Whether conviction for aiding fraud and aiding document forgery violated the indictment principle or the right to be heard because the indictment alleged principal authorship.
No violation: qualifying the alleged conduct as aiding rather than principal participation was a legal assessment; the factual allegations allowed the defence to foresee aiding liability.
The court held that the indictment defined the factual framework sufficiently and that the form of participation is a legal question for the court. Since aiding emerged as a real possibility from the facts and the defendant had addressed that alternative in the proceedings, no unfair surprise or procedural defect occurred.