Questione giuridica chiave
Whether the replacement claim violated ne bis in idem because no criminal proceedings had been opened against the appellant
Decisione estratta
No. As no criminal proceeding or discontinuance decision existed against the appellant, ne bis in idem was not implicated.
Motivazione estratta
The replacement claim was not imposed in a prior criminal case against the appellant. It was based on X.'s adjudicated offence, which only later made the appellant's illicit benefit and the state's substitute claim determinable.