United States of America v. Terrell R. Bailey

The Honorable Arthur J. Tarnow, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan,*
sitting by designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0582n.06
No. 09-5631
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff–Appellee,
v.
TERRELL R. BAILEY,
Defendant–Appellant.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
O P I N I O N
Before: MOORE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges, and TARNOW, District Judge.*
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Terrell Bailey appeals the district court’s
imposition of a 204-month prison sentence on the grounds that it is procedurally unreasonable.
Bailey argues that the district court’s application of a two-level sentencing enhancement under U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2D1.1(b)(1), for possession of a dangerous weapon directly
conflicts with our previous vacation of Bailey’s gun-related convictions for insufficiency of the
evidence. See United States v. Bailey, 553 F.3d 940, 942 (6th Cir. 2009). Because we conclude that
nothing in our prior opinion precluded the district court from applying a gun-possession
enhancement and because such an enhancement is supported by a preponderance of the evidence,
we AFFIRM.

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No. 09-5631
United States v. Bailey
2
I. BACKGROUND & PROCEDURE
As recounted in our prior opinion, Bailey was driving a stolen car in Covington, Kentucky
when a “police officer identified the stolen car and attempted to stop Bailey.” United States v.
Bailey, 510 F.3d 562, 564 (6th Cir. 2007), adopted by reference, Bailey, 553 F.3d at 942. Bailey
refused to yield, but police eventually apprehended him as he attempted to flee into Ohio. A post-
arrest search of Bailey and the stolen car revealed in Bailey’s possession “two baggies of crack
cocaine” containing “9.41 grams and . . . 5.50 grams,” respectively. Bailey, 510 F.3d at 564. “The
officers also found two cellular telephones . . . , and a loaded .357 Magnum and empty holster” under
the driver’s side seat. Id.
Bailey was charged with possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). With respect to the gun charges, “Bailey testified at trial that he was not aware of the
gun inside the car; that he did not put a gun inside the car; and that he did not have a gun on his
person when he got inside the car.” Bailey, 553 F.3d at 946. Evidence also established that while
“[t]he handgun had not been in the car when it was stolen,” Bailey, 510 F.3d at 564, “multiple people
other than Bailey either had access to or drove the car on the night that the gun was found,” Bailey,
553 F.3d at 946 n.5. At the time Bailey was stopped by police, Elizabeth Stanford, a seventeen-year
old female, was the only passenger in the vehicle. When asked about the presence of the weapon
in the car at trial, Stanford testified “that she was not the owner of the handgun,” Bailey, 510 F.3d
at 564, and that “she first saw the gun when the police officers removed it from the car,” Bailey, 553

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F.3d at 946. Stanford’s testimony, however, directly conflicted with both written and oral statements
that she made to police on the night of Bailey’s arrest, which indicated “that Bailey [had] put the gun
under the seat,” Bailey, 510 F.3d at 564. “The district court . . . admitted [evidence of] her
arrest-scene statements only for impeachment purposes and . . . forb[ade] the jury from considering
the statements as evidence in determining Bailey’s guilt.” Bailey, 553 F.3d at 943. The jury
convicted Bailey on all counts.
Bailey was then sentenced by the district court as a career offender, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1
(2005), a status that was based on his previous convictions for a controlled-substance felony and a
“walk-away” escape, Bailey, 510 F.3d at 565. The district court imposed a total of 420 months’
imprisonment: 360 months for the drug conviction, to be served concurrently with the 120-month
sentence for the § 922(g) violation, followed by a 60-month sentence for the violation of § 924(c).
Bailey, 510 F.3d at 564. Bailey timely appealed to this court, and we overturned Bailey’s
convictions under 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) and 922(g) for lack of sufficient evidence that he possessed
the firearm in question. We remanded the case to the district court. See Bailey, 553 F.3d at 942.
On remand, the district court ordered the U.S. Probation Office to prepare an addendum to
Bailey’s original Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) and recalculate the appropriate
recommended Guidelines range in light of our decision. Both parties conceded that because of an
interim change in the law, Bailey could no longer be classified as a career offender. See United
States v. Ford, 560 F.3d 420 (6th Cir. 2009). Moreover, while Bailey’s case was pending on direct
appeal, the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines were amended to reduce the base offense level for crack-
cocaine offenses by two. Thus, starting with the base offense level of 24, the district court imposed

