02a0078p.06

00-2075Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit4 mar 2002

Testo completo

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
FRQFOXVLRQ QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJ WKLV LV QRW D FDVH LQ ZKLFK ZH FDQ UHVW
DVVXUHG WKDW WKH DSSHOODQW ³VXIIHUHG QR SUHMXGLFH IURP WKH >ORZHU@ FRXUW¶V
DFWLRQ´ LQ FRUUHFWLQJ WKH HUURU 6HH LG DW
0\FROOHDJXHVRQWKHSDQHOKDYLQJWDNHQDGLIIHUHQWYLHZ
RIWKHPDWWHU,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQW

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
,QUH$11$ 0$5,( :$/7(5
'HEWRU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
-(55< 358=,16.<
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
Y
6,/9,2 *,$1(77, *,$1(77,
,19(670(17 &203$1<
3ODLQWLIIV$SSHOOHHV
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW'HWURLW
1R²3DXO'%RUPDQ'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG1RYHPEHU
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG0DUFK
%HIRUH-21(61(/621DQG'$8*+75(<&LUFXLW
-XGJHV

-- 1 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' 5LFKDUG ) )HOOUDWK /$: 2)),&( 2)
5,&+$5'))(//5$7+'HWURLW0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW
-HUU\/:DWVRQ%ORRPILHOG+LOOV0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH
21 %5,() 5LFKDUG ) )HOOUDWK /$: 2)),&( 2)
5,&+$5'))(//5$7+'HWURLW0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW
-HUU\/:DWVRQ%ORRPILHOG+LOOV0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH
-21(6 - GHOLYHUHG WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH FRXUW LQ ZKLFK
'$8*+75(< - MRLQHG 1(/621 - SS
GHOLYHUHGDVHSDUDWHGLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
1$7+$1,(/5-21(6&LUFXLW-XGJH$SSHOODQW-HUU\
3UX]LQVN\DSSHDOVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWKLV
0RWLRQ IRU &ODULILFDWLRQ RI -XGJPHQW FRQVWUXHG DV RQH
VHHNLQJ UHOLHI IURP MXGJPHQW SXUVXDQW WR )HGHUDO 5XOH RI
&LYLO3URFHGXUH E ZDVEDUUHGE\WKHRQH\HDUVWDWXWHRI
OLPLWDWLRQVFRQWDLQHGWKHUHLQ:HUHYHUVHWKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH
GLVWULFWFRXUWDQGUHPDQGIRUIXUWKHUSURFHHGLQJV
,%$&.*5281'
$7KH:D\QH&RXQW\$JUHHPHQW
7KHGHEWRU$QQD0DULH:DOWHUZDVIRUPHUO\PDUULHGWR
WKH DSSHOODQW -HUU\ 3UX]LQVN\ %HIRUH WKH EDQNUXSWF\
SURFHHGLQJVFRPPHQFHGWKHDSSHOOHH*LDQHWWLREWDLQHGD
GHIDXOWMXGJPHQWDJDLQVW:DOWHUDQG3UX]LQVN\LQWKH:D\QH
&RXQW\ &LUFXLW &RXUW IRU *LDQHWWL¶V FRPSODLQW
DOOHJHGWKDW:DOWHUDQG3UX]LQVN\HPEH]]OHGIXQGVEHORQJLQJ
WRVHYHUDORI*LDQHWWL¶VFRPSDQLHV7KHSDUWLHVHQWHUHGLQWR
DVHWWOHPHQWDJUHHPHQWLQVDWLVIDFWLRQRIWKHMXGJPHQW WKH
³:D\QH &RXQW\ $JUHHPHQW´ 8QGHU WKH WHUPV RI WKH
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
8QOLNH :KLWDNHU Y $VVRFLDWHG &UHGLW 6HUYLFHV ,QF )G
WK &LU , PLJKW QRWH WKLV FDVH GRHV QRW LQYROYH ³D SXUH
W\SRJUDSKLFDO HUURU´ ± DQG XQOLNH :KLWDNHU P\ FROOHDJXHV¶ FRQWUDU\
UHJDUGOHVVRIZKDWWKHSURSHUW\ZDVZRUWKWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQRI
WKH VHWWOHPHQW RUGHU PHDQW WKDW 3UX]LQVN\ FRXOG QR ORQJHU
FODLPDOLHQRQWKHSURSHUW\7ZRWLWOHFRPSDQLHVH[DPLQHG
WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW RUGHU DQG SURQRXQFHG *LDQHWWL¶V WLWOH
FOHDUZHDUHWROGDQG*LDQHWWLSURFHHGHGWRVSHQGPLOOLRQV
RIGROODUVGHYHORSLQJWKHSURSHUW\<HWPRQWKVDIWHUHQWU\
RILWVRULJLQDORUGHUWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWZDVDVNHGWRVD\LQ
HIIHFW³QHYHUPLQG3UX]LQVN\KDVDFRQWLQJHQWOLHQDIWHUDOO´
,WZRXOGEHKDUGWRLPDJLQHDVFHQDULRPRUHFOHDUO\DIIHFWLQJ
³VXEVWDQWLYH´RU³VXEVWDQWLDO´ULJKWV
$QG,DPQRWSHUVXDGHGWKDWWKHRULJLQDOHUURUZDVDPHUH
³FOHULFDOPLVWDNH´7KHIDLOXUHWRVWULNH3UX]LQVN\¶VQDPH
IURPSDUDJUDSKWKUHHRIWKHSURIIHUHGRUGHUZDVQRWWKHUHVXOW
RI D IDLOXUH E\ WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW SURSHUO\ WR DFW DV DQ
DPDQXHQVLV LW ZDV WKH UHVXOW UDWKHU RI WKH IDLOXUH RI
3UX]LQVN\¶V ODZ\HU WR UHTXHVW WKDW SDUDJUDSK WKUHH EH
FKDQJHG 7KH ODZ\HU ZDV WDONLQJ ³RQO\´ DERXW SDUDJUDSK
IRXUDVWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWZDVFOHDUO\JLYHQWRXQGHUVWDQG
DQGLWZDVRQO\³WKDWSRUWLRQRIWKHRUGHU´±WKHSRUWLRQZKHUH
3UX]LQVN\¶VQDPHZDVSUHFHGHGE\WKHFRPSRXQGFRQQHFWLYH
³DQGRU´±LQZKLFKDFKDQJHZDVUHTXHVWHG
:KHQDVNHGVSHFLILFDOO\ZKHWKHUGHOHWLRQRI3UX]LQVN\¶V
QDPHIURP³WKDWSRUWLRQRIWKHRUGHU´ LHSDUDJUDSKIRXU
ZRXOGGRWKHWULFN3UX]LQVN\¶VODZ\HUUHVSRQGHG³<HV<HV´
7KHODZ\HUJDYHH[SUHVVZULWWHQDSSURYDOWRWKH³IRUPDQG
FRQWHQW´RIXQDPHQGHGSDUDJUDSKWKUHHDORQJZLWKDPHQGHG
SDUDJUDSKIRXUDQGWZRRWKHUEULHISDUDJUDSKV7KLVORRNVWR
PHOLNHWKHVRUWRIJDUGHQYDULHW\³PLVWDNH´RU³LQDGYHUWHQFH´
FRYHUHG E\ 5XOH E ± DQG UHOLHI IURP D MXGJPHQW
UHIOHFWLQJVXFKDPLVWDNHRULQDGYHUWHQFHPD\RQO\EHJUDQWHG
RQPRWLRQPDGH³ZLWKLQDUHDVRQDEOHWLPH´DQG³QRWPRUH
WKDQRQH\HDU´DIWHUHQWU\RIWKHRUGHU7KHHUURUGRHVQRW
ORRNWRPHOLNHWKHVRUWRI³FOHULFDOPLVWDNH´WKDWLVRUVKRXOG
EHFRUUHFWDEOHLQSHUSHWXLW\XQGHU5XOH D

