that the erroneous seating of an impliedly biased juror is . . .

structural error and requires reversal.” Id. at ¶ 2. As a result,

“such an error is not amenable to analysis under a harmless error

standard, regardless of the juror’s actual bias.” Id. The majority

did not address the issue whether the waiver doctrine applied in

those circumstances because the prosecution had not raised the

issue. Id. at ¶ 38 n.7.

¶ 61 Justice Samour dissented. “After arguing that [the juror] was

biased and should not be allowed to serve,” Justice Samour wrote,

the defendant “turned around and elected not to excuse her with

one of his twelve peremptory challenges.” Id. at ¶ 44 (Samour, J.,

dissenting). As a result, Justice Samour thought the defendant had

either waived or invited the error.

¶ 62 But, Justice Samour asked, Would one unfair shortcoming of

his approach be “defendants . . . always los[ing]”? Id. at ¶ 53. He

had this covered, encouraging trial court judges “to grant a

defendant’s request for an additional peremptory challenge [under

39
Crim. P. 24(d)(3)] whenever they deny a colorable challenge for

cause — i.e., one that is difficult to resolve and presents a close

call.” Id. at ¶ 54.

D. Analysis

¶ 63 I conclude, for the following reasons, defendant waived the

error the trial court made when it denied her challenge for cause to

Juror M.B. She waived the error because she did not remove Juror

M.B. with a peremptory challenge, although she had sixteen

available to use for that purpose.

1. The Issue Is Preserved

¶ 64 Unlike in Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 38 n.7, the prosecution raised

the issue of waiver in the answer brief in this appeal.

2. The Issue Has Not Been Decided in Colorado

¶ 65 Martinez-Salazar only applies to federal cases. See Browning,

¶ 9; Talbott, 521 P.3d at 955; Deviney, 322 So. 2d at 584 n.9

(Lawson, J., concurring in part and concurring in the result);

Lindell, ¶ 91.

¶ 66 Morrison did not resolve the issue, either.

• The supreme court stated it “need not base” its decision

“on how the defendant responded to what he perceived to

40
be an erroneous denial of a challenge for cause.”

Morrison, 19 P.3d at 670 (emphasis added).

• The court also said it is “unnecessary to determine

whether a defendant suffers an impairment of his right to

use peremptory challenges if he exhausts his peremptory

challenges but does not use one of his challenges against

a juror who he originally challenged for cause.” Id.

(emphasis added).

• Our supreme court resolved the appeal by concluding the

trial court had not erred when it denied the defendant’s

challenge for cause.

• Harkening back to Justice Scalia’s concurring opinion in

Martinez-Salazar, Morrison’s discussion of not requiring a

defendant to cure a judge’s error on a challenge for cause

by using a peremptory challenge was dicta. See Abu-

Nantambu-El, ¶ 45 n.1 (Samour, J., dissenting).

• Morrison was decided fourteen years before Novotny, so,

as an artifact of the era of the automatic reversal rule, it

is unclear how much of Morrison’s reasoning is still viable

since it was rooted in that now-discarded rule.

41
¶ 67 And, in Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 38 n.7, our supreme court stated

that this issue has not yet been decided. See People v. Vergari,

2022 COA 95, ¶ 9.

¶ 68 (I am aware the division in People v. Garcia, stated Morrison’s

holding was, in part, that its previous decisions “do not require a

defendant to cure a trial judge’s error on a challenge for cause by

using a peremptory strike against the objectionable juror in order to

preserve a claim that his right to a fair trial was violated by the

presence of a biased juror on his jury.” 2018 COA 180, ¶ 10

(quoting Morrison, 19 P.3d at 670). Relying on this “holding,” the

division rejected the prosecution’s invited-error contention. See id.

at ¶ 8. But I think the division put more weight on the quoted

language in Morrison than the language bears, because it was dicta.

See Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 45 n.1 (Samour, J., dissenting). In any

event, I am not bound to follow the Morrison division’s reasoning.

See People v. Smoots, 2013 COA 152, ¶ 21 (one division of the court

of appeals is not bound by the decision of another division), aff’d

sub nom., Reyna-Abarca v. People, 2017 CO 15.

42
3. Requiring Parties to Use Peremptory Challenges to Cure Jury
Selection Errors Is a Good Idea Whose Time Has Come in
Colorado

¶ 69 It is a general rule that “[a]ll matters pertaining to the

qualifications and competency of the prospective jurors shall be

deemed waived by the parties if not raised prior to the swearing in

of the jury to try the case.” Crim. P. 24(b)(2). So, if a defense

attorney waives any error related to a challenge for cause by not

making the challenge in the first place or if the attorney waives the

same type of error by not exhausting the peremptory challenges

allotted to the defendant, see Vergari, ¶ 13, then, How does “that

same lawyer preserve[] the error by making the challenge for cause,

having it erroneously denied, and then failing to remove the juror

with an available peremptory challenge”? William T. Pizzi & Morris

B. Hoffman, Jury Selection Errors on Appeal, 38 Am. Crim. L. Rev.

1391, 1435 (2001).

