Gilbert P. Hyatt v. Coke Morgan Stewart, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
GILBERT P. HYATT,
Plaintiff-Cross-Appellant
v.
COKE MORGAN STEWART, ACTING UNDER
SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ACTING
DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT
AND TRADEMARK OFFICE,
Defendant-Appellant
______________________
2018-2390, 2018-2391, 2018-2392, 2019-1049, 2024-1992,
2024-1993, 2024-1994, 2024-1995, 2019-1038, 2019-1039,
2019-1070
______________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
District of Columbia in Nos. 1:05-cv-02310-RCL, 1:09-cv-
01864-RCL, 1:09-cv-01869-RCL, 1:09-cv-01872-RCL, Sen-
ior Judge Royce C. Lamberth.
______________________
Decided: August 29, 2025
______________________
ANDREW M. G ROSSMAN, Baker & Hostetler LLP, Wash-
ington, DC, argued for plaintiff-cross-appellant. Also rep-
resented by MARK W. D EL AQUIL , J ASON F. HOFFMAN.
K EVIN RICHARDS , Office of the Solicitor, United States
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HYATT v. STEWART 2
Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, argued for
defendant-appellant. Also represented by PETER J. AYERS ,
O MAR F AROOQ AMIN, R OBERT MCBRIDE, ROBERT J.
MCMANUS , F ARHEENA YASMEEN RASHEED, MICHAEL T YLER.
______________________
Before REYNA, WALLACH , and HUGHES , Circuit Judges.
REYNA, Circuit Judge.
This case is back before us following our earlier deci-
sion in Hyatt v. Hirshfeld, 998 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2021).
For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the district
court’s judgment for the United States Patent and Trade-
mark Office on the affirmative defense of prosecution
laches. As to Mr. Hyatt’s cross-appeal, we conclude that
the district court correctly determined that it lacked Article
III jurisdiction over a set of pending claims.
BACKGROUND
The facts and legal issues presented in this appeal are
similar to those that we addressed in Hyatt v. Hirshfeld,
998 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (“Hyatt I”). So, we offer an
abbreviated version of the background facts, including the
district court’s decision on remand.
I. Initial Proceedings
Gilbert P. Hyatt is an inventor and registered patent
agent. In the early 1970s, Mr. Hyatt began filing patent
applications with the United States Patent and Trademark
Office (“PTO”). In the months leading to the June 8, 1995
effective date for certain commitments and obligations un-
dertaken at the Uruguay Round for the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”), Mr. Hyatt filed nearly 400
applications (“GATT Bubble Applications”).
This appeal concerns four of Mr. Hyatt’s GATT Bubble
Applications. Hyatt I, 998 F.3d at 1353. The patent exam-
iner rejected most, if not all, of the claims for each
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HYATT v. STEWART 3
application. Id. at 1355. Mr. Hyatt appealed these rejec-
tions to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences
(“Board”). Id. For each application, the Board affirmed the
examiner’s rejections of certain claims. Id. For some ap-
plications, the Board reversed the examiner’s rejections of
certain claims. Id.
In 2005 and 2009, Mr. Hyatt filed four actions in fed-
eral district court under 35 U.S.C. § 145 to secure allow-
ance of all claims in his four GATT Bubble Applications.1
Id. The PTO asserted affirmative defenses of prosecution
laches and invalidity for anticipation and lack of written
description for all claims. Id. at 1351, 1355–56.
In all four actions, the district court determined that
the PTO’s defenses of prosecution laches and invalidity
failed, granting judgment in favor of Mr. Hyatt as to the
pending claims for which the Board had affirmed the pa-
tent examiner’s rejections. Id. at 1359. As to the pending
claims for which the Board reversed the patent examiner’s
rejections, the district court determined that it lacked
1 An applicant may appeal an adverse decision by
the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) directly to this
court or may file a civil action in U.S. District Court for the
Eastern District of Virginia. 35 U.S.C. § 145 (2025). For
the remainder of this opinion, we cite to the 2002 version
of 35 U.S.C. § 145, which was in force at the time Mr. Hyatt
filed his § 145 actions. The two substantive differences be-
tween the current version and the 2002 version are that
the latter referred to the Board of Patent Appeals and In-
terferences, the predecessor to the PTAB, and allowed suits
in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.
