J.S. v. Greene County Department of Human Resources

Rel: August 22, 2025

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue,
Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections
may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS
SPECIAL TERM, 2025
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CL-2025-0181
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J.S.

v.

Greene County Department of Human Resources

Appeal from Greene Juvenile Court
(JU-24-24.01 and JU-24-24.02)

MOORE, Presiding Judge.

J.S. ("the custodian") appeals from identical judgments entered by

the Greene Juvenile Court ("the juvenile court") adjudicating D.J.K. ("the

child") to be a dependent child and awarding her custody to T.K.-H. ("the

maternal great-aunt"). We dismiss the appeal.
CL-2025-0181

Background

The child was born on April 4, 2024, out of a relationship between

E.K. ("the mother") and D.S. ("the putative father"). When the child was

six weeks old, she was placed with the custodian, who is the child's

distant cousin. On October 15, 2024, the Greene County Department of

Human Resources ("DHR") filed a dependency petition relating to the

child, which was assigned case number JU-24-24.01 ("the dependency

action"). On November 4, 2024, the juvenile court entered a shelter-care

order that, among other things, awarded DHR protective custody of the

child with the right to place the child. DHR continued to place the child

with the custodian. The juvenile court ordered that the custodian

supervise any visitation between the child and the mother. On November

14, 2024, the maternal great-aunt filed a custody petition relating to the

child, which purportedly commenced a separate juvenile-court action

that was assigned case number JU-24-24.02 ("the custody action").

On February 11, 2025, the juvenile court conducted a consolidated

hearing to consider the dependency petition and the custody petition.

Based on the juvenile court's oral pronouncement at the end of the

hearing that it intended to award custody of the child to the maternal

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great-aunt, on February 18, 2025, the custodian filed a letter in the

custody action notifying the juvenile court that she was appealing the

decision. On February 21, 2025, the juvenile court entered a final

judgment in both the dependency action and the custody action, finding

the child dependent and awarding custody of the child to the maternal

great-aunt. The custodian's notice of appeal filed in the custody action

became effective upon the entry of the final judgment in that action. See

Rule 4(a)(4), Ala. R. App. P. ("A notice of appeal filed after the

announcement of a decision or order but before the entry of the judgment

or order shall be treated as filed after the entry and on the day thereof.").

On March 3, 2025, the custodian filed in the dependency action a

postjudgment motion to vacate, alter, or amend the custody provisions of

the final judgment entered in that action. On March 7, 2025, while the

postjudgment motion was pending, the custodian filed a notice of appeal

in the dependency action, which was held in abeyance pending a ruling

on the postjudgment motion. See Rule 4(a)(5), Ala. R. App. P. The

postjudgment motion was denied by operation of law on March 17, 2025,

see Rule 1(B), Ala. R. Juv. P., at which point the notice of appeal became

effective. See A.O. v. E.L.K., 199 So. 3d 80, 81 n.1 (Ala. Civ. App. 2015).

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Analysis

The Custody Action

We first address the appeal insofar as it arises from the custody

action. The maternal great-aunt commenced the custody action by filing

a petition in which she alleged:

"The [maternal great-aunt] is seeking custody of [the
child]. [The child] is currently in the custody of [DHR] placed
with a non-relative [the custodian]. [The maternal great-
aunt] believes it is in the best interests of [the child] to be
placed in her care. [The maternal great-aunt] is willing and
able to take responsibility and provide a safe and stable home
for [the child]."

Those allegations set out a request for custody of the child. Section 12-

15-115(a), Ala. Code 1975, a part of the Alabama Juvenile Justice Act

("the AJJA"), Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-101 et seq., governs the jurisdiction

of the juvenile courts. Section 12-15-115 does not expressly give juvenile

courts jurisdiction over custody petitions, except insofar as they relate to

children whose parentage has previously been determined by a juvenile

court. See Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-115(a)(7). The parentage of the child

had not been previously determined by the juvenile court, so the custody

petition did not invoke the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.

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At the time the maternal great-aunt filed her custody petition, the

child was the subject of the ongoing dependency action. Section 12-15-

114(a), Ala. Code 1975, gives juvenile courts exclusive original

jurisdiction over actions in which a child is alleged to be dependent. If a

juvenile court declares a child to be a dependent child, the juvenile court

may adjudicate the custody of the child in the dependency proceeding.

See Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-311 and § 12-15-314. But the AJJA does not

authorize a relative seeking the custody of a dependent child to

commence a separate child-custody action for the purpose of adjudicating

the custody of the dependent child. Rather, our caselaw has clarified that

a person who is seeking custody of a dependent child but who is not

already being considered a placement option for the child by the juvenile

court should file a motion to intervene in the dependency proceeding

regarding the child. See F.W. v. T.M., 140 So. 3d 950, 958 (Ala. Civ. App.

2013).

Juvenile courts are purely creatures of statute, and they only have

such jurisdiction as is conferred by statute. See Ex parte K.L.P., 868 So.

2d 454 (Ala. Civ. App. 2003). The AJJA does not authorize a juvenile

court to dispose of the custody of a dependent child in an action that is

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collateral to the dependency proceeding regarding the child. Thus, we

conclude that the custody petition did not validly commence a separate

action, and we hold that the judgment entered in the custody action is a

nullity that will not support an appeal. See generally L.B. v. R.L.B., 53

So. 3d 969, 972 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010). Therefore, we dismiss the appeal

insofar as it arises from the custody action.