¶ 70 Why should two of these acts (not making a cause challenge at

all or not exhausting all available peremptory challenges) be subject

to the waiver doctrine, while the third (not using a peremptory

challenge to cure an erroneous ruling on a challenge for cause) not

be subject to the doctrine? In the third situation, “the lawyer had

43
the power to remove the biased juror, elected not to do so, and now

wants to complain about that election on appeal.” Id. This is

especially true because, when looking at the relationship between

challenges for cause and peremptory challenges, the history of

these two types of challenges indicates “peremptory challenges have

always had a curative purpose.” Id. at 1393.

¶ 71 There are significant institutional costs to rejecting the

application of the waiver doctrine in cases such as this one.

The salutary purposes of the contemporaneous
objection rule are particularly important in
jury selection. We want to encourage the trial
court’s opportunities to correct jury selection
error for the very reason that we are at the
beginning of the whole process. There are
obvious and enormous judicial economies in
correcting jury selection errors when they are
made, rather than with an appeal and re-trial.

Id. at 1435.

¶ 72 “By electing not to remove biased jurors peremptorily,

defendants participate in their seating every bit as much as the trial

judges who erroneously fail to remove them for cause.” Id. at 1437.

Correcting the trial judge’s error is not hard. “The defendant is in a

position to correct the trial judge’s cause error early and easily,

simply by using an available peremptory challenge to strike the

44
problem juror.” Id. at 1436. And this remedy is “far superior, by

any legitimate institutional measure, to letting the biased juror sit

through an entire trial and then reversing the conviction and

ordering a new trial.” Id.

¶ 73 “Martinez-Salazar did not suggest that states are prohibited, or

even discouraged, from requiring parties to cure alleged jury

selection errors with their peremptory challenges.” Talbott, 521

P.3d at 956. Indeed, “there are good reasons to require parties to

use their available peremptory challenges to cure jury-selection

errors. Doing so promotes a defendant’s right to receive a fair trial

in the first instance and prevents unnecessary retrials.” Id.

4. Encouraging Trial Courts to be Open to Granting Additional
Peremptory Challenges When the Decision to Deny a
Challenge for Cause Is a Close One Would Cure Any
Unfairness Created by the Application of the Waiver Doctrine

¶ 74 Crim. P. 24(d)(3) states: “For good cause shown, the court at

any time may add peremptory challenges to either or both sides.” I

agree with Justice Samour’s suggestion in his dissent in Abu-

Nantambu-El, ¶ 54 (Samour, J., dissenting), that we should

“encourage . . . trial court judges to grant a defendant’s request for

an additional peremptory challenge whenever they deny a colorable

45
challenge for cause — i.e., one that is difficult to resolve and

presents a close call.” The defendant could then use the extra

peremptory challenge to remove that juror.

¶ 75 That remedy would (1) classify the denial of a challenge for

cause “that is difficult to resolve and presents a close call,” id., as

good cause for granting an additional peremptory challenge under

Crim. P. 24(d)(3); (2) eliminate reversible error if the defendant used

the extra peremptory challenge to remove the juror she previously

challenged for cause, even if the court erred when it denied the

challenge, because a biased juror would not have served on the

defendant’s jury; (3) mean that the defendant would waive her

ability to challenge the trial court’s ruling on the challenge for cause

on appeal if she did not use the extra peremptory challenge to

remove the juror previously challenged for cause; (4) require the

appellate court to reverse the defendant’s conviction if the

defendant asked for an additional peremptory challenge, the trial

court denied the request, the juror who had been unsuccessfully

challenged for cause served on the jury, and the appellate court

concludes the court erred when it denied the challenge for cause;

(5) “disincentiviz[e] the prosecution from opposing colorable

46
challenges for cause,” Abu-Nantambu-El, ¶ 55 (Samour, J.,

dissenting); and (6) “give trial court judges some comfort in knowing

that the additional peremptory challenge could cure the erroneous

denial” of colorable challenges for cause. Id.

5. Even if Defendants Should Not Be Required to Use Peremptory
Challenges to Cure Jury Selection Errors, Defendant
Nonetheless Waived Her Right to Challenge the Trial Court’s
Decision to Deny Her Challenge for Cause to Juror M.B.

¶ 76 It is my view that this case represents Justice Scalia’s

“extreme example,” Martinez-Salazar, 528 U.S. at 318-19 (Scalia, J.,

concurring in the judgment), which I believe is not as unusual as

Justice Scalia thought.