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HYATT v. STEWART 4
jurisdiction over those claims. J.A. 77 n.12.2 The district
court explained that “[t]he Constitution’s case or contro-
versy requirement bars the Court from issuing an Order on
claims not in dispute before it.” Id. (citing U.S. CONST . ART .
III, § 2, cl. 1).
The PTO appealed the four judgments, arguing that
prosecution laches prevented issuance of the pending
claims at issue, and in the alternative, the pending claims
were invalid. Hyatt I, 998 F.3d at 1359. Mr. Hyatt cross-
appealed three of the judgments, raising the single issue of
whether the district court had Article III jurisdiction over
the set of pending claims for which the Board reversed the
patent examiner’s rejections, i.e., the portion of the Board’s
decisions which were decided in Mr. Hyatt’s favor. Id.
II. Hyatt I
We consolidated the PTO’s appeals, Appeal Nos.
18-2390, 18-2391, 18-2392, and 19-1049, and Mr. Hyatt’s
cross-appeals, Appeal Nos. 19-1038, 19-1039, and 19-1070.
Following briefing and argument, we vacated the district
court’s judgments in the four § 145 actions, concluding that
the court had misapplied the standard for prosecution
laches and that under the correct legal standard, the PTO
satisfied its burden of proving that Mr. Hyatt engaged in
unreasonable and unexplainable delay in prosecuting his
applications at issue. Id. at 1369. We explained that, like
the party asserting a prosecution laches defense in an in-
fringement action, the party asserting a prosecution laches
defense in a § 145 action must show the delay was prejudi-
cial. Id.
2 This is the joint appendix filed in Appeal Nos.
18-2390, 18-2391, 18-2392, and 19-1049, and Mr. Hyatt’s
cross-appeals, Appeal Nos. 19-1038, 19-1039, and 19-1070.
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HYATT v. STEWART 5
We therefore remanded the issue of prosecution laches
to allow for Mr. Hyatt to present evidence on whether the
delay was prejudicial. Id. at 1371. We, however, retained
jurisdiction over the PTO’s appeals with respect to the an-
ticipation and written description issues, holding these is-
sues in abeyance pending the district court’s remand
decision on prosecution laches. Id. at 1371–72. Mr. Hyatt’s
cross-appeals remain pending before this court.
III. Proceedings on Remand
On remand, the district court held a nearly three-week
bench trial on the issue of prosecution laches. SAppx4.3
The district court then issued a 102-page remand decision,
finding that “the complete trial record require[s] a singular
result—judgment for the PTO. No other result is even col-
orable.” SAppx102. The district court noted that it “takes
no pleasure in this result,” but that Mr. Hyatt “at last re-
ceived a full and fair hearing on prosecution laches.” Id.
The district court transmitted its decision to this court,
prompting Mr. Hyatt to file notices of appeal in each un-
derlying action. These four appeals, Appeal Nos. 24-1992,
24-1993, 24-1994, 24-1995, have now been consolidated
with the actions we have held in abeyance, Appeal Nos.
18-2390, 18-2391, 18-2392, and 19-1049, and with Mr. Hy-
att’s cross-appeals, Appeal Nos. 19-1038, 19-1039, and
19-1070.
IV. Most Recent Appeals 24-1992, 24-1993, 24-1994,
24-1995
In the most recent appeals, Mr. Hyatt raises two chal-
lenges. He first argues that the defense of prosecution
laches is not available in a § 145 action. Appellant Br.
3 “SAppx” refers to the joint supplemental appendix
filed in Mr. Hyatt’s most recent appeals, Nos. 24-1992,
24-1993, 24-1994, and 24-1995.
