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18‐3776‐cr (L)
United States v. Santiago

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 1
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the 2
City of New York, on the 19
th
day of March, two thousand twenty. 3
4
PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER, 5
RAYMOND
J. LOHIER, JR., 6
STEVEN
J. MENASHI, 7
Circuit Judges. 8
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 10
11
Appellee, 12
13
v. 14
15
DAVID SANTIAGO, AKA BORI, SHAJONNY No. 18‐3776 16
SANTANA, AKA GIOVANNI, AKA G‐MONEY, No. 19‐182 17
18
Defendants‐Appellants.* 19
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20

* The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.

2
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT 1
DAVID SANTIAGO: K
ARLOFF CYLTON 2
C
OMMISSIONG, Adams & 3
Commissiong LLP, New York, 4
NY. 5
6
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT 7
SHAJONNY SANTANA: Lorraine Gauli‐Rufo, LGR 8
Law, LLC, New York, NY. 9
10
FOR APPELLEE: K
ARL METZNER, Assistant 11
United States Attorney (David 12
W. Denton, Jr., Hagan Scotten, 13
Anna M. Skotko, Assistant 14
United States Attorneys, on the 15
brief), for Geoffrey S. Berman, 16
United States Attorney for the 17
Southern District of New York, 18
New York, NY. 19
Appeal from judgments
of the United States District Court for the 20
Southern District of New York (Valerie E. Caproni, Judge). 21
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 22
AND DECREED that the appeal of Defendant‐Appellant DAVID SANTIAGO is 23
DISMISSED and the judgment of the District Court as to
Defendant‐Appellant 24
SHAJONNY SANTANA is AFFIRMED. 25

3
These appeals arise from a multi‐defendant prosecution targeting 1
members of the “Hot Boys,” a criminal enterprise in New York. David Santiago 2
and Shajonny Santana each pleaded guilty to racketeering conspiracy, in 3
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), pursuant to plea agreements with the 4
Government. Santiago was
sentenced principally to a term of 60 months’ 5
imprisonment, to run consecutive to a 128‐month sentence imposed for a 6
previous conviction, and Santana was sentenced principally to a term of 7
imprisonment of 120 months. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 8
underlying facts and prior
record of proceedings, to which we refer only as 9
necessary to explain our decision. 10
1. Santiago
11
Santiago does not dispute that his sentence falls within the scope of the 12
appeal waiver contained in his plea agreement, in which he agreed not to appeal 13
any sentence within or below a stipulated Guidelines range of 210 to 240 months’ 14
imprisonment. But Santiago argues that the
waiver was nullified by the 15
subsequent change in law reflected in United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319
16
(2019). Relying on Davis, Santiago claims he was “incorrectly deemed to be a
17
career offender based on the incorrect assertion that a racketeering conspiracy 18

4
was a crime of violence,” resulting in the wrong Guidelines range. This 1
argument is without merit. Even assuming that Santiago’s reliance on Davis is
2
sound, “[o]ur cases foreclose the possibility that a plea agreement can be 3
nullified by a change in law after the agreement is executed: A defendant’s
4
‘inability to foresee that subsequently decided cases would create new appeal 5
issues does not supply a basis for failing to enforce an appeal waiver.’” United
6
States v. Riggi, 649 F.3d 143, 149 n.7 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v.
7
Morgan, 406 F.3d 135, 137 (2d Cir. 2005)). Likewise, a defendant’s “waiver of
8
his right to challenge . . . [his] sentence . . . plainly includes a waiver of his right 9
to claim errors arising out of the District Court’s crafting of [his] sentence.” 10
United States v. Arevalo, 628 F.3d 93, 97 (2d Cir. 2010) (quotation marks
11
omitted). For these reasons, we reject Santiago’s argument and conclude that 12
Santiago’s waiver is enforceable and bars his appeal. 13
2. Santana
14
We turn next to Santana, who challenges the procedural and substantive 15
reasonableness of his sentence. As an initial matter, Santana claims that the 16
District Court erred in calculating his criminal history to include a youthful 17
offender adjudication because “the combination of youthful offender status 18

5
coupled with a conditional discharge essentially equates with an expungement.” 1
Santana waived this argument by initially lodging but then affirmatively 2
withdrawing his objection to including the youthful offender adjudication. See
3
United States v. Weiss, 930 F.2d 185, 198 (2d Cir. 1991). And even if Santana
4
had not waived the argument, we conclude that, on plain error review, the 5
argument has no merit. This is because “an adjudication under the New York 6
youthful offender statute does not result in an expunged conviction for purposes 7
of the Guidelines.” United States v. Matthews, 205 F.3d
544, 546 (2d Cir. 2000) 8
(quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Cuello, 357 F.3d 162, 165–69
9
(2d Cir. 2004). 10
Santana also claims that the District Court engaged in improper double 11
counting to calculate his Guidelines range. Improper “double counting occurs 12
when one part of the guidelines is applied to increase a defendant’s sentence to 13
reflect the kind of harm that has
already been fully accounted for by another part 14
of the guidelines.” United States v. Volpe, 224 F.3d 72, 76 (2d Cir. 2000)
15
(quotation marks omitted). As Santana raises this challenge for the first time on 16
appeal, we review for plain error. See United States v. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d 204,
17
211 (2d Cir. 2007). We conclude that the District Court’s recitation of Santana’s 18

6
history of violence was not double counting his criminal history. Rather, it 1
provided a proper explanation of the District Court’s sentencing rationale, 2
consistent with its statutory obligation to consider the “nature and circumstances 3
of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 4

3553(a)(1); see United States v. Sanchez, 517 F.3d 651, 668 (2d Cir. 2008).
5
Finally, Santana argues that his sentence was substantively unreasonable 6
because the District Court failed to account for mitigating factors. We reject this 7
argument because we conclude that the District Court adequately considered 8
several mitigating factors in Santana’s favor, such as Santana’s history of drug 9
abstinence,
good behavior while incarcerated, and his period of legitimate 10
employment. 11
We have considered the Defendants‐Appellants’ remaining arguments and 12
conclude that they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the appeal of 13
Santiago is DISMISSED and the judgment of the District Court as to Santana is 14

AFFIRMED. 15
FOR THE COURT: 16
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court 17