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United States v. Bailey
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a four-level enhancement for obstruction of justice under U.S.S.G. §§ 3C1.1 and 3C1.2 and a two-
level enhancement for possession of a firearm under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), resulting in a total
offense level of 30. With Bailey’s criminal history category of VI, the recommended Guidelines
range was 168 to 210 months’ imprisonment. After reviewing the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, the
district court imposed a sentence of 204 months’ imprisonment. Bailey timely appealed, arguing that
this panel’s previous determination that insufficient evidence supported his conviction as to both
gun-related offenses precluded the district court’s imposition of the sentencing enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1).
II. ANALYSIS
The sole matter before us on appeal is whether the district court erred by imposing a two-
level sentencing enhancement for the possession of a weapon. Bailey contends that the enhancement
was legally improper because we concluded previously that no reasonable jury could have found
beyond a reasonable doubt that Bailey possessed a gun, and we vacated his gun-related convictions.
The Government counters that although competent evidence to convict Bailey of the gun-related
charges beyond a reasonable doubt was lacking, that does not per se preclude the district court from
imposing the sentencing enhancement. Given the differing evidentiary standards at sentencing
hearings as well as the lower burden of proof, we conclude that the Government has the better of the
argument.

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A. Standard of Review
Faced with a challenge to the calculation of the Guidelines range, this court reviews “the
district court’s legal interpretation of the Guidelines” de novo and “[t]he district court’s factual
findings . . . for clear error.” United States v. Catalan, 499 F.3d 604, 606 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “A district court’s finding that a defendant possessed a firearm during a
drug crime is a factual finding subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review.” United States
v. Darwich, 337 F.3d 645, 664 (6th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A finding of fact
will only be clearly erroneous when, although there may be some evidence to support the finding,
the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been committed.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court’s decision will stand
“as long as it has interpreted the evidence in a manner consistent with the record,” and if “there are
two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
erroneous.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
B. Section 2D1.1(b)(1) Enhancement
U.S. Sentencing Guideline § 2D1.1(b)(1) provides for a “2 level[]” increase to a defendant’s
base offense level “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed” during the
commission of a drug offense. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). “Before a district court can apply a
sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1),” however, “the government must show ‘by
a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant either actually or constructively possessed the
weapon.’” United States v. Wheaton, 517 F.3d 350, 367 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Darwich, 337 F.3d
at 665). “To establish constructive possession, the government must show that the defendant had

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United States v. Bailey
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‘ownership, dominion, or control’ over the firearm or ‘dominion over the premises’ where the
firearm [was] located.” United States v. Miggins, 302 F.3d 384, 391 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting United
States v. Snyder, 913 F.2d 300, 304 (6th Cir. 1990)) (alterations omitted). “Circumstantial evidence
is sufficient to establish constructive possession.” Id. “If the government establishes that the
defendant possessed a weapon, a presumption arises that the weapon was connected to the offense.”
Wheaton, 517 F.3d at 367 (internal quotation marks omitted). “The defendant must then show that
it was clearly improbable that the weapon was connected with the crime.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted).
A threshold matter we must confront is precisely what evidence the district court was entitled
to consider in finding that Bailey possessed the firearm within the meaning of U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(1). The parties’ disagreement centers around the arrest-scene statements of Bailey’s
passenger, Elizabeth Stanford. As mentioned, Stanford made oral and written statements on the
night that police arrested Bailey indicating that Bailey had stashed the gun underneath his seat during
the police chase. Stanford, testified to the contrary at trial, however, stating that she saw the gun
only after the police removed it from the vehicle and that she signed the statement indicating that
Bailey had hidden the gun because the police had threatened to charge her with conspiracy if she
refused. Because the district court ultimately “admitted her arrest-scene statements only for
impeachment purposes” and prohibited “the jury from considering the statements as evidence in
determining Bailey’s guilt,” we also refused to consider “Stanford’s written and oral statements”
when reviewing whether sufficient evidence supported Bailey’s convictions. Bailey, 553 F.3d at
943.