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HYATT v. STEWART 6
14–29. He then argues in the alternative that the district
court abused its discretion in determining that prosecution
laches applied in the four § 145 actions. Id. at 29–33. For
the reasons discussed more fully below, we disagree with
Mr. Hyatt on both points and thus affirm the district
court’s judgments for the PTO based on a defense of prose-
cution laches. As a result, we do not address the PTO’s
pending appeals of anticipation and lack of written descrip-
tion support, which are now moot. eSimplicity, Inc. v.
United States, 122 F.4th 1373, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2024). We
address Mr. Hyatt’s cross-appeals, which remain at issue.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s conclusions of law de novo
and its factual findings for clear error. Endo Pharms. Sols.,
Inc. v. Custopharm Inc., 894 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir.
2018). We review a district court’s determination of prose-
cution laches for abuse of discretion. Hyatt I, 998 F.3d
at 1359 (citing Cancer Rsch. Tech. Ltd. v. Barr Lab’ys Inc.,
625 F.3d 724, 728–29 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). “We may find an
abuse of discretion on a showing that the court . . . exercised
its discretion based upon an error of law or clearly errone-
ous factual findings.” Id. (citation omitted).
D ISCUSSION
I.
Mr. Hyatt first argues that the defense of prosecution
laches is unavailable in a § 145 action. According to Mr.
Hyatt, prosecution laches “is inconsistent with” the Patent
Act of 1952 and recent Supreme Court precedent confirms
this. See Appellant Br. 14–16, 18–19. Specifically, Mr. Hy-
att argues that Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 572
U.S. 663 (2014) and SCA Hygiene Products Aktiebolag v.
First Quality Baby Products, LLC, 580 U.S. 328 (2017)
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HYATT v. STEWART 7
foreclose the defense of prosecution laches in a § 145 ac-
tion.4 Appellant Br. 15–16. Mr. Hyatt also argues more
narrowly, that even if prosecution laches survived the pas-
sage of the Patent Act for certain actions, such as an in-
fringement action, it is not valid in the narrow
circumstances presented here, a § 145 action involving
transitional applications like Mr. Hyatt’s four GATT Bub-
ble Applications. Id. at 13–14.
We already considered and rejected these same argu-
ments in Hyatt I, and thus, they are foreclosed by the law-
of-the-case doctrine. “The law-of-the-case doctrine posits
that when a court decides upon a rule of law, that decision
should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent
stages in the same case.” ArcelorMittal France v. AK Steel
Corp., 786 F.3d 885, 888 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (quotations omit-
ted). Issues decided “explicitly or by necessary inference
from the disposition” constitute the law of the case. Kori
Corp. v. Wilco Marsh Buggies & Draglines, Inc., 761 F.2d
649, 657 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (emphasis added).
In Hyatt I, Mr. Hyatt argued that (1) the defense of
prosecution laches did not survive the passage of the Pa-
tent Act; (2) even if it did survive the passage of the Patent
Act, Petrella and SCA Hygiene now foreclose the defense of
prosecution laches in a § 145 action; and (3) at a minimum,
this defense did not extend to transitional applications in a
§ 145 action. See Corrected Brief of Plaintiff–Cross-Appel-
lant Gilbert P. Hyatt (“Prior Cross-Appellant Br.”), Hyatt
v. Stewart, No. 18-2390, ECF No. 47 at 49–54. We
4 In Petrella, the Supreme Court held that Congress
displaced the defense of litigation laches to copyright-in-
fringement damages by specifying a statute of limitations
in the Copyright Act. 572 U.S. at 677. Three years later in
SCA Hygiene, the Supreme Court held that litigation
laches is not a defense to patent-infringement damages
claims under the Patent Act. See 580 U.S. at 331–32.
