Alexandria Merrifield v. James Penner

Cite as 2024 Ark. App. 218
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CV-23-259

Opinion Delivered March 27, 2024

ALEXANDRIA MERRIFIELD
APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE WASHINGTON
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V. [NO. 72DR-17-1601]

JAMES PENNER HONORABLE STACEY
APPELLEE ZIMMERMAN, JUDGE

REVERSED AND REMANDED

MIKE MURPHY, Judge

This is a one-brief appeal. Appellant Alexandria Merrifield appeals the January 13,

2023 ruling of the Washington County Circuit Court order declining to modify the custody

arrangement she has with appellee James Penner regarding their son, MC, who was eight

years old when the order at issue was entered. On appeal, she argues that the circuit court

erred when it did not find that a material change in circumstances existed to warrant

modifying custody. She further argues that the circuit court did not make a ruling that

comported with a preponderance of the evidence. We agree that the circuit court erred in

failing to find a material change had occurred since the entry of the last order, and we reverse

and remand.
The order in effect immediately prior to the current litigation was from 2019 and

established that Penner had full custody of MC, and Merrifield was afforded reasonable

visitation at Penner’s discretion. The order was entered on default; Merrifield was

incarcerated at the time. On June 23, 2022, Merrifield petitioned for modification of

custody, alleging that Penner was physically violent. Merrifield also sought temporary and

emergency custody.

A temporary hearing was held on August 22 and awarded Merrifield visitation.

Merrifield then moved for emergency ex parte custody on October 31. In that motion, she

alleged that MC is left home alone after school, has disclosed being subject to indecent

exposure by an unknown person, and had scratches and bruises on him. The court entered

the ex parte order granting Merrifield custody and set the matter for an emergency hearing.

At that hearing it was established that Penner used corporal punishment until recently and

had also slapped MC on the face before May 2022 (MC would have been six and a half in

May 2022). A temporary order entered after the hearing returned custody to Penner but

provided that neither party should physically punish MC.

A final hearing on the matter was held on December 16. At that hearing, the court

heard the following testimony. First to testify was Cameron Magness, who testified that she

was the school counselor at MC’s school and that she called the child-abuse hotline in 2021

when she saw bruising on MC, and MC said that his father hit him. She testified that, since

2021, she has observed MC, and he is tidy and polite. When asked if she had any concerns

about MC, she responded, “Not at this time.”

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Kathleen Housley, Merrifield’s drug and addiction counselor, testified that Merrifield

has made progress and is very committed to her sobriety. Nancy Raines, Merrifield’s former

probation officer, testified that Merrifield was paroled from the Arkansas Division of

Correction in 2019 and would remain on probation until 2023 but that Merrifield had made

consistent progress on probation and successfully completed the drug-court program in

February 2022.

The court then took judicial notice of MC’s dependency-neglect case with the

Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS) during which MC was in the foster-care

system before his father was awarded custody of him. No parties objected to the entry of

those orders into the record.

Merrifield’s significant other, Jeremy Bradsher, testified that he and Merrifield live in

a four-bedroom duplex. He testified that, one day during visitation, he noticed significant

bruising all over MC, and he took a photo of the bruising that was admitted into evidence.

Rebecca Burch, Merrifield’s mother, testified that she took a video of bruising on MC that

was admitted into evidence.

Merrifield testified that she has a job and began paying child support in 2022. She’s

paid roughly $22,000 in fines over the last few years. She is taking college courses. She stated

that MC comes home from his father’s house dirty, and MC does not have proper medical

management. She said that MC’s backpack smells like marijuana, and his clothes are too

small. She testified that Penner had assaulted her in 2020.

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Penner testified that he has been arrested and pleaded guilty twice to domestic battery.

He testified that he has administered corporal punishment but has not done so since ordered

by the court not to. He said he was not responsible for the bruising on MC and that he has

stopped smoking marijuana. He said he was willing to facilitate visitation with Merrifield.

He said MC gets bruises from playing hard. He said that he slapped MC in the face “just the

once.”

The ad litem recommended that Merrifield have custody.