¶ 77 Defendant knew she had challenged Juror M.B. for cause, and

why. She used all sixteen of her peremptory challenges, including

seven of them to remove other jurors whom she had challenged for

cause. Yet, although she was obviously aware she could use any

one of her sixteen peremptory challenges to remove Juror M.B. from

the jury panel, she chose not to do so. She therefore knew Juror

M.B. would remain on the jury panel. And she did not ask the trial

court for an additional peremptory challenge under Crim. P. 24(d)(3)

for the express purpose of removing Juror M.B.

47
¶ 78 I conclude this combination of awareness and deliberate

conduct was intentional, and it was an implied waiver of

defendant’s right to challenge the trial court’s erroneous decision to

deny her challenge for cause to Juror M.B. on appeal. Defendant

could have cured the trial court’s error, but, through her counsel,

she “engage[d] in conduct that manifest[ed] an intent to relinquish”

her right to remove Juror M.B. from the jury, Forgette, ¶ 28, which

amounted to a “conscious decision to forego” her right to challenge

the trial court’s error on appeal, Cardman, ¶ 18 n.6. See Martinez-

Salazar, 528 U.S. at 318-19 (Scalia, J., concurring in the

judgment).

¶ 79 I now turn to the remaining appellate issue the majority does

not address.

II. Testimony About Manipulative Behavior

¶ 80 Defendant asserts the trial court erred by allowing the

prosecution to rebut her insanity defense by introducing evidence

showing she had previously been manipulative. I disagree.

¶ 81 Defendant objected to this evidence, adding the court should

analyze it under CRE 404(b). The prosecution replied that the

48
evidence was relevant to defendant’s mental condition. The court

decided CRE 404(b) did not apply.

¶ 82 I will assume, for the purposes of discussion, the

manipulation evidence was a form of “bad act” evidence. Yet I

would nonetheless conclude the court did not err when it admitted

it.

¶ 83 Before Colorado switched to its present unitary trial system,

the law bifurcated sanity and guilt trials when defendants pled not

guilty by reason of insanity. Generally, evidence of prior criminality

of an accused is not admissible. However, in a bifurcated insanity

trial, this rule is relaxed since the prejudice that may occur by the

admission of such evidence is lessened by a separate trial on the

issue of guilt. People v. Bieber, 835 P.2d 542, 546 (Colo. App. 1992)

(citation omitted), aff’d, 856 P.2d 811 (Colo. 1993). Courts in other

states have decided that defendants, by pleading not guilty by

reason of insanity, make much of their entire life history relevant.

See State v. Hurles, 914 P.2d 1291, 1297 (Ariz. 1996); People v.

Houser, 48 Cal. Rptr. 300, 302-03 (Ct. App. 1965); People v. Woody,

157 N.W.2d 201, 203 (Mich. 1968); People v. Santarelli, 401 N.E.2d

199, 204 (N.Y. 1980).

49
¶ 84 I therefore conclude the evidence of defendant’s manipulation

would “throw light one way or the other” on the issue of defendant’s

sanity, Hurles, 914 P.2d at 1297 (citation omitted), and that “[i]t

would strain the rules of evidence” to hold “that the [prosecution is]

precluded from introducing evidence to counter a defendant’s claim

of insanity solely because the evidence involves the defendant’s

previous immoral or unlawful conduct,” Santarelli, 401 N.E.2d at

203-04.

¶ 85 But, What if this reasoning does not apply to Colorado’s

present unitary trial system? Even if I thought the trial court’s

decision not to apply CRE 404(b) was error, I do not think it is

reversible error. “A conviction will not be overturned on appeal

when the trial court [used] an erroneous standard in analyzing the

admissibility” of evidence if the evidence was “admissible, and the

proper foundation [was] laid for its admission.” People v. Cousins,

181 P.3d 365, 370 (Colo. App. 2007).

¶ 86 The record supports a determination the manipulation

evidence was admissible under CRE 404(b) and under the four-step

test announced in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo.

1990). The evidence

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• related to the material fact of whether the prosecution

could prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant was

sane at the time of the crime;

• was logically relevant to this material fact because it

provided a basis for testimony that some of defendant’s

conduct was manipulative, meaning she was malingering

her claim of a mental disease or defect;

• had logical relevance independent of the prohibited

inference that defendant committed the crime on account

of her bad character because it gave the jury information

with which to assess the validity of her insanity defense;

and

• had probative value that was not substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, see CRE

403, because defendant’s manipulativeness did not have

an “undue tendency to suggest a decision on an improper

basis, commonly but not necessarily an emotional one,

such as sympathy, hatred, contempt, retribution, or

horror,” People v. James, 117 P.3d 91, 93-94 (Colo. App.

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2004)(quoting Masters v. People, 58 P.3d 979, 1001 (Colo.

2002)).

¶ 87 Accordingly, I would affirm defendant’s convictions.

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