-- 2 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
',66(17
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
'$9,'$1(/621&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ7KLVLVD
FORVHFDVHLQP\YLHZEXW,DPLQFOLQHGWRWKLQNWKDWWKH
RUGHURIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWRXJKWWREHDIILUPHG
7KHFUXFLDOTXHVWLRQLWVHHPVWRPHLVZKHWKHUWKHPLVWDNH
LQWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶VRULJLQDORUGHUZDVRQHDIIHFWLQJ³WKH
VXEVWDQWLYHULJKWVRIWKHSDUWLHV´6HH2OOHY+HQU\ :ULJKW
&RUS )G WK &LU ZKHUH ZH
HQGRUVHGFDVHODZIURPRWKHUFLUFXLWVWHDFKLQJWKDWWKHRQH
\HDUOLPLWDWLRQVSHULRGSUHVFULEHGLQ5XOH E DSSOLHVWRD
³PLVWDNH>WKDW@DIIHFWVWKHVXEVWDQWLYHULJKWVRIWKHSDUWLHV´
-RQHVY$QGHUVRQ7XOO\&R)G WK&LU
DQGIXUWKHUWHDFKLQJWKDW³HUURUVWKDWDIIHFWVXEVWDQWLDO
ULJKWV RI WKH SDUWLHV DUH RXWVLGH WKH VFRSH RI 5XOH D ´
:DUQHUY&LW\RI%D\6W/RXLV)G WK
&LU
7KHHUURULQ2OOHDVZHSRLQWHGRXWLQWKDWFDVH³FHUWDLQO\
DIIHFWHG WKH ULJKWV RI WKH SDUWLHV LQ WKHLU FRPPHUFLDO
UHODWLRQVKLSV DQG RWKHU OLWLJDWLRQ´ 2OOH )G DW
5XOH D GLGQRWSURYLGHDQDYHQXHRIUHOLHILQ2OOHZH
ZHQWRQWRGHFODUH³EHFDXVHVXEVWDQWLDOULJKWVRIWKHSDUWLHV
DUH LQYROYHG DQG WKHUH ZDV QR PHUH FOHULFDO PLVWDNH QRU
RYHUVLJKWE\WKHFRXUW´,G
,QWKHFDVHDWEDUE\WKHVDPHWRNHQWKHHUURU³FHUWDLQO\
DIIHFWHG WKH ULJKWV RI WKH SDUWLHV LQ WKHLU FRPPHUFLDO
UHODWLRQVKLSVDQGRWKHUOLWLJDWLRQ´$VRULJLQDOO\HQWHUHGWKH
EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWRUGHUGLVFKDUJHGERWK*LDQHWWL¶VVWDWHFRXUW
MXGJPHQWDJDLQVW3UX]LQVN\DQGWKHVWDWHFRXUWRUGHUDGRSWLQJ
WKH VHWWOHPHQW DJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ *LDQHWWL DQG 3UX]LQVN\
7KH VHWWOHPHQW RUGHU KDYLQJ EHHQ ³VDWLVILHG DQG IRUHYHU
GLVFKDUJHG´LQWKHZRUGVRIWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWRUGHUWKHUH
ZDVQRORQJHUDQ\QHHGIRUDGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHYDOXHRI
*LDQHWWL¶V SURSHUW\ XQGHU WKH DHJLV RI WKH VWDWH FRXUW
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
DJUHHPHQW:DOWHUDQG3UX]LQVN\VXUUHQGHUHGWKHLULQWHUHVWLQ
FHUWDLQ UHDO SURSHUW\ WR *LDQHWWL 7KH DJUHHPHQW IXUWKHU
SURYLGHGWKDWHDFKVLGHUHWDLQHGDFRQWLQJHQWOLHQ7KLVDVSHFW
RIWKHDJUHHPHQWSURYLGHGWKDWWKHSDUWLHVZRXOGKDYHWKHUHDO
SURSHUW\DSSUDLVHG,IWKHYDOXHRIWKHSURSHUW\H[FHHGHGWKH
YDOXH RI WKH GHEW RZHG WR *LDQHWWL WKHQ *LDQHWWL ZDV WR
UHIXQGWKHGLIIHUHQFHWR:DOWHUDQG3UX]LQVN\&RQYHUVHO\
LIWKHSURSHUW\YDOXHZDVLQVXIILFLHQWWRVDWLVI\WKHGHEWRZHG
WR*LDQHWWLWKHQ*LDQHWWLZRXOGKDYHDOLHQRQDOORWKHUDVVHWV
RZQHGE\:DOWHUDQG3UX]LQVN\7KH:D\QH&RXQW\&LUFXLW
&RXUWHQWHUHGDQRUGHURQ'HFHPEHULQFRUSRUDWLQJWKH
WHUPVRIWKH:D\QH&RXQW\$JUHHPHQW
%7KH)HGHUDO$JUHHPHQW
3ULRUWRWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHYDOXDWLRQSURFHVVFDOOHGIRU
LQWKH:D\QH&RXQW\$JUHHPHQW:DOWHUILOHGKHUEDQNUXSWF\
SHWLWLRQLQWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWZKLFKDXWRPDWLFDOO\VWD\HG
WKH SURFHHGLQJV DJDLQVW KHU LQ WKH :D\QH &RXQW\ DFWLRQ
:KHQKHUHFHLYHGQRWLFHRIWKLVDFWLRQ*LDQHWWLSXUVXHGLQ
WKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWKLVFODLPDJDLQVWWKH:DOWHUHVWDWHIRU
WKH XQVDWLVILHG MXGJPHQW 7KH WUXVWHH LQ EDQNUXSWF\
VXEVHTXHQWO\UHDFKHGDQDJUHHPHQWZLWK*LDQHWWLWRVHWWOHWKH
FODLP WKH³)HGHUDO$JUHHPHQW´ :DOWHUDQG3UX]LQVN\ZHUH
GLYRUFHGDWWKHWLPHVKHLQLWLDWHGWKHEDQNUXSWF\SURFHHGLQJV
7KHUHIRUH 3UX]LQVN\ ZDV QHLWKHU D SDUW\ WR QRU GLG KH
SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHQHJRWLDWLRQRIWKLVDJUHHPHQW3UX]LQVN\
ZDV KRZHYHU OLNH *LDQHWWL D FUHGLWRU RI WKH :DOWHU
EDQNUXSWF\HVWDWHDQGDVVXFKZDVHQWLWOHGWRUHFHLYHQRWLFH
RIWKHSURSRVHGVHWWOHPHQW$IWHUUHFHLYLQJQRWLFH3UX]LQVN\
ILOHGDZULWWHQREMHFWLRQWRFHUWDLQODQJXDJHLQWKHSURSRVHG
RUGHUZKLFK*LDQHWWLDQGWKHWUXVWHHKDGGUDIWHGWRVHWWOHWKH
FODLP7KHREMHFWLRQVWDWHG
1RZ FRPHV -HUU\ 3UX]LQVN\ FUHGLWRU LQ WKH DERYH
FDSWLRQHGPDWWHUDQGREMHFWVWRWKHHQWU\RIWKHSURSRVHG
RUGHU DSSURYLQJ VHWWOHPHQW DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH ILQDO
SDUDJUDSKRIWKHVDPHIRUWKHUHDVRQWKDWWKLVSDUDJUDSK
VHHNV WR DGMXGLFDWH PDWWHUV QRW EHIRUH WKLV &RXUW D
GLVSXWH EHWZHHQ -HUU\ 3UX]LQVN\ DQG 6LOYR *LDQHWWL