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HYATT v. STEWART 8
explicitly rejected Mr. Hyatt’s first argument. Hyatt I, 998
F.3d at 1362 (“Before turning to the merits of prosecution
laches, we address the threshold issue of whether the PTO
can assert the defense of prosecution laches in a § 145 ac-
tion. We hold that it can.” (emphasis added)). We then ex-
plained why that is and provided a detailed history of the
prosecution laches defense in patent actions. See id. at
1359–63. As to Mr. Hyatt’s second and third arguments,
we necessarily considered them and did not find them con-
vincing, as evidenced by our remand for further proceed-
ings on prosecution laches. See id. at 1371–72.
Thus, given that we already considered and rejected
Mr. Hyatt’s arguments, we will not address them again.
They are foreclosed by the law of the case. See ArcelorMit-
tal France, 786 F.3d at 888.
II.
Mr. Hyatt’s second challenge is that the district court
abused its discretion in ruling in the PTO’s favor on prose-
cution laches. Appellant Br. 29–33. Specifically, Mr. Hyatt
raises one narrow argument: that his prosecution conduct
from 1992 until 2002 was justified by a 1992 decision from
the Board on one of his applications (“1992 Board Deci-
sion”) that reversed a rejection based on prosecution
laches. See id. at 29–30. Mr. Hyatt argues that in light of
the 1992 Board Decision, he had no reason to change the
manner in which he prosecuted his applications until 2002,
when this court announced in Symbol Technologies, Inc. v.
Lemelson Medical, Education & Research Foundation,
L.P., 277 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2002), that prosecution
laches was an available defense in district court infringe-
ment actions. Appellant Br. 30–31.
Mr. Hyatt’s argument is forfeited because he failed to
make it before the district court. Ironburg Inventions Ltd.
v. Valve Corp., 64 F.4th 1274, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2023); In re
Google Tech. Holdings LLC, 980 F.3d 858, 863 (Fed. Cir.
2020). Before the district court, Mr. Hyatt did not present
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HYATT v. STEWART 9
the same argument he now makes on appeal. Across his
more than 500 pages of post-trial briefing, Mr. Hyatt men-
tioned the 1992 Board Decision twice and only in the con-
text of noting that it supported his serial prosecution
practice in the 1990s. See SAppx235798–99 (¶ 72);
SAppx236359. He never developed the argument that the
1992 Board Decision justified his prosecution delay up un-
til 2002, when this court issued Symbol, and which alleg-
edly changed the reasonableness of his reliance on the 1992
Board Decision. So understandably, the district court did
not consider this argument. We, too, will not consider this
argument.
And in any event, the district court recognized Mr. Hy-
att’s narrow reliance on the 1992 Board Decision as sup-
port for his serial prosecution practice, SAppx20, but
ultimately determined that Mr. Hyatt’s prosecution delay
was unreasonable. See SAppx102. The district court ar-
rived at this conclusion following more than 1,000 pages of
post-trial briefing, and a nearly three-week trial, during
which the district court admitted hundreds of exhibits into
evidence. See id. The district court then weighed the tes-
timony and evidence, making 247 findings of fact, none of
which Mr. Hyatt challenges on appeal. SAppx16–78. The
district court also made various conclusions of law, ulti-
mately concluding that the “complete trial record require[s]
a singular result—judgment for the PTO. No other result
is even colorable.” SAppx102. Given the record, we see no
abuse of discretion in the district court’s judgment for the
PTO.
III.
We turn to Mr. Hyatt’s cross-appeals. To start, no
party disputes that the district court had Article III juris-
diction over the portion of the Board’s decisions that af-
firmed the examiner’s rejections. Rather, the parties
dispute whether the district court had Article III jurisdic-
tion over the portion of the Board’s decisions that reversed
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HYATT v. STEWART 10
the examiner’s rejections.5 The district court concluded
that there was no “case or controversy” as to these pending
claims. J.A. 77 n.12. For the following reasons, we agree
with the district court that Article III jurisdiction is lacking
as to the pending claims for which the Board reversed the
examiner’s rejections.