Following testimony, the court found that Penner was arrested for domestic assault

in 2020; that Merrifield was in jail as recently as 2021 but had been “pretty stable since the

summer of 2021”; and that Merrifield is “still on probation for something until April of

2023.” The court reviewed the photos and video admitted. The court found that

[t]here’s bruising on [MC]’s legs. What gives me the most pause is the bruising around
[MC]’s neck. It’s a linear, large bruise around the right side of [MC]’s neck. And that
photo was taken in October of 2022, a little before, I think, Halloween. I think that’s
about the time, maybe, of the video that shows clearly bruising on [MC]’s back. Dad
says he doesn’t know where [MC] got the bruising on his back, but he admits that he
slapped [MC] in the face. The counselor said that [MC] said his dad hit him. And his
dad apologized. The video that was admitted into evidence shows two big bruises on
the left side of [MC]’s back and one big bruise on the right side of his back about the
size of a small lemon, each one of those bruises. And they’re yellowish-blue bruises
on his back. I had a hard time seeing the knot or the bruise on his head, but he also
had a right arm, he had, like, a scab-type, size-of-a-dime thing around his right elbow
on the video and a bigger size bruise on the back of his arm. Ms. Burch, his
Grandmom Becky, said the next visit, he still had the bruising, but it was a fading
yellow.

The court found that, at the previous hearing, Penner admitted he had spanked MC

and testified that MC “could’ve jumped,” causing Penner to hit MC on the back. The court

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did not express concern with the lack of visitation Penner had allowed Merrifield considering

Merrifield’s “track record” with being “in and out of jail.”

The court weighed all this evidence against the parties’ history. The court found that

Penner had been the only stable person for MC since 2017 when MC was placed in foster

care. It noted that in the first year and a half following the 2019 order, Merrifield was not

stable. The court remarked, “Dad is certainly not perfect. He’s spanking the kid. That’s not

good. Slapped the kid once in the face. That’s not good.”

In the written order that followed, the court found that “no material change in

circumstances exists that warrants modification of child custody[.]”

Merrifield appealed. She makes two arguments on appeal, but because we agree with

her that the court erred in failing to find a material change in circumstances, we need not

address both points.

This court performs a de novo review of child-custody matters, but we will not reverse

a circuit court’s findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Pace v. Pace, 2020 Ark. 108, at 9,

595 S.W.3d 347, 352. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to

support it, the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been made. Smith v. Parker, 67 Ark. App. 221, 224, 998 S.W.2d 1, 3 (1999). We recognize,

and give special deference to, the superior position of a circuit court to evaluate the witnesses,

their testimony, and the child’s best interest. Cunningham v. Cunningham, 2019 Ark. App.

416, at 4, 588 S.W.3d 38, 40.

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Modification of custody is a two-step process: first, the circuit court must determine

whether a material change in circumstances has occurred since the last custody order; and

second, if the court finds that there has been a material change in circumstances, the court

must determine whether a change of custody is in the child’s best interest. Shell v. Twitty,

2020 Ark. App. 459, at 4, 608 S.W.3d 926, 929–30. We look at whether there has been a

material change in circumstances since issuance of the last order of custody—here, the 2019

default order awarding Penner full custody.

We agree with Merrifield that a material change has occurred. Since the entry of the

2019 order, Penner was arrested for domestic battery; was under investigation by DHS for

child abuse; and had, in fact, slapped MC in the face when MC would have been six years

old or younger.1 In Montez v. Montez, 2017 Ark. App. 220, at 10–11, 518 S.W.3d 751, 757,

we held that the circuit court erred in failing to find a material change in circumstances when

the evidence showed, among other things, that one of the parties and her new partner had

a volatile domestic relationship that adversely affected the children. And in Skinner v. Shaw,

2020 Ark. App. 407, at 11, 609 S.W.3d 454, 460, we held that a material change had

occurred when the mother failed to protect her children from abuse by someone else. The

evidence in this record goes beyond even Montez and Shaw: there is significant evidence of

domestic violence at Penner’s hand. The circuit court found as much. It was clearly

1
“Abuse,” as it is defined in the juvenile code, includes striking a child six years of
age or younger on the face or head. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-303 (Supp. 2023).

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erroneous, then, for the circuit court to subsequently not find that a material change had

occurred. We are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.

Reversed and remanded.

HARRISON, C.J., and WOOD, J., agree.

Elizabeth Finocchi, for appellant.

One brief only.

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