-- 3 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
FRQFHUQLQJ FODLPV EHWZHHQ WKHVH SDUWLHV ZKLFK LV
SHQGLQJ LQ WKH :D\QH &RXQWU\ &LUFXLW &RXUW
&.
2EMHFWLRQ 7R (QWU\ 2I 2UGHU $SSURYLQJ 6HWWOHPHQW
)HEUXDU\ -$ DW HPSKDVLV DGGHG 7KH
SURSRVHG RUGHU PHPRULDOL]LQJ WKH )HGHUDO $JUHHPHQW
EHWZHHQ *LDQHWWL DQG WKH WUXVWHH LQ EDQNUXSWF\ UHDG LQ
UHOHYDQW SDUW DV IROORZV WKH SDUWLHV UHIHU WR WKHVH WZR
SDUDJUDSKVDV³SDUDJUDSKVWKUHHDQGIRXU´
,WLVIXUWKHURUGHUHGWKDWWKH:D\QH&RXQW\&LUFXLW&RXUW
'HIDXOW-XGJPHQWREWDLQHGE\>*LDQHWWL@DJDLQVW'HEWRU
$QQD0DULH:DOWHUDQGKHUH[KXVEDQG-HUU\3UX]LQVN\
DVZHOODVDFHUWDLQ6HWWOHPHQW$JUHHPHQW2UGHURI
WKH:D\QH&RXQW\&LUFXLW&RXUWDUHKHUHE\VDWLVILHG
DQGIRUHYHUGLVFKDUJHG
,W LV IXUWKHU RUGHUHG WKDW DQ\ FRQWLQJHQW OLHQV E\ WKH
'HEWRUDQGRUKHUH[KXVEDQG-HUU\3UX]LQVN\DULVLQJ
XQGHUWKH:D\QH&RXQW\6HWWOHPHQWDQG2UGHU>DUH@
KHUHE\UHOHDVHGGLVFKDUJHGDQGYRLG
2UGHU $SSURYLQJ 6HWWOHPHQW RI 6HFXUHG &ODLP $SULO
-$ HPSKDVLVDGGHG
&7KH$SULO2UGHU
$WDKHDULQJRQ0DUFKWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWKHDUG
3UX]LQVN\¶VREMHFWLRQVWRWKH)HGHUDO$JUHHPHQW3UX]LQVN\
H[SODLQHGWKDWKHZDVQRWDSDUW\WRWKH)HGHUDO$JUHHPHQW
DQG WKDW KH GLG QRW SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH QHJRWLDWLRQV WKDW
SURGXFHGWKHSURSRVHGRUGHU+HIXUWKHUH[SODLQHGWKDWWKH
SURSRVHGRUGHUGUDIWHGE\*LDQHWWLDQGWKHEDQNUXSWF\WUXVWHH
SXUSRUWHG WR H[WLQJXLVK KLV ULJKW XQGHU WKH :D\QH &RXQW\
$JUHHPHQWWRDUHIXQGLIWKHDSSUDLVHGYDOXHRIWKHSURSHUW\
H[FHHGHGWKHYDOXHRIWKHGHEWRZHGWR*LDQHWWL3UX]LQVN\
PDLQWDLQHGWKDWLWZDVXQIDLUWRDOORZWKHEDQNUXSWF\WUXVWHH
DQG*LDQHWWLWREDUJDLQDZD\KLVULJKWVZKHQKHZDVQRWD
SDUW\WRWKHLUDJUHHPHQW7KHIROORZLQJH[FKDQJHWRRNSODFH
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
H[WUDRUGLQDU\ FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKDW MXVWLI\ UHOLHI XQGHU 5XOH
E 7RWKHFRQWUDU\WKHHUURULQWKLVFDVHZDVVLPSOH
WKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWVWUXFNRQO\RQHUHIHUHQFHWR3UX]LQVN\
LQWKH$SULORUGHULQVWHDGRIWZR7KHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW
VWDWHVLQFOHDUDQGXQHTXLYRFDOODQJXDJHWKDWLWLQWHQGHGWR
UHPRYH3UX]LQVN\HQWLUHO\IURPWKHIRUFHRIWKHRUGHUDQG
WKDWWKHRUGHUDVPRGLILHGGLGQRWUHIOHFWWKDWLQWHQW7KH
GLVWULFWFRXUWVKRXOGKDYHSHUPLWWHGWKLVHUURUWREHFRUUHFWHG
SXUVXDQWWR5XOH D *LDQHWWLVXIIHUVQRSUHMXGLFHEHFDXVH
WKHUHOLHIFXUUHQWO\VRXJKWE\3UX]LQVN\LVWKHYHU\VDPHUHOLHI
WKDW ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ JUDQWHG LQ $SULO EXW IRU WKH
XQIRUWXQDWHRYHUVLJKWRI3UX]LQVN\DQGWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW
7KHRXWFRPHZRXOGGRXEWOHVVEHGLIIHUHQWKDGZHWRYHQWXUH
RXWVLGHWKHUHFRUGWKHUHFRUGWRLGHQWLI\ZKDWWKHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUWLQWHQGHGWRDFFRPSOLVKDWWKHKHDULQJ6HH2OOH
)G DW ³7KH QHHG WR FRQVLGHU HYLGHQFH RXWVLGH WKH
UHFRUGLVVRPHLQGLFDWLRQWKDWWKHHUURULQYROYHGLVQRWPHUHO\
FOHULFDO´ 7KDWLVQRWWKHFDVHKHUH7KHHUURULVPDQLIHVWRQ
WKH IDFHRIWKHUHFRUGDQGVKRXOGEHFRUUHFWHGSXUVXDQWWR
5XOH D
,,,&21&/86,21
7KH GLVFUHSDQF\ LQ WKH $SULO RUGHU FDOOV IRU D
FRPSOHWHO\PLQLVWHULDODFWRQWKHSDUWRIWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW
WRPRGLI\WKHRUGHUVRWKDWLWDFFXUDWHO\UHIOHFWVWKHFRXUW¶V
VWDWHGLQWHQWDWWKHWLPHRIWKHKHDULQJ7KLVW\SHRIUHOLHILV
SHUPLVVLEOHXQGHU5XOH D :HWKHUHIRUHUHYHUVHWKHRUGHU
RI WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW DQG UHPDQG IRU IXUWKHU SURFHHGLQJV
FRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKLVRSLQLRQ

