United States of America v. Clarence Bell

The Honorable John R. Adams, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
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designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0646n.06
No. 07-3412
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CLARENCE BELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
DISTRICT OF OHIO
BEFORE: NORRIS and COLE, Circuit Judges; ADAMS, District Judge.*
JOHN R. ADAMS, District Judge. Defendant Clarence Bell appeals from his sentence of
100 months incarceration. We AFFIRM.
On April 6, 2006, a grand jury indicted Bell in an indictment that included nine defendants
and twenty-one total counts. In the indictment, Bell was charged with one count of conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine and one count of possession with
intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine. On November 30, 2006, Bell pleaded guilty to
both counts. On March 28, 2007 the district court sentenced Bell to 100 months incarceration, after
calculating an advisory guideline range of 97-121 months. Bell timely appealed and now challenges
his sentence.

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1. Firearm Enhancement
In his first assignment of error, Bell contends that the district court erred when it enhanced
his sentence upon a finding that a firearm was possessed in connection with the drug offenses. This
Court finds no merit in Bell’s argument.
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b) provides for a two-level enhancement “[i]f a dangerous weapon
(including a firearm) was possessed” during the commission of certain drug offenses. The §
2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement is proper only if the government establishes, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that (1) the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon (2) during the commission of a drug-
trafficking offense. United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1485 (6th Cir. 1996). Application note 3
to § 2D1.1 provides in relevant part that the “enhancement for weapon possession reflects the
increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. The adjustment should be
applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected
with the offense.” When this Court reviews a district court’s underlying factual findings related to
this firearm enhancement, it should not disturb those findings absent a finding of clear error. United
States v. Elder, 90 F.3d 1110, 1133 (6th Cir. 1996).
Bell concedes that the district court properly concluded that he was in possession of the
firearms found during the search of the residence. Bell, however, argues that the Government failed
to prove a “temporal and spatial relation” existed between the firearms and the drug activity. Bell
then argues in the alternative that the district court erred when it concluded that he had not
demonstrated that it was clearly improbable that the firearm was connected to the drug activity. This
Court rejects both arguments.

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This Circuit has previously rejected the initial argument raised by Bell that requires the
Government to prove a temporal and spatial relationship between the firearm and drug activity. See
United States v. Sanchez, 928 F.2d 1450, 1460 (6th Cir. 1991) (overruled on other grounds by United
States v. Jackson-Randolph, 282 F.3d 369 (6th Cir. 2002)). However, even assuming that such a
relationship is required, we find no error because the district court had ample evidence before it to
make such a factual finding. There is no dispute that the firearms were found in a residence heavily
connected to the drug activity. The firearms were found in an upstairs bedroom, while a basement
safe was found to contain three kilograms of cocaine, a scale, and $18,000 cash. The basement also
contained a marijuana grow system, another scale, and packing materials. The district court,
therefore, had substantial evidence before it that the two firearms were found in a residence that was
the situs for drug activity. A prior panel of this Court was faced with similar facts and noted as
follows:
In the present action, the district court could have reasonably found that the
Greenlawn residence was the situs of the drug activity, and that a semi-automatic
pistol found at the situs of the drug activity (that was allegedly for protection of the
situs of the drug activity) was in fact part of the drug activity.
United States v. Johnson, 238 F.3d 425 (6th Cir. Dec. 15, 2000) (table decision). This panel agrees
with the logic espoused in Johnson and finds no clear error in the trial court’s determination that the
firearm was properly linked to the drug activity
We likewise conclude that the district court was not clearly erroneous in its determination
that Bell had failed to demonstrate that it was “clearly improbable” that the firearms were connected
to the drug activity. The sole “evidence” offered by Bell in an attempt to meet his burden was

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counsel’s argument that the firearms were possessed to protect the home because it had been
previously burglarized. No evidence of any kind was offered in support of this assertion.
Furthermore, given that the guns were found in a home with a substantial quantity of cocaine and
$18,000 cash, this Court cannot conclude that the district court erred in finding that Bell had not met
his burden of demonstrating that it was clearly improbable that the firearms were related to the drug
activity. We find no merit in Bell’s challenge to the firearm enhancement.
2. Use of Prior Conviction
In his second assignment of error, Bell attacks the continuing validity of Almendarez-Torres
v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998). There is no merit in Bell’s argument.
Bell admits, as he must, that under Almendarez-Torres, the district court may use a prior
conviction to enhance a sentence without violating a defendant’s Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights
to indictment, trial by jury, and proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 239-47. In his brief,
however, Bell relies upon Justice Clarence Thomas’s concurring opinion in Shepard v. United States,
544 U.S. 13 (2005), in which Justice Thomas noted that a majority of justices of the Supreme Court
are of the opinion that Almendarez-Torres was incorrectly decided. Id. at 27-28 (Thomas, J.,
concurring). While this Court has commented upon the continuing viability of Almendarez-Torres
following Shepard in United States v. Powers, 129 Fed. Appx. 942, 946 (6th Cir. 2005), the Supreme
Court has mandated that if “precedent of this Court has direct application in a case, yet appears to
rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the Court of Appeals should follow the case
which directly controls, leaving to this Court the prerogative of overruling its own decisions.” Tenet
v. Doe, 544 U.S. 1, 10-11 (2005) (quoting Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/Am. Express, Inc., 490

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U.S. 477, 484 (1989)). Accordingly, we decline to find that Almendarez-Torres is no longer good
law. Powers, 129 Fed. Appx. at 546 (“Almendarez-Torres remains the law.” (citation omitted)).
Bell’s second challenge, therefore, lacks merit.
The judgment is AFFIRMED.

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