Article III of the Constitution imposes a threshold re-
quirement “that those who seek to invoke the power of fed-
eral courts must allege an actual case or controversy.”
O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 493 (1974); Lujan v. Defs.
of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 559–61 (1992). As part of the case
or controversy requirement, the party invoking a federal
court’s jurisdiction must demonstrate standing. Wittman
v. Personhuballah, 578 U.S. 539, 543 (2016). “A party has
standing only if he shows that he has suffered an ‘injury in
fact,’ that the injury is ‘fairly traceable’ to the conduct being
challenged, and that the injury will likely be ‘redressed’ by
a favorable decision.” Id. (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at
560–61).
Relevant here, “Congress may enact statutes creating
legal rights, the invasion of which creates standing, even
though no injury would exist without the statute.” Linda
R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 n.3 (1973). The stat-
ute at issue provides a patent applicant with the legal rem-
edy of a “civil action against the [PTO] Director,” when the
applicant is “dissatisfied” with a Board decision in an ap-
peal from a patent examiner’s rejection of pending claims.
35 U.S.C. § 145 (emphasis added). The statute provides
that:
5 In the four Board decisions giving rise to Mr. Hy-
att’s four § 145 actions, one affirmed all the examiner’s re-
jections. The other three reversed certain rejections and
affirmed others. It is with respect to these three decisions
that Mr. Hyatt focuses his cross-appeals.
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HYATT v. STEWART 11
[a]n applicant dissatisfied with the decision of the
[Board] in an appeal under section 134(a) may, un-
less appeal has been taken to the United States
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, have rem-
edy by civil action against the Director in [district
court] . . . . The court may adjudge that such appli-
cant is entitled to receive a patent for his invention,
as specified in any of his claims involved in the de-
cision of the [Board], as the facts in the case may
appear and such adjudication shall authorize the
Director to issue such patent on compliance with
the requirements of law.
35 U.S.C. § 145 (emphasis added).
Mr. Hyatt fails to establish Article III jurisdiction over
pending claims for which the Board reversed the exam-
iner’s rejections. In his complaints, Mr. Hyatt made a bare
allegation of dissatisfaction with the Board’s decision. See
Complaint, Hyatt v. Stewart, No. 09-cv-1864, (D.D.C. Sept.
25, 2009), ECF No. 5 at 3–4 (’398 App. Complaint) (discuss-
ing the Board’s affirmance of the examiner’s rejections and
then stating, “[b]eing dissatisfied with the decision of the
Board, Mr. Hyatt now seeks relief from this Court as stat-
utorily permitted under 35 U.S.C. § 145”); Complaint, Hy-
att v. Stewart, No. 09-cv-1869, (D.D.C. Sept. 25, 2009), ECF
No. 5 at 3–4 (’062 App. Complaint) (similar); Complaint,
Hyatt v. Stewart, No. 09-cv-1872, (D.D.C. Sept. 25, 2009),
ECF No. 5 at 3–4, (’639 App. Complaint) (similar). We as-
sume, without deciding, that Mr. Hyatt’s bare allegation of
dissatisfaction with the Board’s decision is enough to es-
tablish Article III jurisdiction over the Board’s reversal of
the examiner’s rejections at the pleading stage. However,
this bare allegation is not enough to establish Article III
jurisdiction for the remainder of litigation. See Lujan, 504
U.S. at 561; Wittman, 578 U.S. at 543 (“The need to satisfy
these [Article III] requirements persists throughout the life
of the lawsuit.”). When jurisdiction is disputed during later
phases of litigation, the party invoking federal jurisdiction
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HYATT v. STEWART 12
must show he suffered an injury by submitting “affidavit[s]
or other evidence.” Wittman, 578 U.S. at 545 (alteration in
original) (citation omitted). The party simply cannot allege
nonobvious harm, without more. Id.