-- 4 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
WKH &RXUW LV FRQFHUQHG QRW VLPSO\ EHFDXVH 3UX]LQVN\
ZDV SRVVLEO\ PLVWDNHQ DV WR WKH DGHTXDF\ RI KLV
VXJJHVWHG FRUUHFWLRQ EXW WKDW WKH 2UGHU DV HYHQWXDOO\
SUHVHQWHGDQGVLJQHGGLGQRWIXOO\DQGSURSHUO\UHIOHFW
WKHLQWHQWRIWKH&RXUW7KH&RXUWVSHFLILFDOO\VWDWHG
WKDWWKHZRUGVμDQGRUKHUKXVEDQG-HUU\3UX]LQVN\¶ZHUH
WREHH[FLVHGIURPWKH2UGHUDQGWKH\ZHUHQRW
-$DW HPSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO
7KH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW H[SODLQHG WKDW UHDG WRJHWKHU WKH
ODQJXDJHRISDUDJUDSKVWKUHHDQGIRXUGLGQRWPDNHVHQVH
:KHQRQHFRQVLGHUVWKHUDWLRQDOHRIWKH&RXUW¶VUXOLQJ
LHWKDWZLWKRXW3UX]LQVN\¶VFRQVHQWWKH&RXUWFRXOGQRW
IRUFHKLPWRFRPSURPLVHDQ\ULJKWVKHPLJKWKDYHWKH
IDFHRIWKH2UGHUFRQWDLQVDQLQFRQVLVWHQF\

7KHVROHLVVXHDWWKHKHDULQJRQWKHHQWU\RIWKH2UGHU
ZDVWKDW3UX]LQVN\ZLVKHGWRUHWDLQKLVFRQWLQJHQWOLHQ
VRWKDWKHDWVRPHDSSURSULDWHSRLQWLQWKHIXWXUHFRXOG
FRPSOHWH WKH YDOXDWLRQ SURFHVV DQG EH UHIXQGHG WKH
GLIIHUHQFH DVVXPLQJWKDWWKHSURSHUW\ZDVYDOXHGKLJKHU
WKDQWKHMXGJPHQWDPRXQW