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No. 09-5631
United States v. Bailey
We note that at no time before the district court did Bailey challenge the district court’s1
consideration of Stanford statements based on their reliability. In both his sentencing memorandum
and at the hearing, Bailey focused on the impact of our holding that insufficient evidence supported
the gun convictions. Moreover, in his appellate brief, Bailey makes no legal argument related
thereto. Thus, Bailey not only forfeited the issue before the district court, but he has waived it on
appeal.
7
Bailey now argues that the district court was likewise required to disregard Stanford’s
statements in fashioning his sentence on remand, and that, absent those statements, there was
insufficient evidence to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Bailey possessed a firearm.
The fatal flaw in Bailey’s argument, however, is that any Federal Rule of Evidence that limited the
jury’s consideration of Stanford’s statements at trial on hearsay or other grounds is “‘inapplicable’
to ‘[m]iscellaneous proceedings,’” which included Bailey’s sentencing hearing. Darwich, 337 F.3d
at 656 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 1101(d)(3)); see United States v. Elson, 577 F.3d 713, 732 n.5 (6th Cir.
2009) (noting that hearsay is admissible in sentencing hearings). Contrary to Bailey’s claim, the
district court was not categorically prohibited from considering Stanford’s statements as evidence
that Bailey possessed the firearm for purposes of the sentencing enhancement simply because those
statements were not competent evidence of guilt during Bailey’s trial. The district court’s
consideration of Stanford’s statements was therefore proper.1
Having determined that the district court could consider Stanford’s hearsay statements as
evidence of Bailey’s possession, we further conclude the district court did not clearly err in finding
by a preponderance of the evidence that—for purposes of imposing a sentencing
enhancement—Bailey possessed the weapon found in the vehicle. First, the “gun was found
underneath Bailey’s seat in the stolen car he was driving.” Bailey, 553 F.3d at 945. Second, in

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United States v. Bailey
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addition to Bailey’s mere presence in the car, which would be insufficient on its own to establish
possession, United States v. Woltz, 347 F. App’x 155, 161 (6th Cir. 2009) (unpublished opinion),
as outlined above there is also competent witness testimony connecting Bailey to the gun. Thus,
although there was no fingerprint evidence and there was evidence that other individuals had used
the vehicle prior to Bailey’s arrest, Bailey, 553 F.3d at 946, with Stanford’s statements there is
sufficient record evidence that Bailey had “ownership, or dominion or control over the” gun within
the meaning of § 2D1.1(b)(1). United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1485 (6th Cir. 1996).
To the extent that Bailey argues that our previous conclusion that “the government ha[d]
presented no evidence establishing a nexus between Bailey and the gun,” Bailey, 553 F.3d at 946,
carries preclusive weight and prohibits the district court from applying the § 2D1.1(b)(1)
enhancement, Bailey’s argument is unavailing. Although we previously held that insufficient
evidence supported the §§ 924(c) and 924(g) convictions, the applicable legal standard was whether
in light of the evidence submitted to the jury as part of the Government’s case in chief, any
reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Bailey committed the offenses. In
sentencing proceedings, however, the standard of proof is lower, and the Government must show
only by a preponderance of the evidence that Bailey possessed the weapon. Wheaton, 517 F.3d at
367; see United States v. Evans, No. 98-1396, 1999 WL 551351, at *5 (6th Cir. July 19, 1999)
(unpublished opinion) (“[A] jury finding that the government had failed to prove [the defendant’s]
possession of the handgun beyond a reasonable doubt did not foreclose a finding by the sentencing
court that a preponderance of the evidence supported [the defendant’s] actual or constructive
possession of that weapon.” (citing Hill, 79 F.3d at 1485–86)); accord United States v. Witherspoon,