Here, there is no “more.” Mr. Hyatt made no argument
below that he was dissatisfied with the Board’s reversal of
the examiner’s rejections or presented evidence of harm
stemming from the Board’s reversal. See Corrected Re-
sponse and Reply Brief for the Defendant-Appellant, An-
drei Iancu, Hyatt v. Stewart, No. 18-2390, ECF No. 50 at
49–54, 65 (“Mr. Hyatt presented no argument to the dis-
trict court as to why he was dissatisfied with the Board’s
reversal on those claims.”); see, e.g., Plaintiff Gilbert P. Hy-
att’s Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law,
Hyatt v. Stewart, No. 09-cv-1864 (D.D.C. March 6, 2018),
ECF No. 220 at 1, 167 ¶ 497 (noting in conclusory fashion
that “Mr. Hyatt is also entitled to a patent on
claims . . . , the rejections for which were all reversed by
the Board”). Nor can we discern, without more, how Mr.
Hyatt was injured from the Board’s reversal of the exam-
iner’s rejections. Thus, we need go no further. Based on
this record, Mr. Hyatt does not have standing under Article
III to bring a § 145 action as to the pending claims for
which the Board reversed the examiner’s rejections.
Mr. Hyatt, however, argues that there is Article III ju-
risdiction over all claims he put forth before the district
court. Prior Cross-Appellant Br. 87–88. Mr. Hyatt argues
that § 145 treats “the decision of the Board” as “an undi-
vided whole, thereby encompassing all the claims subject
to that decision—including those for which the Board re-
versed all rejections.” Id. at 88. In other words, § 145
“extends district-court jurisdiction to the entire decision,
without differentiation among claims addressed by the de-
cision.” Reply Brief of Plaintiff–Cross-Appellant Gilbert P.
Hyatt, Hyatt v. Stewart, No. 18-2390, ECF No. 54 at 5.
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HYATT v. STEWART 13
We reject Mr. Hyatt’s argument. Though Congress
may provide a party with statutory standing, the party
must nonetheless satisfy threshold Article III require-
ments. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 339 (2016)
(“Injury in fact is a constitutional requirement, and [i]t is
settled that Congress cannot erase Article III’s standing re-
quirements by statutorily granting the right to sue to a
plaintiff who would not otherwise have standing.” (altera-
tion in original) (quotations omitted)). Thus, although
§ 145 provides an applicant with a statutory right to sue in
district court when dissatisfied with a Board’s decision,
§ 145 does not override Article III’s threshold require-
ments. A patent applicant must still satisfy Article III’s
requirements as to each pending claim that the applicant
seeks to submit to the district court in a § 145 suit. See id.
In sum, because Mr. Hyatt failed to establish that he
was injured by the Board’s reversal of the examiner’s rejec-
tion of certain pending claims, the district court lacked Ar-
ticle III jurisdiction over these claims.6
6 Mr. Hyatt argues on appeal that he has standing to
sue as to the pending claims for which the Board reversed
the examiner’s rejections. Prior Cross-Appellant Br. 88.
According to Mr. Hyatt, his “injury is [the] PTO’s failure to
issue them” following the Board’s reversal. Id. Mr. Hyatt’s
alleged injury does not establish Article III standing be-
cause it rests on the false notion that the PTO must issue
a patent on claims for which the Board reversed an exam-
iner’s rejection. This is not so. When rejections are re-
versed, a patent may not necessarily issue at that time.
Prosecution may continue until the PTO is satisfied that
an “applicant is entitled to a patent under the law.” 35
U.S.C. § 151(a); see also BlackLight Power, Inc. v. Rogan,
295 F.3d 1269, 1273–74 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Thus, the Board’s
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HYATT v. STEWART 14
CONCLUSION
We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
and do not find them persuasive. For the foregoing rea-
sons, we affirm the district court’s judgment for the PTO
on the affirmative defense of prosecution laches. We also
affirm the district court’s determination that it lacked Ar-
ticle III jurisdiction over certain pending claims.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
reversal here did not necessarily require the PTO to issue
Mr. Hyatt a patent on the pending claims at issue.
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