>7KHLQFRQVLVWHQF\@DULVHVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWRQRQHKDQG
WKH2UGHUDVILQDOO\HQWHUHGLQWKHIRXUWKSDUDJUDSKLQ
HIIHFW SUHVHUYHG WKH FRQWLQJHQW OLHQV RI 3UX]LQVN\ E\
HOLPLQDWLQJWKHUHIHUHQFHWRKLPLQWKHVXJJHVWHG2UGHU
EXW RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG VHHPLQJO\ VDWLVI\LQJ DQG
GLVFKDUJLQJ>LQWKH WKLUGSDUDJUDSK@WKHYHU\DQGRQO\
FODLP WKHYDOXDWLRQSURFHVV WKDWFRXOGJLYHULVHWRWKH
UHIHUUHGWRFRQWLQJHQWOLHQ
-$DW HPSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO
7KHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWDFNQRZOHGJHG3UX]LQVN\¶VPLVWDNH
DQG LWV RZQ RYHUVLJKW EXW SURFHHGHG WR WKH HUURQHRXV
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWWRJHWKHUWKHHUURUVFUHDWHGWKHH[FHSWLRQDORU
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
05)(//5$7+>&RXQVHOIRU3UX]LQVN\@7KHRUGHU
SURYLGHVWKDWFRQWLQJHQWFODLPVDQGOLHQVE\-HUU\
3UX]LQVN\DJDLQVWWKHOHWWHU>VLF@H[FXVHPHDJDLQVW
WKH OHQGHU DUH UHOHDVHG GLVFKDUJHG DQG YRLG 0\
FOLHQWREMHFWVWRWKDWODQJXDJH
7+(&2857:HOOZH¶UHWDONLQJQRZDERXWWKHODVW
SDUDJUDSKRQO\RIWKHSURSRVHGRUGHUDP,ULJKW0U
)HOOUDWK"
05)(//5$7+7KDW¶VFRUUHFW
7+(&2857$OOULJKW
05)(//5$7+:KDWZHREMHFWWRLVWKHODQJXDJHLQ
WKDWRUGHUZKLFKWKHSURSRVHGRUGHUWKDW0U*LDQHWWL
WKHFODLPVRI0U3UX]LQVN\DJDLQVW0U*LDQHWWLDUH
UHOHDVHGGLVFKDUJHGDQGYRLG
7+(&2857,IWKHZRUGV0U)HOOUDWK
05)(//5$7+<HV
7+( &2857 LI WKH ZRUGV ORRNLQJ QRZ DW WKH
SURSRVHGRUGHUQRZGR\RXKDYHLWLQIURQWRI\RX"
05)(//5$7+<HV\RXU+RQRU,GR
7+( &2857 ,I WKH ZRUGV ³DQGRU KHU H[KXVEDQG
-HUU\3UX]LQVN\´VR,XQGHUVWDQGZKDW\RX¶UHVD\LQJ
ZHUHHOLPLQDWHGIURPWKHRUGHUZRXOGWKDWVROYH\RXU
SUREOHP"
05)(//5$7+<HV\RXU+RQRU7KHWKHWKH
UHIHUHQFHWRP\FOLHQWVKRXOGEHGHOHWHGIURPWKDWSRUWLRQ
RIWKHRUGHU
7+(&2857$OOULJKW6SHFLILFDOO\ZRXOGWKDWGRWKH
WULFNIURP\RXUSHUVSHFWLYH"
05)(//5$7+<HV<HV

-- 5 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
-$DW
$W WKLV SRLQW LQ WKH KHDULQJ 0U :DWVRQ FRXQVHO IRU
*LDQHWWL REMHFWHG WR WKH UHTXHVW WR GHOHWH WKH UHIHUHQFH WR
3UX]LQVN\+HDUJXHGWKDWLWZDVIDLUWRGLVVROYH3UX]LQVN\¶V
FRQWLQJHQWOLHQEHFDXVHWKHWHUPVRIWKH)HGHUDO$JUHHPHQW
UHOHDVHG3UX]LQVN\IURPOLDELOLW\LQWKHHYHQWWKHDSSUDLVHG
YDOXHRIWKHSURSHUW\ZDVQRWHQRXJKWRVDWLVI\WKHDPRXQW
RZHG*LDQHWWLXQGHUWKHGHIDXOWMXGJPHQW7KHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUWUHMHFWHGWKLVDUJXPHQW
7+( &2857 +RZ FDQ KRZ FDQ WKH 'HEWRU DQG
\RXUVHOI EHWZHHQ WKH WZR RI \RX HOLPLQDWH 0U
3UX]LQVN\¶VULJKWV"
05 :$7621 :HOO EHFDXVH ZH DUH DOVR UHOHDVLQJ
KLPIURPDQ\OLDELOLW\XQGHUWKHVHWWOHPHQW