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283 F. App’x 709, 710 (11th Cir.) (unpublished opinion), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 300 (2008)
(upholding a district court’s imposition of a § 2D1.1 (b)(1) enhancement despite the fact that the
panel had vacated the defendant’s gun-related convictions because “nothing in [its] prior opinion
remotely suggested that the district court was prohibited from considering or applying an
enhancement,” and sufficiency of the evidence is an “issue entirely separate and involving a
completely different standard from whether the evidence supports the sentencing enhancement”).
Not only did the burden of proof change at sentencing, but the quantity of probative evidence
did as well. As discussed above, the district court was entitled to consider evidence of Bailey’s
possession of the weapon at sentencing—namely, Stanford’s statements to police on the night of
Bailey’s arrest—that was not properly before the jury as to the question of Bailey’s guilt. In sum,
both the different burden of proof as well as the additional evidence at sentencing support the district
court’s conclusion that Bailey possessed the firearm for purposes of the sentencing enhancement,
and there is nothing in our prior opinion that requires us to conclude otherwise.
Because the Government presented sufficient evidence to establish that Bailey possessed the
firearm, Bailey bore the burden to show that it was “clearly improbable” that the weapon was
connected to the drug offense. Wheaton, 517 F.3d at 367 (internal quotation marks omitted); see
also Miggins, 302 F.3d at 391 (“If the defendant fails to make such a showing, then enhancement
under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) is appropriate.”). At no point during his sentencing, however, did
Bailey “attempt to carry this burden, nor is there any evidence indicating another purpose for the
firearm.” Catalan, 499 F.3d at 607. Rather, as the Government notes, when the district court asked
whether Bailey “wish[ed] to put on any proof with respect to th[e] enhancement,” Bailey declined,

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United States v. Bailey
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stating that “[t]he record is complete as far as where the gun was and the testimony about it.” Dist.
Ct. Dkt. Doc. (“Doc.”) 127 (Sent. Hr’g Tr. at 17).
Based on this record, we conclude that Bailey has not shown that it was “clearly improbable”
that the gun was connected to his drug offense. The gun was loaded, it was in close proximity to the
place where Bailey stored the drugs, i.e., his pockets, and it was easily accessible. See Hill, 79 F.3d
at 1486 (indicating that the location of the weapon with respect to the contraband is evidence that
the weapon was connected to the drug offense and citing several cases); United States v. Duncan,
918 F.2d 647, 651 (6th Cir. 1990) (“[The] enhancement is appropriate if a weapon is found in . . .
the automobile that facilitated the drug transaction . . .”). Moreover, the gun was a .357 Magnum,
which is “a type of gun normally associated with drug activity.” Hill, 79 F.3d at 1486 n.5; see also
Miggins, 302 F.3d at 391 (involving a § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement for a “Smith and Wesson .357
caliber pistol”); Duncan, 918 F.2d at 650 (upholding a § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement related to a
“loaded .357 magnum caliber revolver”). And the Government presented expert testimony at
Bailey’s first sentencing hearing that, as a general matter, guns facilitate Bailey’s type of drug crime.
Consequently, because the district court did not clearly err in finding, by a preponderance of
evidence, that Bailey possessed the firearm and Bailey has not shown that it was clearly improbable
that the gun was related to his drug offense, we conclude that the district court did not err in
awarding the sentencing enhancement.

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III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons outlined above, the district court did not err in imposing a two-level
enhancement for possession of a firearm. Bailey’s sentence is procedurally reasonable, and we
AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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No. 09-5631
United States v. Bailey
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ARTHUR J. TARNOW, District Judge. I write separately to concur in result, only.

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