The Dependency Action

We must also dismiss the custodian's appeal from the final

judgment entered in the dependency action, but for a different reason.

The custodian was not a party to the dependency action, and, therefore,

she lacked standing to appeal the final judgment entered in the

dependency action.

In B.V. v. Macon County Department of Human Resources, 14 So.

3d 171, 175 (Ala. Civ. App. 2009), the Macon County Department of

Human Resources ("the Macon County DHR") commenced a dependency

proceeding involving a disabled child, whom the Macon County DHR

placed with foster parents, B.V. and D.V. The foster parents filed a

contempt motion against the Macon County DHR in the dependency

proceeding, which motion the Macon County DHR moved to dismiss,

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arguing that, under Ala. Code 1975, former § 12-15-65(a), the foster

parents were not parties to the dependency proceeding. At the time,

former § 12-15-65(a) provided:

"[F]oster parents who have been approved by the Department
of Human Resources providing care to a child shall be given
notice and an opportunity to be heard in any hearing to be
held with respect to a child in their care, except that no such
person shall be made a party to the case by virtue solely of
such notice and opportunity to be heard."

The Macon County DHR also argued that the foster parents could become

parties only by formally intervening in the dependency proceeding

pursuant to Rule 24, Ala. R. Civ. P. Subsequently, the foster parents filed

a custody petition in the dependency proceeding, which the Macon

Juvenile Court dismissed. On appeal, this court determined that the

foster parents had not successfully intervened in the dependency

proceeding and, therefore, were not parties to the case. This court held

that, because only parties have standing to appeal from a judgment

entered in a dependency proceeding, the foster parents lacked standing

to appeal, and, thus, their appeal was dismissed.

Former § 12-15-65(a) has been repealed. Section 12-15-307, Ala.

Code 1975, now provides:

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"Relative caregivers, preadoptive parents, and foster
parents of a child in foster care under the responsibility of the
state shall be given notice, verbally or in writing, of the date,
time, and place of any juvenile court proceeding being held
with respect to a child in their care.

"Foster parents, preadoptive parents, and relative
caregivers of a child in foster care under the responsibility of
the state have a right to be heard in any juvenile court
proceeding being held with respect to a child in their care.

"No foster parent, preadoptive parent, and relative
caregiver of a child in foster care under the responsibility of
the state shall be made a party to a juvenile court proceeding
solely on the basis of this notice and right to be heard
pursuant to this section."

Thus, as was the case when B.V. was decided, the law remains that a

foster parent or other caregiver of a dependent child is not automatically

accorded the status of a party in a dependency proceeding. To become a

party, the caregiver must intervene in the dependency proceeding

pursuant to Rule 24.

In this case, the custodian did not file a motion to intervene in the

dependency action to petition for custody of the child. She faults the

juvenile court and DHR for failing to inform her that she needed to do so,

but the juvenile court and DHR had no duty under the AJJA to inform

the custodian of how to become a party to the dependency action, even

when considering that she was a pro se litigant. "A party acting pro se

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must comply with legal procedure and court rules and may not avoid the

effect of the rules due to unfamiliarity." Lockett v. A.L. Sandlin Lumber

Co., 588 So. 2d 889, 890 (Ala. Civ. App. 1991). The custodian has not

cited any applicable law demonstrating that her due-process rights were

violated by the alleged failure of the juvenile court and DHR to provide

her with legal advice and assistance so that she could secure her status

as party to the dependency action. See Rule 28(a)(10), Ala. R. App. P.

As we said in B.V.:

" ' "Unless a person is a party to a judgment,
he can not appeal from that judgment. That
fundamental principle is one of the oldest in
Alabama jurisprudence." Daughtry v. Mobile
County Sheriff's Dep't, 536 So. 2d 953, 954 (Ala.
1988). "One must have been a party to the
judgment below in order to have standing to
appeal any issue arising out of that judgment."
Mars Hill Baptist Church of Anniston v. Mars Hill
Missionary Baptist Church, 761 So. 2d 975, 980
(Ala. 1999) (emphasis added).'

"Boschert Merrifield Consultants, Inc. v. Masonite Corp., 897
So. 2d 1048, 1051-52 (Ala. 2004)."

14 So. 3d at 175. In the absence of an order allowing the custodian to

intervene, the custodian was not a party to the dependency action, and,

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therefore, she was not a party to the final judgment entered in the

dependency action. 1 Therefore, she cannot appeal from that judgment.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss the appeal.

APPEAL DISMISSED.

Hanson, Fridy, and Bowden, JJ., concur.

Edwards, J., concurs in the result, without opinion.

1Because she did not formally intervene in the dependency action,

the maternal great-aunt also was not a party to that action; nonetheless,
the juvenile court had jurisdiction to award her custody of the child
pursuant to Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-314(a)(3)c. (providing that a juvenile
court may transfer custody of a dependent child to "[a] relative or other
individual who, after study by the Department of Human Resources, is
found by the juvenile court to be qualified to receive and care for the
child"). Based on our disposition of this appeal, we express no opinion as
to the correctness of the final judgment entered in the dependency action
awarding the maternal-great aunt custody of the child.
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