Juan Fernando Bermudez- Arroyave v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JUAN FERNANDO BERMUDEZ-
ARROYAVE,
Petitioner,
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
No. 22-584
Agency No.
A216-268-502
MEMORANDUM*
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted January 8, 2024
San Francisco, California
Before: SILER**, TASHIMA, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
Juan Bermudez Arroyave (Bermudez), a native and citizen of Colombia,
petitions for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)
dismissing his appeal from an Immigration Judge (IJ) order denying his applications
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the
Court of Appeals, 6th Circuit, sitting by designation.
FILED
FEB 9 2024
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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for withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture
(CAT). We review the BIA’s decision for substantial evidence. Sharma v. Garland,
9 F.4th 1052, 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2021). “Under this standard, we must uphold the
agency determination unless the evidence compels a contrary conclusion.” Duran-
Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019). We review legal questions
de novo. Budiono v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 2016). We deny the
petition.1
1. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of withholding of
removal. To establish eligibility for withholding of removal, Bermudez must show
“that it is more likely than not” that he will be persecuted if returned to Colombia
“because of” membership in a particular social group or other protected ground.
Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 357, 360 (9th Cir. 2017); see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1231(b)(3)(A). To meet his burden, Bermudez must “demonstrate a nexus
between the harm he allegedly faces upon return to [Colombia] and a protected
ground.” Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1011 (9th Cir. 2010). For withholding
of removal, a petitioner establishes nexus by showing that a protected ground was
“a reason” for his past or feared harm. Barajas-Romero, 846 F.3d at 360.
In this case, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that
1 We reject the government’s position that Bermudez did not exhaust various of the
arguments that we consider here. The record indicates that Bermudez sufficiently
raised them before the BIA.

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narcotics traffickers beat and extorted Bermudez to obtain money and were “not
motivated intrinsically by his familial relationship” with his stepfather. Rodriguez-
Zuniga v. Garland, 69 F.4th 1012, 1022 (9th Cir. 2023). Bermudez himself testified
that the traffickers targeted him because, as the only person in his family with a
professional degree (architect), they “thought [he] had enough money to pay off the
debt of [his] . . . stepfather.” No other relative of Bermudez’s stepfather has suffered
physical harm in Colombia. Thus, “nothing compels the conclusion that the
[traffickers] in this case w[ere] motivated by anything other than underlying
economic reasons.” Rodriguez-Zuniga, 69 F.4th at 1022.
Bermudez also advances several legal challenges to the agency’s nexus
analysis, but they all fail. First, the BIA applied the proper standards of review to
the IJ’s nexus determination. “[T]he BIA must review de novo whether a
persecutor’s motives meet the nexus legal standards,” but it “reviews the IJ’s
underlying factual findings, such as what a persecutor’s motive may be, for clear
error.” Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 552 (9th Cir. 2023). Here, there
is “[]sufficient indication . . . that the BIA’s clear error review pertained to the IJ’s
factual determinations relating to the lack of persecutory motive.” Id. The BIA
wrote that it saw “no clear error in the Immigration Judge’s finding that . . . any []
harm [directed toward Bermudez in Colombia] would be due to the general
criminality and strife prevalent” there, demonstrating that it was applying clear error

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review to the IJ’s factual findings about the traffickers’ reasons for attacking
Bermudez. There was no error under Umana-Escobar.
Second, the BIA’s no-nexus determination correctly rested upon the “a
reason” standard for withholding of removal claims, as opposed to the “one central
reason” standard for asylum claims. See Barajos-Romero, 846 F.3d at 359–60. The
IJ found no nexus to a protected ground at all, and the BIA specifically cited Barajas-
Romero and the “a reason” standard in upholding the IJ’s decision.
Third, even assuming the IJ erred in concluding that Bermudez’s proposed
familial social group was not cognizable, the BIA was not required to remand on
that issue, which was unnecessary given the BIA’s dispositive no-nexus finding. See
INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (noting that “courts and agencies are
not required to make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the
results they reach”).
2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of CAT relief. An
applicant for CAT relief bears the burden of establishing that he “will more likely
than not be tortured with the consent or acquiescence of a public official if removed
to h[is] native country.” Xochihua-Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir.
2020). Where Bermudez has returned to Colombia at least twice since his encounter
with traffickers and his family remains in Colombia unharmed, the record “do[es]
not compel the conclusion that [Bermudez] would be tortured if returned.”

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Almaghzar v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 915, 924 (9th Cir. 2006). Nor does the record
compel the conclusion that Colombian officials would be complicit in any torture he
could theoretically face there. See Xochihua-Jaimes, 962 F.3d at 1184.
PETITION DENIED.

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