Rogelio Lopez-Paez v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ROGELIO LOPEZ-PAEZ,
Petitioner,
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
No. 20-72657
Agency No. A079-797-412
MEMORANDUM*
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted May 18, 2022**
Seattle, Washington
Before: WARDLAW, GOULD, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Rogelio Lopez-Paez is a native and citizen of Mexico. He was born
in Oaxaca, Mexico on March 24, 1987. Lopez-Paez entered the United States when
he was only three-years old and gained lawful permanent resident (“LPR”) status
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
FILED
JUN 14 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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through his U.S. resident parents on April 20, 2005. Lopez-Paez is currently living
with his parents, his wife, and his children in the United States.
On September 19, 2014, Lopez-Paez attempted to enter into the United States
through the United States-Mexico border at the San Ysidro Port of Entry as a
returning LPR. U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents performed a routine
search of Lopez-Paez’s vehicle and discovered that Lopez-Paez was attempting to
smuggle into the United States a young woman hidden inside a secret compartment
in his truck. He was paroled into the United States for criminal prosecution and was
ultimately convicted of bringing in an illegal alien without presenting the alien to
immigration officials and aiding and abetting, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §
1324(a)(2)(B)(iii), and 18 U.S.C. § 2. During Lopez-Paez’s criminal proceedings,
he cooperated with federal agents and the U.S. Attorney by giving them additional
information about the inner workings of the smuggling business under which he
worked, including names of those involved. Lopez-Paez met with agents four or
five times, spending between eight and fifteen hours explaining the smuggling
organization to them. Lopez-Paez never testified in a trial against anyone, however,
he did sign a declaration identifying a member of the smuggling organization.
After Lopez-Paez’s criminal prosecution, the Department of Homeland
Security initiated his removal proceedings on June 2, 2016. Lopez-Paez was charged
with removability pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(E)(i), as an alien who

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knowingly assisted an alien to try to enter the United States illegally. On September
13, 2016, Lopez-Paez submitted a Form I-589, application for asylum, withholding
of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In
support, Lopez-Paez alleged that he would be persecuted because of his membership
in a particular social group comprised of individuals who cooperated with the U.S.
Attorney in the prosecution of the organization for which he worked.1
The immigration judge (“IJ”) held hearings in which Lopez-Paez appeared
with counsel. On June 4, 2019, the IJ issued a written decision, finding Lopez-Paez
removable as charged, accepting Lopez-Paez’s concession that he is ineligible for
asylum, denying the application for withholding of removal and CAT protection,
and ordering that Lopez-Paez be removed from the United States to Mexico. After
the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed without opinion, this appeal
followed.
We review the IJ’s and BIA’s factual findings for substantial evidence. See
Arrey v. Barr, 916 F.3d 1149, 1157 (9th Cir. 2019); Quijada-Aguilar v. Lynch, 799
F.3d 1303, 1305 (9th Cir. 2015) (reviewing denial of CAT relief for substantial
1 Lopez-Paez’s formulation of his particular social group, in which we have
corrected a typographical error, is “individuals who cooperated with a U.S.
attorney [in] the prosecution of other smugglers and other criminals, and who also
helped the government with respect to sentencing.”

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evidence). “Substantial evidence means the [BIA]’s holding is supported by
reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record.” Castillo v. Barr, 980
F.3d 1278, 1283 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Factual findings are “not supported by substantial evidence when any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary based on the evidence
in the record.” Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2017)
(en banc) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
To qualify for withholding of removal, an applicant must demonstrate that it
is more likely than not that his “life or freedom would be threatened,” if he is
returned to his homeland, on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); 8 C.F.R. §
1208.16(b). “To qualify for withholding of removal, an applicant must show a ‘clear
probability’ of future persecution.” Garcia v. Holder, 749 F.3d 785, 791 (9th Cir.
2014).
Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s findings that Lopez-Paez failed to
demonstrate the necessary elements of either past persecution, which would generate
a presumption of future persecution, or a clear probability of future persecution. See
8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b). The threats against Lopez-Paez were mere warnings and
never acted upon. Lopez-Paez has had no contact with the people who threatened
him since 2015. Lopez-Paez also remained living in the same town for three years

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without issue, and there is no evidence that anyone in Mexico would be actively
searching for him or would know that he had returned to the country. These facts
also provide substantial evidence supporting the IJ’s finding that Lopez-Paez failed
to show that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured if returned to Mexico.
See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). Thus, we deny the petition as to the withholding of
removal and CAT claims.
Turning to Lopez-Paez’s asylum claim, Lopez-Paez, through counsel,
admitted before the IJ that he was ineligible for asylum because of his prior
smuggling conviction. Lopez-Paez at no point challenged his attorney’s concession
or otherwise indicated any disagreement. Concessions of an applicant’s attorney are
generally binding on the applicant. See Santiago-Rodriguez v. Holder, 657 F.3d 820,
830-32 (9th Cir. 2011). Thereafter, Lopez-Paez appealed the IJ’s denial of his
application to the BIA. Lopez-Paez’s appeal brief to the BIA included no challenge
to the concession made by his attorney.
We may review a final order of removal only if the alien has “exhausted all
administrative remedies available to the alien as of right.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1);
see Alvarado v. Holder, 759 F.3d 1121, 1127-28 (9th Cir. 2014) (providing that the
exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional). In other words, we may not consider an
issue that was not sufficiently raised before the BIA. See Alvarado, 759 F.3d at
1127-28. Lopez-Paez did not exhaust his asylum claim before the BIA, and he does

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not raise any meritorious argument as to why in his opening brief. Because failure
to exhaust administrative procedures is a jurisdictional bar, the denial of Lopez-
Paez’s asylum application is not properly before us. See id. Thus, we dismiss the
petition as to the asylum claim.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN
PART.

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