7+( &2857 $OO ULJKW 6R , GRQ¶W VHH KRZ , FDQ
LQFOXGH ODQJXDJH LQ WKHUH ZKLFK LQ HIIHFW JLYHV XS
ULJKWVIUDQNO\6R,ZLOOVLJQDQRUGHUWKDWH[FLVHVIURP
WKHSURSRVHGRUGHUWKHODQJXDJH,ZDVWDONLQJDERXWWKH
ZRUGVμ$QGRUKHUH[KXVEDQG-HUU\3UX]LQVN\¶,¶OO
VLJQWKDWRUGHU
-$DW
'7KH0RWLRQIRU&ODULILFDWLRQ
7KH LPSRUWDQW SRLQW WR REVHUYH IURP WKH IRUHJRLQJ
H[FKDQJHLVWKDWZKLOHWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWLQWHQGHGWRIXOO\
SUHVHUYH 3UX]LQVN\¶V ULJKWV XQGHU WKH :D\QH &RXQW\
$JUHHPHQW WKH VHWWOHPHQW RUGHU DV PRGLILHG E\ WKH
EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWGRHVQRWUHIOHFWWKDWLQWHQW,WLVFOHDUIURP
WKH UHFRUG WKDW WKH REMHFWLYH RI WKH PRGLILFDWLRQ ZDV WR
UHPRYH3UX]LQVN\IURPWKHIRUFHRIWKHRUGHU7KLVKRZHYHU
ZDVDFFRPSOLVKHGRQO\ZLWKUHVSHFWWRSDUDJUDSKIRXUDV
3UX]LQVN\ PLVWDNHQO\ WROG WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW WKDW KLV
REMHFWLRQOD\RQO\ZLWKWKDWVHFWLRQRIWKHRUGHU7KH$SULO
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
KDVXQGHUWDNHQWR³PDNHWKHMXGJPHQWRUUHFRUGVSHDNWKH
WUXWK´UDWKHUWKDQ³VRPHWKLQJRWKHUWKDQZKDWZDVRULJLQDOO\
SURQRXQFHG´ WKH FRXUW KDV QRW DEXVHG LWV GLVFUHWLRQ LQ
JUDQWLQJUHOLHIXQGHU5XOH D ,G
:HKDYHXSKHOGWKHFRUUHFWLRQRIHUURUVXQGHU5XOH D
LQYDULRXVFLUFXPVWDQFHVWKDWVXSSRUWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH
UXOHKHUH,Q3RJRUY0DNLWD86$,QF)G WK
&LU WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLQDSURGXFWVOLDELOLW\DFWLRQ
HQWHUHGMXGJPHQWLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKDMXU\YHUGLFWIRUWKH
SODLQWLIIVIRUSOXVVWDWXWRU\LQWHUHVW7KHGLVWULFW
FRXUW KRZHYHU RPLWWHG IURP WKH MXGJPHQW WKH VSHFLILF
DPRXQWRISUHMXGJPHQWLQWHUHVWWRZKLFKWKHSODLQWLIIVZHUH
HQWLWOHG,QOLJKWRIWKHIDFWWKDWE\WKHWHUPVRILWVHDUOLHU
RUGHU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW LQWHQGHG WR DZDUG SUHMXGJPHQW
LQWHUHVW ZH KHOG RYHU WKH GHIHQGDQW¶V REMHFWLRQ WKDW
VXSSO\LQJWKHPLVVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQZDVDVLPSOH³PLQLVWHULDO
WDVN´SHUPLVVLEOHXQGHU5XOH D ,GDW,Q:KLWDNHU
Y$VVRFLDWHG&UHGLW6HUYLFHV,QF)G WK&LU
WKHGHIHQGDQWLQWHQGHGWRH[WHQGDQRIIHURIVHWWOHPHQW
RI KRZHYHU GXH WR D W\SRJUDSKLFDO HUURU WKH RIIHU
WUDQVPLWWHG WR WKH SODLQWLIIV ZDV 7KH SODLQWLIIV
GHOLYHUHGDQRWLFHRIDFFHSWDQFHWRWKHFOHUNRIWKHGLVWULFW
FRXUWZKRVXEVHTXHQWO\HQWHUHGMXGJPHQWIRULQ
IDYRU RI WKH SODLQWLIIV :H KHOG WKDW PRGLILFDWLRQ RI WKH
DZDUGZDVDSSURSULDWHXQGHUHLWKHU5XOH D RU E RQ
WKH JURXQG WKDW ³>W@KH PLVWDNH ZDV PRUH WKDQ D ZURQJIXO
DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH YDOXH RI WKH FDVH LW ZDV D SXUH
W\SRJUDSKLFDOHUURU´,GDW
,WIROORZVWKHQIURPZKDWZHKDYHVDLGWKDWWKHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUWZDVHQWLWOHGWRPRGLI\LWVRUGHUXQGHU5XOH D LI L
WKHHUURUZDVPHFKDQLFDOLQQDWXUHUDWKHUWKDQWKHUHVXOWRID
GHOLEHUDWHFKRLFHDQG LL WKHPRGLILFDWLRQFRUUHFWVWKH$SULO
RUGHU VXFK WKDW LW UHIOHFWV ZKDW ZDV WKH LQWHQW RI WKH
EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW DW WKH WLPH RI WKH KHDULQJ ,Q JUDQWLQJ
3UX]LQVN\¶V PRWLRQ IRU FODULILFDWLRQ WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW
PDGHLWFOHDUWKDWWKHRULJLQDORUGHUZDVDWRGGVZLWKZKDWWKH
FRXUWLQWHQGHGWRDFFRPSOLVKDWWKHKHDULQJ,WVWDWHGWKDW

-- 6 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
$SULORUGHU,WH[SUHVVO\VDLGVR7KHVLPSOHIDFWLVWKDW
WKHFRXUWVWUXFNRQO\RQHUHIHUHQFHWR3UX]LQVN\LQVWHDGRI
WZR7KLVDPRXQWVWRDFOHULFDOHUURURIWKHW\SHJRYHUQHGE\
5XOH D
%5XOH D
5XOH D SURYLGHV LQ UHOHYDQW SDUW WKDW ³>F@OHULFDO
PLVWDNHVLQMXGJPHQWVRUGHUVRURWKHUSDUWVRIWKHUHFRUGDQG
HUURUV WKHUHLQ DULVLQJ IURP RYHUVLJKW RU RPLVVLRQ PD\ EH
FRUUHFWHGE\WKHFRXUWDWDQ\WLPHRILWVRZQLQLWLDWLYHRURQ
WKHPRWLRQRIDQ\SDUW\´)(' 5 &,9 3 D $JRRG
QXPEHURIOHJDODXWKRULWLHVRIIHUJXLGDQFHRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
RI5XOH D 7KHEDVLFSXUSRVHRIWKHUXOHLVWRDXWKRUL]H
WKHFRXUWWRFRUUHFWHUURUVWKDWDUHPHFKDQLFDOLQQDWXUHWKDW
DULVH IURP RYHUVLJKW RU RPLVVLRQ & :5,*+7 $
0,//(5)('(5$/ 35$&7,&( $1' 352&('85(†DW
G HG &OHULFDO PLVWDNHV LQFOXGH WKRVH PDGH E\
MXGJHV DV ZHOO DV PLQLVWHULDO HPSOR\HHV %ODQWRQ Y
$Q]DRORQH)G WK&LU 7KHUXOH
GRHV QRW KRZHYHU DXWKRUL]H WKH FRXUW WR UHYLVLW LWV OHJDO
DQDO\VLV RU RWKHUZLVH FRUUHFW DQ ³HUURU>@ RI VXEVWDQWLYH
MXGJPHQW´2OOH)GDW WK&LU 2QHFRXUW
KDVDSWO\QRWHGWKDW
7KH EDVLF GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ μFOHULFDO PLVWDNHV¶ DQG
PLVWDNHVWKDWFDQQRWEHFRUUHFWHGSXUVXDQWWR5XOH D
LV WKDW WKH IRUPHU FRQVLVW RI μEOXQGHUV LQ H[HFXWLRQ¶
ZKHUHDVWKHODWWHUFRQVLVWVRILQVWDQFHVZKHUHWKHFRXUW
FKDQJHVLWVPLQGHLWKHUEHFDXVHLWPDGHDOHJDORUIDFWXDO
PLVWDNHLQPDNLQJLWVRULJLQDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQRUEHFDXVH
RQVHFRQGWKRXJKWLWKDVGHFLGHGWRH[HUFLVHLWVGLVFUHWLRQ
LQDPDQQHUGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHZD\LWZDVH[HUFLVHGLQWKH
RULJLQDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
%ODQWRQ)GDWQ FLWDWLRQRPLWWHG HPSKDVLVLQ
RULJLQDO 6WDWHGGLIIHUHQWO\DFRXUWSURSHUO\DFWVXQGHU5XOH
D ZKHQLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR³FRUUHFWPLVWDNHVRURYHUVLJKWV
WKDWFDXVHWKHMXGJPHQWWRIDLOWRUHIOHFWZKDWZDVLQWHQGHGDW
WKHWLPHRIWULDO´9DXJKWHUY(DVWHUQ$LU/LQHV,QF
)G WK&LU ,QWKDWUHJDUGZKHQDFRXUW
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW QRWHG WKDW LW GRHV QRW DSSHDU RQ WKH UHFRUG ZKHWKHU
WKH :D\QH &RXQW\ &LUFXLW &RXUW DJUHHG ZLWK *LDQHWWL¶V GHIHQVH RQ WKH
PHULWV RU LI LW ZDV VLPSO\ KROGLQJ WKH PDWWHU LQ DEH\DQFH SHQGLQJ
FODULILFDWLRQ IURP WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW RQ WKH VFRSH RI LWV $SULO
RUGHU -$ DW Q
%DQNUXSWF\ 5XOH PDNHV 5XOH DSSOLFDEOH WR FDVHV XQGHU WKH
%DQNUXSWF\ &RGH 6HH 2OOH Y +HQU\ :ULJKW &RUSRUDWLRQ )G
Q WK &LU
RUGHU RI WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW GLG QRW UHPRYH WKH
UHIHUHQFHWR3UX]LQVN\LQSDUDJUDSKWKUHH,QVWHDGSDUDJUDSK
WKUHHRIWKHRUGHUFRQWLQXHGWRGHFODUHWKDWWKH:D\QH&RXQW\
$JUHHPHQWZDVIXOO\VDWLVILHGDQGGLVFKDUJHGDQGWKHUHIRUH
3UX]LQVN\¶VFRQWLQJHQWOLHQZDVGLVVROYHG
7KH RYHUVLJKW FDPH WR D KHDG LQ $XJXVW ZKHQ
3UX]LQVN\ILOHGVXESRHQDVLQ:D\QH&RXQW\&LUFXLW&RXUWWR
GHWHUPLQH WKH YDOXH RI SURSHUW\ LQFOXGHG LQ WKH :D\QH
&RXQW\$JUHHPHQW*LDQHWWLUDLVHGWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶V
$SULORUGHUDVDGHIHQVHSRLQWLQJWRSDUDJUDSKWKUHHWKH
SURYLVLRQRIWKHRUGHUVWDWLQJWKDWDVWR3UX]LQVN\WKH:D\QH
&RXQW\$JUHHPHQWZDVVDWLVILHGDQGIRUHYHUGLVFKDUJHG7KH
:D\QH&RXQW\&LUFXLW&RXUWIRUVRPHUHDVRQWKDWUHPDLQV
XQH[SODLQHGDGMRXUQHGDOOPRWLRQV3UX]LQVN\WKHQILOHGD
³0RWLRQWR&ODULI\´WKH$SULORUGHUZLWKWKHEDQNUXSWF\
FRXUWFRQWHQGLQJWKDWWKH$SULORUGHUGLGQRWEDUKLV
DFWLRQ LQ :D\QH &RXQW\ DQG VRXJKW DQ RUGHU IURP WKH
EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWWRWKDWHIIHFW
7KH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW FRQVWUXHG 3UX]LQVN\¶V 0RWLRQ WR
&ODULI\DVRQHVHHNLQJUHOLHIIURPMXGJPHQWSXUVXDQWWR5XOH
E RIWKH)HGHUDO5XOHVRI&LYLO3URFHGXUH5XOH E
DXWKRUL]HVDFRXUWWRUHOLHYHDSDUW\IURPDILQDOMXGJPHQWRU
RUGHU LQ WKH IROORZLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV PLVWDNH
LQDGYHUWHQFH VXUSULVH RU H[FXVDEOH QHJOHFW QHZO\
GLVFRYHUHG HYLGHQFH IUDXG WKH MXGJPHQW LV YRLG
WKHMXGJPHQWKDVEHHQVDWLVILHGUHOHDVHGRUGLVFKDUJHG
RU DQ\ RWKHU UHDVRQ MXVWLI\LQJ UHOLHI )(' 5 &,9 3
E

-- 7 of 8 --

,QUH:DOWHU 1R
3UX]LQVN\ DUJXHG WKDW KH ZDV HQWLWOHG WR UHOLHI XQGHU
VXESDUWV DQG RI5XOH E $IWHUDKHDULQJWKH
EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKDW 5XOH E UHJDUGLQJ
PLVWDNHGLGQRWDSSO\EHFDXVHPRWLRQVXQGHUWKDWVHFWLRQDUH
VXEMHFWWRDVWULFWRQH\HDUWLPHOLPLWWKDW3UX]LQVN\GLGQRW
PHHW6LPLODUO\WKHFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDW E UHODWLQJWR
YRLG MXGJPHQWV DOVR GLG QRW DSSO\ 7KH FRXUW IRXQG
KRZHYHU WKDW 5XOH E ZDV DSSOLFDEOH LQ WKH SUHVHQW
FRQWURYHUV\ 7KH FRXUW DFNQRZOHGJHG FLUFXLW SUHFHGHQW
KROGLQJ WKDW FRXUWV VKRXOG DSSO\ 5XOH E RQO\ LQ
H[FHSWLRQDO RU H[WUDRUGLQDU\ FLUFXPVWDQFHV ZKLFK DUH QRW
DGGUHVVHGE\WKHILUVWILYHQXPEHUHGFODXVHVRIWKHUXOH6HH
+RSSHUY(XFOLG0DQRU1XUVLQJ+RPH,QF)G
WK&LU ³>&@RXUWVPD\HPSOR\VXEVHFWLRQ E
DVDPHDQV WRDFKLHYHVXEVWDQWLDOMXVWLFHZKHQμVRPHWKLQJ
PRUH¶WKDQRQHRIWKHJURXQGVFRQWDLQHGLQ5XOH E ¶VILUVW
ILYHFODXVHVLVSUHVHQW´ 7KHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWKHOGWKDW³WKH
IDFWWKDWWKH2UGHUIDLOHGWRJLYHHIIHFWWRWKHFRXUW¶VLQWHQWLV
μH[FHSWLRQDORUH[WUDRUGLQDU\¶DQGSURYLGHVWKHμVRPHWKLQJ
PRUH¶WKDQPHUHPLVWDNHRQWKHSDUWRIFRXQVHO´-$DW
&RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW JUDQWHG 3UX]LQVN\¶V
PRWLRQIRUFODULILFDWLRQDQGKHOGWKDW³>WKH@FODULILFDWLRQLV
WKDW WKH 2UGHU VKRXOG EH FRQVWUXHG DV KDYLQJ SUHVHUYHG WR
3UX]LQVN\ KLV UHIHUUHG WR FRQWLQJHQW OLHQ WRJHWKHU ZLWK
ZKDWHYHUREOLJDWLRQWKDWPLJKWDULVHXQGHUWKH:D\QH
&RXQW\6HWWOHPHQW$JUHHPHQWZKLFKWKDWFRQWLQJHQWOLHQZDV
WKHUHGHVLJQHGWRVHFXUH´-$DW
*LDQHWWLILOHGDQDSSHDOLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRU WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 0LFKLJDQ 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW
GLVDJUHHG ZLWK WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WKH
RUGHUHPERGLHGVRPHWKLQJPRUHWKDQDPHUHURXWLQHPLVWDNH
RIFRXQVHODQGKHOGWKDWWKHH[WUDRUGLQDU\UHOLHIJUDQWHGXQGHU
5XOH E ZDVLPSURSHU)LQGLQJWKDWWKHGLVFUHSDQF\LQ
WKHRUGHUZDVGXHWRDVLPSOHPLVWDNHRQWKHSDUWRIFRXQVHO
WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHDSSOLFDEOHUXOHZDV5XOH
E DQGKHOGWKDWUHOLHIXQGHU E ZDVSUHFOXGHG
EHFDXVHPRUHWKDQRQH\HDUKDGH[SLUHGVLQFHWKH$SULO
RUGHUZDVHQWHUHG:HPXVWGHFLGHRQDSSHDOZKHWKHU5XOH
DXWKRUL]HGWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWWRDPHQGWKH$SULO
1R ,QUH:DOWHU
RUGHU E\ VWULNLQJ WKH VHFRQG UHIHUHQFH WR 3UX]LQVN\ DQG
WKHUHE\SUHVHUYLQJKLVFRQWLQJHQWOLHQ
,,',6&866,21
7KH IDFWV RI WKLV FDVH DQG WKH UHOHYDQW OHJDO DXWKRULWLHV
VXJJHVWWKDWERWKFRXUWVFRPPLWWHGHUURULQWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQ
RI5XOH:HUHYLHZWKHGHQLDORIDSSURSULDWHUHOLHIXQGHU
5XOHIRUDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ.RFKHUY'RZ&KHPLFDO
&R)G WK&LU ³$FOHDUH[DPSOH
RIDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQH[LVWVZKHUHWKHWULDOFRXUWIDLOVWR
FRQVLGHUWKHDSSOLFDEOHOHJDOVWDQGDUGRUWKHIDFWVXSRQZKLFK
WKHH[HUFLVHRILWVGLVFUHWLRQDU\MXGJPHQWLVEDVHG´2KODQGHU
Y/DUVRQ)G WK&LU
$5XOH E
7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWZDVFRUUHFWLQILQGLQJXQSHUVXDVLYHWKH
EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WKH GLVFUHSDQF\ LQ WKH
RUGHUZDVVXIILFLHQWO\H[FHSWLRQDORUH[WUDRUGLQDU\WRWULJJHU
WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI5XOH E 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWFRUUHFWO\
REVHUYHGWKDW
7KHUHDUHIHZFDVHVHODERUDWLQJRQWKHμVRPHWKLQJPRUH¶
WKDW LV UHTXLUHG 7KLV PD\ EH H[SODLQHG DV WKH 6L[WK
&LUFXLWKDVSRVWXODWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWFODXVHVRIWKH
5XOHFRYHUDOPRVWHYHU\FRQFHLYDEOHJURXQGIRUUHOLHI
7KH μVRPHWKLQJ PRUH¶ WKHQ PXVW LQFOXGH XQXVXDO RU
H[WUHPHVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHSULQFLSOHVRIHTXLW\PDQGDWH
UHOLHI 7KH TXHVWLRQ LQ WKLV FDVH LV ZKHWKHU VXFK
HTXLWDEOHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDUHSUHVHQW
-$DW FLWDWLRQRPLWWHG ,QGHHGQRVSHFLDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV
ZHUH SUHVHQW LQ WKLV FDVH WR LPSOLFDWH 5XOH E
1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLQFRUUHFWO\FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH
SUREOHPKHUHZDVVLPSO\DPDWWHURIDWWRUQH\HUURUVXFKWKDW
5XOH E DSSOLHG ,QVWHDG WKH UHFRUG VKRZV WKDW WKH
GLVFUHSDQF\LQWKHRUGHUUHVXOWHGIURPWKHPLVWDNHRIFRXQVHO
DQGWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW¶VRZQRYHUVLJKW7KHRQWKHUHFRUG
GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW FOHDUO\ UHYHDOV WKDW LW
LQWHQGHGWRUHPRYH3UX]LQVN\HQWLUHO\IURPWKHIRUFHRIWKH

-- 8 of 8 --

Continua la tua ricerca in ChatGPT o Claude

Collega Omnilex per cercare nel corpus legale dal tuo assistente IA.